Unit – 2

Virtualization and Hypervisors

-Suryadeepsinh P. Jadeja
 Course Outcome
• Apply the virtualization concept with its types.
 Introduction to Cloud Virtualization
• Virtualization: "creation of a virtual version (rather than actual) of
something, such as a server, a desktop, a storage device, an operating
system or network resources“ is known as virtualization.
• Virtualization allows the creation of a secure, customizable, and isolated
execution environment for running applications.
• Using virtualization we can share a single physical instance of a resource or
an application among multiple customers and organizations.
• Virtualization technologies provide a virtual environment for storage,
memory, and networking.
• Cloud Virtualization: “Creation of virtual versions of computing resources,
and allowing multiple virtual instances to run on a single physical server
or infrastructure is known as Cloud Virtualization”.
• Cloud virtualization is a fundamental concept in cloud computing. It plays a
prime role in maximizing resource utilization, improving scalability and
enhancing flexibility of IT infrastructure and provide on demand access to
resources.
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• With the help of Virtualization, multiple operating systems

and applications can run on the same machine/ same
hardware at the same time, and increases the utilization of
hardware.
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• Key Components in Virtualization:
– Physical Server : This is the actual hardware, or the physical
computer.
– Hypervisor (Virtual Machine Monitor - VMM) : It is a crucial
component that manages and controls the virtualized
environments. Hypervisors sit between the hardware and
Virtual instances/VMs, it allocate resources to virtual machines
(VMs).
– Virtual Machines (VMs) : These are the virtualized instances of
operating systems and applications. Each VM operates
independently of the others, creating a flexible and isolated
environment.
– Virtualization Manager : It is a tool or service allows
administrators to manage the virtualized infrastructure,
performing tasks such as provisioning and monitoring of
resources.
 Characteristics of virtualization
• Resource Sharing
– Virtualization allows the creation of a separate computing environment within the same host/hardware. This
basic feature is used to reduce the number of active servers and limit power consumption.
• Aggregation
– It is possible to share physical resources among several guests, but virtualization also allows aggregation,
which is the opposite process. A group of separate hosts can be tied together and represented to guests as a
single virtual host. This functionality is implemented with cluster management software, which harnesses
the physical resources of a homogeneous group of machines and represents them as a single resource.
• Emulation
– Guest programs are executed within an environment that is controlled by the virtualization layer, which
ultimately is a program. Also, a completely different environment with respect to the host can be emulated,
it allow the execution of guest programs requiring specific characteristics that are not present in the physical
host.
• Resource Pooling
– Virtualization enables the pooling of computing resources such as processing power, memory, and storage.
These pooled resources can then be dynamically allocated to meet the changing demands of applications
and services.
• Isolation
– Virtualization provides a level of isolation between different virtual instances. Each virtual machine operates
independently of others, ensuring that changes or issues in one virtual environment do not impact others.
• Flexibility and Scalability
– Cloud virtualization allows us easy scalability. Organizations can scale resources up or down based on
demand, providing flexibility to adapt to changing workloads without the need for significant hardware
changes.
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• Elasticity
– Cloud virtualization enables elasticity, allowing users to dynamically adjust the resources allocated to
applications and services in response to changing requirements. This ensures optimal performance during
peak demand and cost savings during periods of lower demand.
• Efficient Resource Utilization
– Through consolidation of workloads on fewer physical servers, virtualization maximizes resource utilization.
This leads to improved efficiency, reduced hardware costs, and lower energy consumption.
• Snapshot and Cloning
– Virtualization allows for the creation of snapshots and clones of virtual machines. Snapshots capture the
state of a virtual machine at a specific point in time, facilitating backup and recovery. Cloning enables the
rapid duplication of virtual instances for testing, development, or scaling purposes.
• Live Migration
– Virtualization platforms often support live migration, allowing virtual machines to be moved from one
physical server to another without disruption to services. This feature enhances system availability and
facilitates maintenance activities.
• Dynamic Provisioning
– Cloud virtualization enables dynamic provisioning, allowing users to provision and de-provision virtual
resources on-demand. This rapid allocation of resources contributes to the agile and a responsive nature of
cloud computing.
• Centralized Management
– Virtualization platforms provide centralized management tools that allow administrators to monitor and
manage virtual resources, streamline operations, and enforce policies.
