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5.determinants 2

The document discusses determinants, including their calculation for 2x2 and 3x3 matrices, and introduces concepts such as minors and cofactors. It explains how to expand determinants using the first row and provides examples to illustrate the process. Additionally, it covers the relationship between a matrix and its transpose, stating that the determinant remains unchanged under transposition.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views52 pages

5.determinants 2

The document discusses determinants, including their calculation for 2x2 and 3x3 matrices, and introduces concepts such as minors and cofactors. It explains how to expand determinants using the first row and provides examples to illustrate the process. Additionally, it covers the relationship between a matrix and its transpose, stating that the determinant remains unchanged under transposition.

Uploaded by

22ds3000154
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Determinants (Part 2)

Sarang S. Sane
Recall from part 1 :
Recall from part 1 :

I A = [a] det(A) = a
Recall from part 1 :

I A = [a] det(A) = a
" #
a b
I A=
c d
Recall from part 1 :

I A = [a] det(A) = a
" #
a b
I A= det(A) = ad − bc
c d
Recall from part 1 :

I A = [a] det(A) = a
" #
a b
I A= det(A) = ad − bc
c d
 
a11 a12 a13
I A= a21 a22 a23 

a31 a32 a33
Recall from part 1 :

I A = [a] det(A) = a
" #
a b
I A= det(A) = ad − bc
c d
 
a11 a12 a13
I A= a21 a22 a23 

a31 a32 a33
Expanding with respect to the 1st row :

det(A) = a11 × det aa22 a23 − a × det a21 a23 + a × det a21 a22
h i h i h i
32 a33 12 a31 a33 13 a31 a32
Recall from part 1 :

I A = [a] det(A) = a
" #
a b
I A= det(A) = ad − bc
c d
 
a11 a12 a13
I A= a21 a22 a23 

a31 a32 a33
Expanding with respect to the 1st row :

det(A) = a11 × det aa22 a23 − a × det a21 a23 + a × det a21 a22
h i h i h i
32 a33 12 a31 a33 13 a31 a32
= a11 a22 a33 − a11 a23 a32 − a12 a21 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32 − a13 a22 a31
An example
 
2 4 3
A = 0 8 7
 
0 0 9
An example
 
2 4 3
A = 0 8 7
 
0 0 9
" # " # " #
8 7 0 7 0 8
det(A) = 2 × det − 4 × det + 3 × det
0 9 0 9 0 0
An example
 
2 4 3
A = 0 8 7
 
0 0 9
" # " # " #
8 7 0 7 0 8
det(A) = 2 × det − 4 × det + 3 × det
0 9 0 9 0 0
= 2(72 − 0) − 4(0 − 0) + 3(0 − 0)
An example
 
2 4 3
A = 0 8 7
 
0 0 9
" # " # " #
8 7 0 7 0 8
det(A) = 2 × det − 4 × det + 3 × det
0 9 0 9 0 0
= 2(72 − 0) − 4(0 − 0) + 3(0 − 0)
= 2(72) − 4(0) + 3(0)
An example
 
2 4 3
A = 0 8 7
 
0 0 9
" # " # " #
8 7 0 7 0 8
det(A) = 2 × det − 4 × det + 3 × det
0 9 0 9 0 0
= 2(72 − 0) − 4(0 − 0) + 3(0 − 0)
= 2(72) − 4(0) + 3(0)
= 144
AnProduced
examplewith a Trial Version of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnno
 
2 4 3
A = 0 8 7
 
0 0 9
" # " # " #
8 7 0 7 0 8
det(A) = 2 × det − 4 × det + 3 × det
0 9 0 9 0 0
= 2(72 − 0) − 4(0 − 0) + 3(0 − 0)
= 2(72) − 4(0) + 3(0)
= 144
=2×8×9
AnProduced
examplewith a Trial Version of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnno
 
2 4 3
A = 0 8 7
 
0 0 9
" # " # " #
8 7 0 7 0 8
det(A) = 2 × det − 4 × det + 3 × det
0 9 0 9 0 0
= 2(72 − 0) − 4(0 − 0) + 3(0 − 0)
= 2(72) − 4(0) + 3(0)
= 144
=2×8×9

This is an upper triangular matrix. For such matrices, the


determinant is the product of the diagonal elements.
The transpose of a matrix and its determinant
The transpose of a matrix and its determinant

The transpose of Am×n is the n × m matrix with (i, j)-th entry Aji .
The transpose of a matrix and its determinant

The transpose of Am×n is the n × m matrix with (i, j)-th entry Aji .

