116 Chapter 3 Determinants

3.1 Exercises See CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

The Determinant of a Matrix In Exercises 1–12, find

[ ] [ ]
5 3 0 6 3 0 7 0
the determinant of the matrix. 4 6 4 12 2 6 11 12
27. 28.
1. [1] 2. [−3] 0 2 −3 4 4 1 −1 2
−3 −2
[ ] [ ]
2 1 1 0 1 2 1 5 2 10
3. 4.
3 4 5 2

[ ]
w x y z
2 −2 −15
[ ] [ ]
5 2 21 24 30
5. 6. 29.
−6 3 4 3 −10 24 −32 18
−40 −35
[ ] [ ]
1 22 32
−7 6 3 5
7. 1 8.
−9

[ ]
2 3 4 w x y z
−3 10 15 −25 30
[00 ] [−62 ]
8 30.
9. 10. −30 20 −15 −10
4 9
30 35 −25 −40
[λ − 34 ] [λ − 24 ]
2 0
11. 12.

[ ]
λ−1 λ−4 5 2 0 0 −2
0 1 4 3 2
Finding the Minors and Cofactors of a Matrix In 31. 0 0 2 6 3
Exercises 13–16, find all (a) minors and (b) cofactors of 0 0 3 4 1
the matrix. 0 0 0 0 2

[13 ] [−51 ]
2 6

[ ]
13. 14. −4 3 2 −1 −2
4 0
1 −2 7 −13 −12
−3 −3

[ ] [ ]
2 1 4 2 32. −6 2 −5 −6 −7
15. 4 5 6 16. 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 −3 1 4 −7 −8 1 −4 −2 0 −9

17. Find the determinant of the matrix in Exercise 15 Finding a Determinant In Exercises 33 and 34, use
using the method of expansion by cofactors. Use (a) the the method demonstrated in Example 5 to find the
second row and (b) the second column. determinant of the matrix.
−7

[ ] [ ]
18. Find the determinant of the matrix in Exercise 16 using 3 0 4 3 8
the method of expansion by cofactors. Use (a) the third 33. −2 4 1 34. 0 −5 4
row and (b) the first column. 1 −3 1 8 1 6
Finding a Determinant In Exercises 19 – 32, use Finding a Determinant In Exercises 35–38, use a
expansion by cofactors to find the determinant of software program or a graphing utility to find the
the matrix. determinant of the matrix.

[ ]
−2 −1

[ ] [ ]
1 4 3 2 4 3 2 5
0.6 −0.3

[ ]
0.1
19. 3 2 0 20. 4 1 4 1 6 −1 2
35. 0.7 −0.1 0.1 36.
−1 4 3 −2 0 1 −3 2 4 5
0.1 0.3 −0.8
−3 6 1 3 −2

[ ] [ ]
2 4 6 0 0

[ ]
21. 0 3 1 22. 7 11 0 1 2 −1 4
0 0 −5 1 2 2 0 1 2 −2
37.
−0.4 0 3 2 −1

[ ] [ ]
0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3
23. 0.2 0.2 0.2 24. −0.3 0.2 0.2 1 2 0 −2

[ ]
0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 8 5 1 −2 0
−1 −1

[ ] [ ]
x y x y 1 0 7 1 6
25. 3 2 0 26. −2 −2 1 38. 0 8 6 5 −3
1 1 1 1 5 1 1 2 5 −8 4
2 6 −2 0 6

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 3.1 Exercises 117

Finding the Determinant of a Triangular Matrix In

Exercises 39–42, find the determinant of the triangular 54. CAPSTONE For an n × n matrix A, explain
matrix. how to find each value.
−2 (a) The minor Mij of the entry aij

[ ] [ ]
0 0 4 0 0
39. 4 6 0 40. 0 7 0 (b) The cofactor Cij of the entry aij
−3 7 2 0 0 −2 (c) The determinant of A

[ ] [ ]
5 8 −4 2 4 0 0 0
1
0 0 6 0 −1 2 0 0 Entries Involving Expressions In Exercises 55–62,
41. 42.
0 0 2 2 3 5 3 0 evaluate the determinant, in which the entries are
0 0 0 −1 −8 7 0 −2 functions. Determinants of this type occur when changes
of variables are made in calculus.

∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
True or False? In Exercises 43 and 44, determine
whether each statement is true or false. If a statement 6u −1 3x2 −3y2
55. 56.
is true, give a reason or cite an appropriate statement −1 3v 1 1
from the text. If a statement is false, provide an example
that shows the statement is not true in all cases or cite an 57.
∣ ∣
e2x e3x
2e2x 3e3x
58.
e−x
∣ xe−x
−e−x (1 − x)e−x ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
appropriate statement from the text.
x ln x x x ln x
43. (a) The determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix A is 59. 60.

∣ ∣∣ ∣
1 1+x 1 1 + ln x
a21a12 − a11a22.
cos θ −r sin θ 0 1−v −u 0
(b) The determinant of a matrix of order 1 is the entry
61. sin θ r cos θ 0 62. v(1 − w) u(1 − w) −uv
of the matrix.
0 0 1 vw uw uv
(c) The ij-cofactor of a square matrix A is the matrix
obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column of A. Verifying an Equation In Exercises 63–68, evaluate
44. (a) To find the determinant of a triangular matrix, add the determinants to verify the equation.
the entries on the main diagonal.
(b) To find the determinant of a matrix, expand by
63.
∣ w
y
x
z ∣ ∣ ∣
=−
y
w
z
x
cofactors in any row or column.
(c) When expanding by cofactors, you need not
64.
∣ w
y
cx
cz ∣ ∣ ∣
=c
w
y
x
z

∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
evaluate the cofactors of zero entries. w x w x + cw
65. =
Solving an Equation In Exercises 45–48, solve for x. y z y z + cy

45.
∣ x+3 2
=0
∣ 46.
∣x−6 3
=0
∣ 66.
∣ w x
=0
∣
∣ ∣
1 x+2 −2 x + 1 cw cx

∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
x−1 2 x+3 1 1 x x2
47. =0 48. =0 67. 1 y y2 = (y − x)(z − x)(z − y)
3 x−2 −4 x − 1

∣ ∣
1 z z2
Solving an Equation In Exercises 49–52, find the 1 1 1
values of λ for which the determinant is zero.
68. a b c = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a)(a + b + c)

49.
∣ λ+2 2
∣ 50.
∣λ−5 3
1 λ−5 ∣ a3 b3 c3

∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
1 λ
69. You are given the equation

∣ ∣
λ 2 0 λ 0 1
x 0 c
51. 0 λ+1 2 52. 0 λ 3
−1 x b = ax2 + bx + c.
0 1 λ 2 2 λ−2
0 −1 a
53. Show that the system of linear equations (a) Verify the equation.
a11x1 + a12x2 = b1 (b) Use the equation as a model to find a determinant
a21x1 + a22x2 = b2 that is equal to ax3 + bx2 + cx + d.
has the solution 70. The determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix involves two
products. The determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix involves
b a − b2a12 b2a11 − b1a21
x1 = 1 22 and x2 = six triple products. Show that the determinant of a
a11a22 − a21a12 a11a22 − a21a12
4 × 4 matrix involves 24 quadruple products.
when a11a22 − a21a12 ≠ 0.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.