 Advantages of Cloud Virtualization
• Resource Optimization : By running multiple virtual instances on a single physical server,
cloud virtualization maximizes resource utilization and reduces hardware costs.
• Scalability: Virtualized environments can easily scale up or down based on demand. This
elasticity allows organizations to adapt quickly as per changing workloads.
• Isolation and Security : VMs operate independently, providing a level of isolation between
different applications and users. This isolation enhances security and reduces the risk of
conflicts between different software components.
• Flexibility and Agility : Cloud virtualization enables rapid deployment of new virtual
instances, allowing organizations to respond quickly to changing business requirements.
• Cost Savings : By consolidating workloads on fewer physical servers, organizations can
achieve cost savings in terms of hardware, power consumption, and maintenance.
• Disaster Recovery: Virtualization enables organizations to implement disaster recovery
solutions more easily and cost-effectively. By replicating virtual machines to remote sites,
organizations can quickly recover from a disaster and resume operations.
• Increased Uptime: Virtualization can help improve system uptime by enabling virtual
machines to be migrated to different physical hosts in the event of a hardware failure. This
can minimize downtime and prevent data loss.
 Cloud Virtualization Basics
• The focus of virtualization is to increase utilization of
underlined hardware resource to its maximum
capacity. This results in decreased hardware costs by
running multiple virtualized instances in one physical
machine and minimizing power consumption.
• A Virtual machine provides an environment that is
logically separated/isolated from the underlying
hardware.
• The machine on which the virtual machine is going to
create is known as Host Machine and that virtual
machine is referred as a Guest Machine.
 Hardware Virtualization
• Also known as server virtualization.
• Hardware virtualization is a process that allows us to
virtualize the underlying hardware components of a
physical server, such as the CPU, memory, storage,
and network interfaces.
• To achieve hardware virtualization we need to installs a
hypervisor or virtual machine manager (VMM), which
creates an abstraction layer between the software
and the underlying hardware and emulate the
underlying hardware. Once a hypervisor is in place,
software relies on virtual representations of the
computing components, such as virtual processors
rather than physical processors.
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• After virtualization of hardware system we can install different

operating system on it and run different applications on those OS.
• The hypervisor manages the physical resources and allocates them
to each virtual machine as needed.
• Each virtual machine operates in isolated environment, unaware
that it is sharing resources with other virtual machines.
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• Advantages of Hardware Virtualization
– More Efficient Resource Utilization:
• Physical resources can be shared among virtual machines.
Although the unused resources can be allocated to a virtual
machine and that can be used by other virtual machines if the
need exists.
– Lower Overall Costs Because Of Server Consolidation:
• Now it is possible for multiple operating systems can co-exist
on a single hardware platform, so that the number of servers,
rack space, and power consumption drops significantly.
– Increased Uptime, provide flexibility and scalability.
 Types of Hardware Virtualization
• Main Types of Hardware Virtualization:
– Full virtualization,
– Para virtualization.
– Partial virtualization.
 Full virtualization
• Full virtualization is the first generation of software solutions for
server virtualization. It was developed by IBM in 1966.
• Full virtualization is a type of virtualization where a complete
simulation of the underlying hardware is presented to the guest
operating system.
• It fully simulates the hardware, Including the virtualization of the
CPU, memory, and other hardware components to enable a
unmodified guest OS to run in an isolated environment.
• In full virtualization, the guest operating system is unaware that it is
running in a virtualized environment and operates as if it were
running on physical hardware.
• It offers strong security due to separation between guest OS and
hardware.
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• Working :
– Full virtualization uses a
combination of direct execution and
binary translation.
– This allows direct execution of non-
sensitive CPU instructions, whereas
sensitive CPU instructions are
translated on the fly.
• To improve performance, the
hypervisor maintains a cache of the
recently translated instructions.
• Examples of hypervisors that
support full virtualization include
VMware vSphere/ESXi, Microsoft
Hyper-V, and Oracle VM VirtualBox.
 Para virtualization
• Also known as OS assisted Virtualization.
• Unlike full virtualization, where the guest OS is
unaware that it is running in a virtualized environment,
in Para virtualization the guest operating system is
aware it’s in a virtual environment.
• In Para virtualization, guest OS is not completely
isolated but it is partially isolated by the virtual
machine from the virtualization layer and hardware.
• Para virtualization requires some modifications to the
guest OS kernel(APIs or Drivers) to optimize its
performance and efficiency in a virtualized
environment.
