RULES IN MATH 313

1. ENTER classroom on time,

2. WEAR appropriate attire,
3. LISTEN to the Lecture,
4. WORK your Class activity
5. CELPHONE is NOT ALLOWED during Classes and Examination.
6. CHEATING is a major offense, penalty 5.0 for that specific exam or activity,
7. Be RESPONSIBLE student (Do not blame others), tuition is FREE, and others have
stipend, STUDY seriously to PASS the subject DO NOT expect mercy or FAVOR.
8. MAINTAIN Classroom Cleanliness.
TOPIC CONTENT:

2. DETERMINANTS
2.1 Definition of Determinants, Expansion of Determinants
Sarrus Rule for Expansion, Window Rule for Expansion

2.2 Minors and Cofactor, Use of Determinants in Coordinate,

Properties of Determinants
2.3 Examples on Largest Value of a Third Order Determinant,
Multiplication of Two Determinant of Same Order, System
of Linear Equations, Cramer’s Rule, Nature of Solutions of
System of Linear Equations, System of Homogeneous Linear
Equations.
DETERMINANTS

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
❖ determine the minor and cofactor of determinants
❖ apply determinant in coordinates
❖ apply the properties of determinants
❖ apply concept and solve problems in determinants
DETERMINANTS

Determinants were invented independently by Gabriel Cramer, whose

now well-known rule for solving linear system was published in 1750,
although not in present day notation. The now-standard “Vertical line
notation”, i.e.“| |” was given in 1841 by Arthur Cayley. The working
knowledge of determinants is a basic necessity for a student in
engineering. Determinants have wide applications in Engineering,
Science, Economics, Social science, etc.
DETERMINANTS

2.2 Minors and Cofactor, Use of Determinants in Coordinate

Properties of Determinants
Minors and Cofactor
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 … . . . 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 … … 𝑎2𝑛
Let ∆= … … … … … … … … … … .
𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎𝑛3 … . . 𝑎𝑛𝑛
be a determinant of order 𝑛, 𝑛 ≥ 2, then the determinant of order
𝑛 − 1 obtained from the determinant ∆ after deleting the 𝑖𝑡ℎ row
and 𝑗𝑡ℎ column is called the 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and it is
usually denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3 … 𝑛 and 𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, … 𝑛.
DETERMINANTS

Minors and Cofactor

If 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is the minor of element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 in the determinant ∆, then −1 𝑖+𝑗
𝑀𝑖𝑗 is
called the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . It is usually denoted by 𝐶𝑖𝑗 .
𝑖+𝑗
Thus, 𝐶𝑖𝑗 = −1 𝑀𝑖𝑗

𝑀𝑖𝑗 , if 𝑖 + 𝑗 is an 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

=൝
−𝑀𝑖𝑗 if 𝑖 + 𝑗 is an 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝑎11 𝑎12
i Let ∆= 𝑎 𝑎22 , then 𝑀11 = 𝑎22 = 𝑎22 , 𝑀12 = 𝑎21 = 𝑎21
21
𝑀21 = 𝑎12 = 𝑎12 , 𝑀22 = 𝑎11 = 𝑎11
𝐶11 = −1 1+1 𝑀 = 𝑎22 , 𝐶12 = −1 1+2 𝑀 = −𝑎21 ,
11 12

𝐶21 = −1 2+1 𝑀 = −𝑎12 , 𝐶22 = −1 2+2 𝑀 = 𝑎11

21 22
DETERMINANTS

Minors and Cofactor

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
ii Let ∆= 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 , the determinants of Minors and Cofactors are
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑀11 𝑀12 𝑀13 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13
∆𝑀 = 𝑀21 𝑀22 𝑀23 ; ∆𝐶 = 𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23
𝑀31 𝑀32 𝑀33 𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33
where:
𝑎22 𝑎23 1+1
𝑀11 = 𝑎 𝑎33 , 𝐶11 = −1 𝑀11 = 𝑀11
32
𝑎21 𝑎23 1+2 𝑀 = −𝑀
𝑀12 = 𝑎 𝑎33 , 𝐶 12 = −1 12 12
31
Seat work; Find the Minors and Cofactors of 𝑎21 , 𝑎22 , 𝑎23 , 𝑎31 , 𝑎32 , & 𝑎33 .
 DETERMINANTS

