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DL Unit 6

The document outlines key concepts in neural networks, including architecture, activation functions, and the importance of forward and backward propagation. It discusses regularization techniques to prevent overfitting, such as L1 and L2 regularization, dropout, early stopping, and data augmentation. Additionally, it covers Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for spatial data and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for sequence data, detailing their components and applications.

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13 views2 pages

DL Unit 6

The document outlines key concepts in neural networks, including architecture, activation functions, and the importance of forward and backward propagation. It discusses regularization techniques to prevent overfitting, such as L1 and L2 regularization, dropout, early stopping, and data augmentation. Additionally, it covers Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for spatial data and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for sequence data, detailing their components and applications.

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prem k
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT-III

ext Books:
[1] Goodfellow, I., Bengio,Y., and Courville, A., Deep Learning, MIT Press, 2016..
[2] Bishop, C. ,M., Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer, 2006.
[4] Matrix Computations, Golub, G.,H., and Van Loan,C.,F, JHU Press,2013.
[5] Neural Networks: A Classroom Approach, Satish Kumar, Tata McGraw-Hill Ed., 2004.
Abbreviations
NN: Neural Network
DC: Direct Current

📌 1.2. Architecture
 Consists of an input layer, multiple hidden layers, and an output layer.
 Activation Functions:
o ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit): Helps in faster convergence.
o Sigmoid/Tanh: Useful for probabilistic outputs but suffer from vanishing
gradient problems.
o Softmax: For multi-class classification in the output layer.
📌 1.3. Forward and Backward Propagation
 Forward Propagation: Computes output from input through layers.
 Backward Propagation: Updates weights using Gradient Descent to minimize the loss
function.

3.4 Regularizations
📌 2.1. Need for Regularization
 Regularization techniques are used to reduce overfitting by introducing a penalty on
complex models, encouraging simpler models with better generalization.
📌 2.2. Types of Regularization
 L1 Regularization (Lasso): Adds a penalty proportional to the absolute value of
weights. Promotes sparsity.
 L2 Regularization (Ridge): Adds a penalty proportional to the square of the weights.
Helps in weight decay.
 Dropout: Randomly drops neurons during training, forcing the network to avoid over-
reliance on specific paths.
 Early Stopping: Monitors validation loss and stops training when performance
degrades.
 Data Augmentation: Introduces variability in training data (e.g., image rotations, flips)
to improve robustness.

3.7 Convolution Neural Network,


📌 5.1. Purpose
 CNNs are specifically designed for spatial data such as images and videos. They exploit
the spatial hierarchy of data through convolutions.
📌 5.2. Key Components
 Convolutional Layers: Apply filters to extract features.
 Pooling Layers: Reduce dimensionality (e.g., Max Pooling).
 Fully Connected Layers: Make predictions using flattened feature maps.
 Activation Functions: Commonly ReLU and Softmax.
📌 5.3. Use Cases
 Image Classification: (e.g., ImageNet).
 Object Detection: (e.g., YOLO, Faster R-CNN).
 Image Segmentation: (e.g., U-Net).
3.8 Recurrent Neural Network,
📌 6.1. Definition
 RNNs are suitable for sequence data, where previous outputs are used as inputs for the
next step, enabling memory of past information.
📌 6.2. Types of RNNs
 Standard RNNs: Struggle with long-term dependencies due to vanishing gradient
issues.
 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM): Introduces gates (input, output, forget) to
maintain long-term memory.
 Gated Recurrent Units (GRU): A simplified version of LSTM with fewer parameters.
📌 6.3. Applications
 Natural Language Processing (NLP): Text generation, language translation, speech
recognition.
 Time-Series Analysis: Stock prices, weather forecasting.

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