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• Working:
– Para virtualization uses hyper calls
to communicate directly with the
Hypervisor.
– The hypervisor performs different
critical kernel services like memory
management, and interrupt
handling.
• This technique is not as portable
as full virtualization, as it requires
modification in the guest OS.
• Xen is one of the most popular
hypervisors that supports Para
virtualization.
 Partial Virtualization
• Partial virtualization is a type of virtualization that partially simulates or
virtualizing specific components of the hardware/resources, such as
storage, networking, or individual applications rather than virtualizing
entire server stack.
• It's a more lightweight solution than full virtualization and can be well-
suited for situations where complete isolation is not required.
• An Examples of Partial Virtualization :
– Storage Virtualization: This involves abstracting and pooling storage resources
to create a unified and simplified storage environment. Users can manage and
allocate storage without worrying about the underlying physical devices.
– Network Virtualization: It abstracts networking components, allowing the
creation of virtual networks. This helps in optimizing network usage,
enhancing security, and simplifying network management.
– Application-Level Virtualization: In this case, specific applications or services
are isolated and run in their virtualized environments, often referred to as
containers. Technologies like Docker and Kubernetes are commonly used for
application-level virtualization.
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• Advantages of Partial virtualization:
– Flexibility: Organizations can choose to virtualize only components
that is align with their goals and requirement, providing flexibility in
adopting cloud technologies.
– Resource optimization: Partial virtualization allows for efficient
utilization of specific resources without the need to virtualize the
entire infrastructure.
• Challenges:
– Integration complexity : Integrating virtualized components with
non-virtualized parts of the infrastructure may introduce
complexity and require careful planning.
– Interoperability: Ensuring seamless interoperability between
virtualized and non-virtualized components can be challenging,
especially if they have different architecture.
 Software Virtualization
• Software virtualization refers to the process of creating
virtual instances or environments for software applications
to run independently of the underlying hardware and
operating system.
• It involves creating virtual instances of software-based
resources, such as operating systems, an applications on a
physical machine.
• This allows multiple software environments to coexist on
a single physical machine, enabling better resource
utilization and flexibility in managing software
deployments.
• The main function of Software Virtualization is to develop a
virtual environment in the system where software,
applications and OS are installed, and it works as regularly.
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• Types of Software Virtualization
– OS Virtualization
– Application Virtualization
– Service Virtualization
 Operating system virtualization
• Operating system virtualization (OS virtualization) is a server virtualization
technology that includes customizing a conventional operating system to run
numerous programs for many users on the same machine simultaneously.
• operating system-level virtualization aims to provide separated and multiple
execution containers for running applications and that are managed concurrently.
• In OS virtualization there is no virtual machine manager or hypervisor, host
operating system has a feature that allows it to create and manage containers. This
feature is called the kernel.
• The kernel controls the access and allocation of resources to each container. It
also isolates the containers from each other and from the host system. Let's say
there is program inside a container. This program can only use the resources that
are given to that container. It can't access anything outside of it.
• Docker is one of the most popular platforms for operating system-level
virtualization, providing tools for building, managing, and running containers.
• Compared to hardware virtualization, this strategy imposes little or no overhead
because applications directly use OS system calls and there is no need for
emulation.
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• Features of operating system-based virtualization are:
– Resource isolation: Operating system-based virtualization provides a high level of
resource isolation, which allows each container to have its own set of resources,
including CPU, memory, and I/O bandwidth.
– Lightweight: Containers are lightweight compared to traditional virtual machines as they
share the same host operating system, resulting in faster startup and lower resource
usage.
– Portability: Containers are highly portable, making it easy to move them from one
environment to another without needing to modify the underlying application.
– Scalability: Containers can be easily scaled up or down based on the application
requirements, allowing applications to be highly responsive to changes in demand.
– Security: Containers provide a high level of security by isolating the containerized
application from the host operating system and other containers running on the same
system.
– Reduced Overhead: Containers incur less overhead than traditional virtual machines, as
they do not need to emulate a full hardware environment.
– Easy Management: Containers are easy to manage, as they can be started, stopped, and
monitored using simple commands.
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• Advantages of Operating System-Based Virtualization:
– Resource Efficiency: Operating system-based virtualization allows for greater
resource efficiency as containers do not need to emulate a complete hardware
environment, which reduces resource overhead.