Notation : AT Definition : (AT )ij = Aji


The transpose
Produced withof a matrix
a Trial andof its
Version PDFdeterminant
Annotator - www.PDFAnno

The transpose of Am×n is the n × m matrix with (i, j)-th entry Aji .

Notation : AT Definition : (AT )ij = Aji


   
a11 a12 a13 a11 a21 a31
Let A = a21 a22 a23  then AT = a12 a22 a32 
   
a31 a32 a33 a13 a23 a33
The transpose of a matrix and its determinant

The transpose of Am×n is the n × m matrix with (i, j)-th entry Aji .

Notation : AT Definition : (AT )ij = Aji


   
a11 a12 a13 a11 a21 a31
Let A = a21 a22 a23  then AT = a12 a22 a32 
   
a31 a32 a33 a13 a23 a33

det(AT ) = a11 × det aa22 a32 − a × det a12 a32 + a × det a12 a22
h i h i h i
23 a33 21 a13 a33 31 a13 a23
= a11 (a22 a33 − a32 a23 ) − a21 (a12 a33 − a32 a13 ) + a31 (a12 a23 − a22 a13 )
= a11 a22 a33 − a11 a32 a23 − a21 a12 a33 + a21 a32 a13 + a31 a12 a23 − a31 a22 a13
= det(A)
Minors and Cofactors

If A is an n × n square matrix with n ≤ 4. Then the minor of


the entry in the i-th row and j-th column is the determinant of the
submatrix formed by deleting the i-th row and j-th column.
Minors and Cofactors

If A is an n × n square matrix with n ≤ 4. Then the minor of


the entry in the i-th row and j-th column is the determinant of the
submatrix formed by deleting the i-th row and j-th column.

Name : the (i, j)-th minor Notation : Mij


Minors and Cofactors

If A is an n × n square matrix with n ≤ 4. Then the minor of


the entry in the i-th row and j-th column is the determinant of the
submatrix formed by deleting the i-th row and j-th column.

Name : the (i, j)-th minor Notation : Mij


 
a11 a12 a13 " #
a a
Example : A = a21 a22 a23  M11 = det 22 23 .
 
a32 a33
a31 a32 a33
Minors and Cofactors

If A is an n × n square matrix with n ≤ 4. Then the minor of


the entry in the i-th row and j-th column is the determinant of the
submatrix formed by deleting the i-th row and j-th column.

Name : the (i, j)-th minor Notation : Mij


 
a11 a12 a13 " #
a a
Example : A = a21 a22 a23  M11 = det 22 23 .
 
a32 a33
a31 a32 a33

The (i, j)-th cofactor Cij = (−1)i+j Mij .


Minors and with
Produced Cofactors
a Trial Version of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnno

If A is an n × n square matrix with n ≤ 4. Then the minor of


the entry in the i-th row and j-th column is the determinant of the
submatrix formed by deleting the i-th row and j-th column.

Name : the (i, j)-th minor Notation : Mij


 
a11 a12 a13 " #
a a
Example : A = a21 a22 a23  M11 = det 22 23 .
 
a32 a33
a31 a32 a33

The (i, j)-th cofactor Cij = (−1)i+j Mij .

Above example : C11 = (−1)1+1 M11 = M11


Determinant in terms of minors and cofactors
Determinant in terms of minors and cofactors
Observe that : For A3×3
     
a a23  a21 a23  a21 a22 
det(A) =a11 ×det  22 −a12 ×det  +a13 ×det 
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
Determinant in terms of minors and cofactors
Observe that : For A3×3
     
a a23  a21 a23  a21 a22 
det(A) =a11 ×det  22 −a12 ×det  +a13 ×det 
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
= a11 × M11 − a12 × M12 + a13 × M13
Determinant in aterms
Produced with of minors
Trial Version and Annotator
of PDF cofactors- www.PDFAnno
Observe that : For A3×3
     
a a23  a21 a23  a21 a22 
det(A) =a11 ×det  22 −a12 ×det  +a13 ×det 
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
= a11 × M11 − a12 × M12 + a13 × M13
= a11 × C11 + a12 × C12 + a13 × C13
Determinant in terms of minors and cofactors
Observe that : For A3×3
     
a a23  a21 a23  a21 a22 
det(A) =a11 ×det  22 −a12 ×det  +a13 ×det 
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
= a11 × M11 − a12 × M12 + a13 × M13
= a11 × C11 + a12 × C12 + a13 × C13

This formula holds for A2×2 .