Important Results for Cofactor

1. The sum of products of the elements of any row or column with their corresponding
cofactors is equal to the value of the determinant.
i.e., ∆ = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13 = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎21 𝐶21 + 𝑎31 𝐶31
` = 𝑎21 𝐶21 + 𝑎22 𝐶22 + 𝑎23 𝐶23 = 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎22 𝐶22 + 𝑎32 𝐶32
= 𝑎31 𝐶31 + 𝑎32 𝐶32 + 𝑎33 𝐶33 = 𝑎13 𝐶13 + 𝑎23 𝐶23 + 𝑎33 𝐶33
Now, value of 𝑛 order determinant
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 … . 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎2𝑛
∆= … … … … … … … … … . . = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13 + ⋯ . . 𝑎1𝑛 𝐶1𝑛
𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎𝑛3 … . 𝑎𝑛𝑛
(when expanded along 1st row)
 DETERMINANTS

Important Results for Cofactor

2. The sum of products of the elements of any row (or column) with corresponding
cofactors of another row (or column) is equal to zero.
i.e., 𝑎11 𝐶21 + 𝑎12 𝐶22 + 𝑎13 𝐶23 = 0
` 𝑎11 𝐶13 + 𝑎21 𝐶23 + 𝑎31 𝐶33 = 0, 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
3. If the value of a 𝑛 order determinant is ∆, then the value of the
determinant formed by the cofactor of the corresponding elements of the
given determinants is given by
∆𝐶 = ∆𝑛−1
i.e., in case of second order determinant
∆𝐶 = ∆ and the third order determinant ∆𝐶 = ∆2
DETERMINANTS

Example 4. Find the determinant of minors and cofactors of the determinant

2 3 4
7 2 −5
8 −1 3
DETERMINANTS

Example 4. Find the determinant of minors and cofactors of the determinant

2 3 4
7 2 −5
8 −1 3
Solution:
2 −5 1+1 𝑀
𝑀11 = = 6 − 5 = 1, 𝐶11 = −1 11 =1
−1 3
7 −5
𝑀12 = = 21 + 40 = 61, 𝐶11 = −1 1+2 𝑀12 = −61
8 3
7 2
𝑀13 = = −7 − 16 = −23, 𝐶13 = −1 1+3 𝑀13 = −23
8 −1
DETERMINANTS

Example 4. Find the determinant of minors and cofactors of the determinant

2 3 4
7 2 −5
8 −1 3
Solution:
3 4
𝑀21 = = 9 + 4 = 13, 𝐶21 = −1 2+1 𝑀21 = −13
−1 3
2 4
𝑀22 = = 6 − 32 = −26, 𝐶22 = −1 2+2 𝑀22 = −26
8 3
2 3
𝑀23 = = −2 − 24 = −26, 𝐶23 = −1 2+3 𝑀23 = 26
8 −1
DETERMINANTS

Example 4. Find the determinant of minors and cofactors of the determinant

2 3 4
7 2 −5
8 −1 3
Solution:
3 4
𝑀31 = = −15 − 8 = −23, 𝐶31 = −1 3+1 𝑀31 = −23
2 −5
2 4
𝑀32 = = −10 − 28 = −38, 𝐶32 = −1 3+2 𝑀32 = 38
7 −5
2 3
𝑀33 = = 4 − 21 = −17, 𝐶33 = −1 3+3 𝑀33 = −17
7 2
DETERMINANTS

Example 4. Find the determinant of minors and cofactors of the determinant

2 3 4
7 2 −5
8 −1 3
therefore:
1 61 −23 1 −61 −23
∆𝑀 = 13 −26 −26 ; ∆𝐶 = −13 −26 26 ans.
−23 −38 −17 −23 38 −17
DETERMINANTS