– High Scalability: Containers can be quickly and easily scaled up or down
depending on the demand, which makes it easy to respond to changes in the
workload.
– Easy Management: Containers are easy to manage as they can be managed
through simple commands, which makes it easy to deploy and maintain large
numbers of containers.
– Reduced Costs: Operating system-based virtualization can significantly reduce
costs, as it requires fewer resources and infrastructure than traditional virtual
machines.
– Faster Deployment: Containers can be deployed quickly, reducing the time
required to launch new applications or update existing ones.
– Portability: Containers are highly portable, making it easy to move them from
one environment to another without requiring changes to the underlying
application.
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• Disadvantages of Operating System-Based Virtualization:
– Security: Operating system-based virtualization may pose security
risks as containers share the same host operating system, which
means that a security breach in one container could potentially affect
all other containers running on the same system.
– Complexity: Operating system-based virtualization can be complex to
set up and manage, requiring specialized skills and knowledge.
– Dependency Issues: Containers may have dependency issues with
other containers or the host operating system, which can lead to
compatibility issues and hinder deployment.
– Limited Hardware Access: Containers may have limited access to
hardware resources, which can limit their ability to perform certain
tasks or applications that require direct hardware access.
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• Application Virtualization
– Application virtualization software allows users to access and use an
application from a separate computer than the one on which the application is
installed.
– It can say that application virtualizations refer to running an application on a
thin client.
• Service Virtualization
– Service virtualization is a technique that creates virtual replicas of systems,
services, and APIs to test how well they integrate with new applications.
– In the service virtualization, the DevOps team can use the virtual servers
rather than the physical one. It emulates the behaviour of essential
components which will be present in the final production environment.
– With the help of service virtualization, the complex application can go through
testing much earlier in the development process. It can say that service
visualization is a technique to simulate the behaviour of some components in
a mixture of component-based applications
 Types of virtualization
• Programming language-level virtualization
– It is mostly used to achieve ease of deployment of applications, managed execution, and
portability across different platforms and operating systems.
– It consists of a virtual machine executing the byte code of a program, which is the result
of the compilation process.
– Produce a binary format representing the machine code for an abstract architecture
– At runtime, the byte code can be either interpreted or compiled on the fly against the
underlying hardware instruction set.
– Programming language-level virtualization has a long trail in computer science history
and originally was used in 1966 for the implementation of Basic Combined
Programming Language (BCPL), a language for writing compilers and one of the
ancestors of the C programming language.
– Other important examples of the use of this technology have been the UCSD Pascal and
Smalltalk.
– Virtual machine programming languages become popular again with Sun’s introduction
of the Java platform in 1996.
– Some programming languages, such as Java with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), use
language-level virtual machines to execute code. These virtual machines abstract away
hardware differences and provide a platform-independent execution environment for
applications written in the respective language.
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• Main advantages:
– To provide a uniform execution environment across
different platforms
– Programs compiled into byte code can be executed on any
operating system and platform for which a virtual
machine able to execute that code has been provided.
– We don’t have to create different code for different
platform.
– More control over the execution of programs since they do
not provide direct access to the memory.
– Security is another advantage of managed programming
languages; by filtering the I/O operations
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• Application level
– Application virtualization runs application software without installing
it directly on the user’s OS.
– Application-level virtualization is a technology that allows software
applications to run in isolated environments, separate from the
underlying operating system and hardware configuration.
– In application-level virtualization, each application is encapsulated
along with its required libraries, configuration settings, and
dependencies into a self-contained package or container.
– One of the most popular solutions implementing application
virtualization is Wine, which is a software application allowing Unix-
like operating systems to execute programs written for the Microsoft
Windows platform.
– Popular application-level virtualization solutions include
containerization platforms like Docker, application virtualization
technologies such as VMware ThinApp and Microsoft App-V, and
cloud-based deployment platforms like Kubernetes.
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– Application virtualization enables application get
virtualized and delivered from a server to the end
user’s device, such as laptop, smartphones, and
tablets.
– There are three types of application virtualization:
• Application streaming - Users stream the application from a
remote server
• Server-based application virtualization - Users can access
the remote application from their browser or client
interface without installing it.
• Local application virtualization - The application code is
shipped with its own environment to run on all operating
systems without changes.
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• Storage level Virtualization:
– Storage virtualization is the process of grouping
the physical storage from multiple network
storage devices so that it looks like a single
storage device.