Determinant in terms of minors and cofactors
Observe that : For A3×3
     
a a23  a21 a23  a21 a22 
det(A) =a11 ×det  22 −a12 ×det  +a13 ×det 
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
= a11 × M11 − a12 × M12 + a13 × M13
= a11 × C11 + a12 × C12 + a13 × C13

This formula holds for A2×2 . We use it to generalize the


determinant beyond n = 3. Generalization to A4×4 :
Determinant in aterms
Produced with of minors
Trial Version and Annotator
of PDF cofactors- www.PDFAnno
Observe that : For A3×3
     
a a23  a21 a23  a21 a22 
det(A) =a11 ×det  22 −a12 ×det  +a13 ×det 
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
= a11 × M11 − a12 × M12 + a13 × M13
= a11 × C11 + a12 × C12 + a13 × C13

This formula holds for A2×2 . We use it to generalize the


determinant beyond n = 3. Generalization to A4×4 :
Definition
det(A) = Σ4j=1 (−1)1+j a1j M1j = Σ4i=1 a1j C1j
Inductive definition of the determinant

Suppose An×n is given and we know how to define determinants for


n − 1 × n − 1 matrices.
Inductive definition of the determinant

Suppose An×n is given and we know how to define determinants for


n − 1 × n − 1 matrices. Define minors and cofactors as before. :
Inductive definition of the determinant

Suppose An×n is given and we know how to define determinants for


n − 1 × n − 1 matrices. Define minors and cofactors as before. :

The (i, j)-th minor is the determinant of the submatrix formed by


deleting the i-th row and j-th column.
Inductive definition of the determinant

Suppose An×n is given and we know how to define determinants for


n − 1 × n − 1 matrices. Define minors and cofactors as before. :

The (i, j)-th minor is the determinant of the submatrix formed by


deleting the i-th row and j-th column.

The (i, j)-th cofactor Cij = (−1)i+j Mij .


Inductive
Produceddefinition ofVersion
with a Trial the determinant
of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnno

Suppose An×n is given and we know how to define determinants for


n − 1 × n − 1 matrices. Define minors and cofactors as before. :

The (i, j)-th minor is the determinant of the submatrix formed by


deleting the i-th row and j-th column.

The (i, j)-th cofactor Cij = (−1)i+j Mij .

Definition
det(A) = Σnj=1 (−1)1+j a1j M1j = Σni=1 a1j C1j
Expansion along any row or column
Expansion along any row or column

det(A) = Σnj=1 (−1)i+j aij Mij for a fixed i


Expansion
Produced along
with a any
Trialrow or column
Version of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnno

det(A) = Σnj=1 (−1)i+j aij Mij for a fixed i

= Σni=1 (−1)i+j aij Mij for a fixed j


Important properties and identities

Property 1 : Determinant of a product is product of the


determinants.
Important
Producedproperties
with a Trial and identities
Version of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnno

Property 1 : Determinant of a product is product of the


determinants. Related identity : det(AB) = det(A)det(B)
Important
Producedproperties
with a Trial and identities
Version of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnno

Property 2 : Switching two rows or columns changes the sign.


Important
Producedproperties
with a Trial and identities
Version of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnno

Property 3 : Adding multiples of a row to another row leaves the


determinant unchanged.
Important properties and identities

Property 3 : Adding multiples of a row to another row leaves the


determinant unchanged.

Property 3’ : Adding multiples of a column to another column


leaves the determinant unchanged.
Important properties and identities

Property 4 : Scalar multiplication of a row by a constant t


multiplies the determinant by t.
Important
Producedproperties
with a Trial and identities
Version of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnno

Property 4 : Scalar multiplication of a row by a constant t


multiplies the determinant by t.

Property 4’ : Scalar multiplication of a column by a constant t


multiplies the determinant by t.
Useful computational tips

1) The determinant of a matrix with a row or column of zeros is


0.
Useful computational tips

1) The determinant of a matrix with a row or column of zeros is


0.
2) The determinant of a matrix in which one row (or column) is
a linear combination of other rows (resp. columns) is 0.
Useful computational tips

1) The determinant of a matrix with a row or column of zeros is


0.
2) The determinant of a matrix in which one row (or column) is
a linear combination of other rows (resp. columns) is 0.
3) Scalar multiplication of a row by a constant t multiplies the
determinant by t.
Useful computational
Produced tips
with a Trial Version of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnno

1) The determinant of a matrix with a row or column of zeros is


0.
2) The determinant of a matrix in which one row (or column) is
a linear combination of other rows (resp. columns) is 0.
3) Scalar multiplication of a row by a constant t multiplies the
determinant by t.
4) While computing the determinant, you can choose to compute
it using expansion along a suitable row or column.
Thank you

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