Goyal’s Method for Cofactors

(Direct Method)
This method applied only for third order determinant.
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
If ∆ = 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
Step I. Write down the three rows of the ∆ and rewrite first two rows.
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
i.e., 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
DETERMINANTS

Goyal’s Method for Cofactors

Step II. Alter Step I, rewrite first two columns.
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏1 𝑏2
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏1 𝑏2
DETERMINANTS
Goyal’s Method for Cofactors
Step III. Alter Step II, deleting first row and first columns, then we get all
cofactor i.e,
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏1 𝑏2
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏1 𝑏2

𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑏3 𝑐2 𝑏3 𝑐1 − 𝑏1 𝑐3 𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1
or ∆𝑐 = 𝑐2 𝑎3 − 𝑐3 𝑎2 𝑐3 𝑎1 − 𝑐1 𝑎3 𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑎1
𝑎2 𝑏3 − 𝑎3 𝑏2 𝑎3 𝑏1 − 𝑎1 𝑏3 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
DETERMINANTS

Example 5. Find the determinant of cofactors of the determinant

1 2 3
−4 3 6 by direct Method
2 −7 9
DETERMINANTS

Example 5. Find the determinant of cofactors of the determinant

1 2 3
−4 3 6 by direct Method
2 −7 9
Solution
1 2 3
Let ∆= −4 3 6
2 −7 9
DETERMINANTS

Goyal’s Method for Cofactors

(Direct Method)
Step I. Write down the three rows of the ∆ and rewrite first two rows.
1 2 3
−4 3 6
i.e., 2 −7 9
1 2 3
−4 3 6
DETERMINANTS

Goyal’s Method for Cofactors

Step II. Alter Step I, rewrite first two columns.
1 2 3 1 2
−4 3 6 −4 3
2 −7 9 2 −7
1 2 3 1 2
−4 3 6 −4 3
DETERMINANTS
Goyal’s Method for Cofactors
Step III. Alter Step II, deleting first row and first columns, then we get all
cofactor i.e,
1 2 3 1 2
−4 3 6 −4 3
2 −7 9 2 −7
1 2 3 1 2
−4 3 6 −4 3

27 + 42 12 + 36 28 − 6 69 48 22
or ∆𝑐 = −21 − 18 9−6 4 + 7 , ∆𝑐 = −39 3 11
12 − 9 −12 − 6 3 − 8 3 −18 11
DETERMINANTS

Use of Determinants in Coordinate Properties of Determinants

i Are of triangle whose vertices are 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , and 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 is given by

𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
∆= 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
ii If points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , and 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 are collinear. then

𝑥1 𝑦1 1
𝑥2 𝑦2 1 =0
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
DETERMINANTS

Use of Determinants in Coordinate Properties of Determinants

iii If 𝑎𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑟 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑟 = 0; 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3 are the sides of a triangle, then the area
of the triangle is given by
2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
1
∆= 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
2𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
where 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , and 𝐶3 are the cofactors of the elements 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 and 𝑐3
respectively, in the determinant
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
DETERMINANTS

Use of Determinants in Coordinate Properties of Determinants

iv Equation of straight line passing through two points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 is

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥1 𝑦1 1 =0
𝑥2 𝑦2 1
v If three lines 𝑎𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑟 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑟 = 0; 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3 are concurrent, then

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
DETERMINANTS

Use of Determinants in Coordinate Properties of Determinants

vi If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represents a pair of straight
lines, then
𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 =0
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐
vii Equation of circle through three non-collinear points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , and 𝑥3 , 𝑦3
is given by

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥12 + 𝑦12 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
=0
𝑥22 + 𝑦22 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
𝑥32 + 𝑦32 𝑥3 𝑦3 1
DETERMINANTS