– Storage virtualization is a technology that
abstracts the physical storage resources of a
storage area network (SAN), network-attached
storage (NAS), or other storage devices, and
presents them as a single, unified storage pool to
users and applications.
– It allows for the aggregation of multiple storage
devices into a single virtualized storage pool,
which can then be allocated and managed more
efficiently.
– You can pool the storage hardware in your data
center, even if it is from different vendors or of
different types.
– Using this technique, users do not have to be
worried about the specific location of their data.
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• Network Virtualization:
– Network Virtualization is a process of logically grouping physical networks and
making them operate as single or multiple independent networks called Virtual
Networks.
– Any computer network has hardware elements such as switches, routers, and
firewalls.
– An organization with offices in multiple geographic locations can have several
different network technologies working together to create its enterprise
network.
– Network virtualization is a process that combines all of these network resources.
– Administrators can adjust and control these elements virtually without touching
the physical components, which greatly simplifies network management.
– Network virtualization can be implemented using various technologies and
approaches, including virtual LANs (VLANs), virtual private networks (VPNs),
software-defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), and
overlay networks such as VXLAN and GRE.
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• Desktop virtualization
– Desktop virtualization is a technology that allows users
to access their desktop environment from a remote
device
– Desktop virtualization lets you run multiple desktop
operating systems, each in its own VM that can be
accessed remotely.
– How it works
• A virtual machine (VM) of the desktop is stored in a
centralized server
• The user accesses the VM from a remote device, such as a
laptop, tablet, or smartphone
• The VM shares the server's processing power, memory,
and other resources
– Types of desktop virtualization
• Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI): Uses a VM to deliver
virtual desktops to connected devices
• Remote Desktop Services (RDS): Allows users to access
desktops and applications through the Microsoft Windows
Server operating system
• Desktop as a service (DaaS): Allows users to access
desktop environments hosted in the cloud
– Provider: Citrix DaaS, Amazon WorkSpaces, Azure Virtual
Desktop.
 Hypervisor and Virtual Machines
• Virtual Machines
– A virtual machine is a software-defined computer
that runs on a physical computer with a separate
operating system and computing resources.
– The physical computer is called the host machine
and virtual machines are guest machines.
– Multiple virtual machines can run on a single
physical machine. Virtual machines are abstracted
from the computer hardware by a hypervisor.
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• Hypervisor
– Also known as Virtual Machine Manager.
– The hypervisor is the virtualization software that you install on your
physical machine and it manages multiple virtual machines in a
computer.
– It is a software layer that acts as an intermediary between the virtual
machines and the underlying hardware or host operating system.
– The hypervisor coordinates access to the physical
environment/resources so that several virtual machines have access
to their own share of physical resources.
– For example, if the virtual machine requires computing resources,
such as computer processing power, the request first goes to the
hypervisor. The hypervisor then passes the request to the underlying
hardware, which performs the task.
– It ensures that each virtual machine gets the allocated resources and
does not interfere with the operation of other virtual machines.
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• Types of Hypervisor
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• Type 1 hypervisor
– also known as a “Native Hypervisor” or “Bare metal
hypervisor”
– A type 1 hypervisor, is a hypervisor program installed
directly on the computer’s hardware instead of the
operating system.
– It does not require any base server operating system. It has
direct access to hardware resources.
– Therefore, type 1 hypervisors have better performance
and are commonly used by enterprise applications.
– Examples of Type 1 hypervisors include VMware ESXi,
Citrix XenServer, and Microsoft Hyper-V hypervisor.
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• Type 2 hypervisor
– Also known as a hosted hypervisor.
– Such kind of hypervisors doesn’t run directly over the
underlying hardware rather they installed on and run
as an application in a Host system(physical machine).
– It asks the operating system to make hardware calls.
– Type 2 hypervisors are suitable for end-user
computing. User can use this type of hypervisor to
run multiple operating systems on a single machine.
– An example of a Type 2 hypervisor includes VMware
Player , Parallels Desktop, Oracle’s Virtual Box.
 Creating and managing Virtual
Machines
• Choose a Virtualization Platform - VMware vSphere,
Microsoft Hyper-V, Oracle VirtualBox, and KVM
• Install and Configure the Virtualization Software
• Create a New Virtual Machine
• Install the Operating System
• Configure Network and Storage
• Manage Virtual Machine Resources
• Backup and Disaster Recovery
• Security and Compliance
• Monitor and Troubleshoot
 Virtualization of Clusters
• A physical cluster is a collection of servers (physical machines) interconnected by
a physical network such as a LAN.