Use of Determinants in Coordinate Properties of Determinants

Some Useful Operations
i The interchange of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗𝑡ℎ row is denoted by 𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝑗 .
(In case of column 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗 ).
ii The addition of 𝑚 times the elements of 𝑗𝑡ℎ row to the corresponding
elements of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row is denoted by 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑚𝑅𝑗
(In case of column 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑚𝐶𝑗 ).
iii The addition of 𝑚 times the elements of 𝑗𝑡ℎ row and 𝑛 times the elements of
𝑘𝑡ℎ row to the corresponding elements of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row is denoted by
𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑚𝑅𝑗 + 𝑛𝑅𝑘
(In case of column 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑚𝐶𝑗 + 𝑛𝐶𝑘 ).
DETERMINANTS

Properties of Determinants
We shall establish certain properties of a determinant of the third order but reader
should note that these are capable of application to a determinant of any order.
Property I The value of a determinant remains unaltered when rows are changed into
corresponding columns and columns are changed into corresponding rows.
Property II If any two rows (or two columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then
the sign of determinant is changed and the numerical value remains
unaltered.
Property III If two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical, then the value of
the determinant is zero.
DETERMINANTS

Properties of Determinants
Property IV If the elements of any row (or any column) of a determinant be each
multiplied by the same factor 𝑘, then the value of the determinant is
multiplied by 𝑘.
Property V If every element of some column (or row) is the sum of two items, then the
determinant is equal to the sum of two determinants; one containing one the
first term in place of each sum, the other only the second term. The
remaining elements of both determinants are the same as in the given
determinant.
Property VI The value of the determinant does not change, if the elements of any row
(or column) are increased or diminished by equi-multiples of the
corresponding elements of any other row (or column) of the determinant.
DETERMINANTS

Properties of Determinants
Property VII If each element on one side or other side or both side of the principal
diagonal of determinant is zero, then the value of the determinant is the
product of the diagonal element.
Property VIII If determinant ∆ becomes zero on putting 𝑥 = 𝛼, then we say that
𝑥 − 𝛼 is a factor of ∆.
DETERMINANTS

13 16 19
Example 6. Evaluate 14 17 20
15 18 21
DETERMINANTS

13 16 19
Example 6. Evaluate 14 17 20
15 18 21
Solution
13 16 19
Let ∆= 14 17 20
15 18 21
Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 and 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1′ , then
13 16 19 13 16 19
∆= 1 1 1 =2 1 1 1 =0
2 2 2 1 1 1
[𝑅2 and 𝑅3 are identical]
DETERMINANTS

𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
Example 7. Prove that 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2 + 1
DETERMINANTS
𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
Example 7. Prove that 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2 + 1
Solution
𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
Let LHS = ∆= 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2 + 1
On taking common 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 from 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 respectively, then

𝑎2 +1
𝑏 𝑐
𝑎
𝑏2 +1
∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
𝑏
𝑐 2 +1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑐
DETERMINANTS

𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
Example 7. Prove that 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2 + 1
Now, multiplying in 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 and 𝐶3 by 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 respectively, then

𝑎2 + 1 𝑏2 𝑐2
∆= 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 1 𝑐2
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 + 1
Applying 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 , then

1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏2 𝑐2
∆= 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏2 + 1 𝑐2
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏2 𝑐2 + 1
DETERMINANTS
𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
Example 7. Prove that 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2 + 1
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏2 𝑐2
∆= 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏2 + 1 𝑐2
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏2 𝑐2 + 1
1 𝑏2 𝑐2
= 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 1 𝑏2 + 1 𝑐2
1 𝑏2 𝑐2 + 1
Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 and 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 , then

1 𝑏2 𝑐2
∆= 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 0 1 0 = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ∙ 1
0 0 1
= 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = RHS
DETERMINANTS

Seatwork 1. Solve for 𝑥,

4𝑥 6𝑥 + 2 8𝑥 + 1
6𝑥 + 2 9𝑥 + 3 12𝑥 =0
8𝑥 + 1 12𝑥 16𝑥 + 2
DETERMINANTS

Seatwork 2.
𝑥 3 6 2 𝑥 7 4 5 𝑥
If 3 6 𝑥 = 𝑥 7 2 = 5 𝑥 4 = 0, find the value of 𝑥
6 𝑥 3 7 2 𝑥 𝑥 4 5