• Virtualization of clusters is the process of creating a virtual version of a cluster,
which is a group of interconnected computers/servers that work together to
perform a common task.
• Virtualization of clusters is a technique that allows multiple physical machines to
be combined into a single logical cluster, which can then be managed as a single
entity, which can then be used to run various applications
• With traditional clusters, each physical machine typically runs a single application
or service, resulting in underutilization of resources. By virtualizing the cluster,
multiple virtual machines can run on each physical server.
• The virtualization of clusters involves the use of a software layer called a
hypervisor, which enables multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical
machine
• One of the Primary benefit is improved resource utilization, as virtualization
enables the efficient sharing of resources among multiple applications.
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• Virtualization also enables greater flexibility and agility, as virtual
clusters can be easily created, modified, and deleted as needed.
• In addition, virtualization can improve system reliability and
availability, as virtual clusters can be configured with redundancy
and failover mechanisms.
• Overall, virtualization of clusters is a key technology for building
scalable, flexible, and efficient computing environments.
• By virtualizing the cluster, it becomes easier to add or remove
resources as needed, as well as to migrate virtual machines
between physical servers.
• Virtualization of clusters can be illustrated through the example of
VMware vSphere Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) and High
Availability (HA) features.
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• VMware vSphere is a virtualization platform that allows administrators to
consolidate workloads onto fewer physical machines. It also allows virtual
machines (VMs) to be dynamically migrated between physical hosts in a cluster,
based on resource requirements.
• VMware vSphere DRS is a feature that provides dynamic load balancing of virtual
machines across physical hosts in a cluster.
• It continuously monitors resource usage on each host and automatically migrates
virtual machines to other hosts as needed to balance the workload. This helps to
improve overall cluster performance and prevent overloading of any single host.
• VMware vSphere HA is a feature that provides high availability by automatically
restarting virtual machines on another host in the event of a host failure. It
detects host failures and takes action to restart the affected virtual machines on
other hosts in the cluster.
• Both VMware vSphere DRS and HA are examples of virtualization of clusters, as
they allow multiple physical hosts to be managed as a single virtualized
environment, with virtual machines dynamically migrating between hosts as
needed. This allows for improved resource utilization, increased availability, and
easier management of the virtualized environment.
 Data Center Virtualization
• In the traditional model, a data center consists of a variety of physical servers,
each dedicated to specific tasks. This often results in low resource utilization
because many servers are not fully utilized.
• Data center virtualization is the process of using software to create a virtual server
from traditional, physical servers to create digital replicas of physical data centers.
This virtual infrastructure is also known as a software defined data center (SDCC).
• Data Center Virtualization can transform these physical servers into virtual
machines (VMs) that can run on single or multiple physical servers. Each VM is an
isolated environment that runs independently of other VMs and has its own
operating system instance and applications.
• Benefits of Data center Virtualization:
– Reduced hardware costs: Virtualization allows data centers to use fewer physical resources.
– Improved resource utilization: Virtualization allows multiple applications and operating
systems to run on the same hardware at the same time.
– Increased flexibility: Virtualization allows users to share resources and applications across
multiple organizations.
– Improved disaster recovery: Virtualization can help data centers recover from disasters more
quickly.
– Reduced energy consumption: Virtualization can help data centers reduce their energy
consumption and carbon footprint.
Automation in Cluster and Data Center
Management
• Data center automation is the process by which routine workflows
and processes of a data center—scheduling, monitoring,
maintenance, application delivery, and so on—are managed and
executed without human administration.
• It reduces the time needs to perform routine tasks and enables
them to deliver services on demand in a repeatable, automated
manner.
• Why Data Center Automation Is Important
– The massive growth in data and the speed at which businesses
operate today mean that manual monitoring, troubleshooting, and
remediation is too slow to be effective and can put businesses at risk.
– Data center automation is immensely valuable because it frees up
human computational time. Automates routine procedures like
patching, updating, and reporting.
• Some key tools used for data center automation include: Puppet,
Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform, BMC Software, DCIM (Data
Center Infrastructure Management) software.
 References
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/virtualization-cloud-
computing-types/
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-full-
virtualization-and-paravirtualization/
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/operating-system-based-
virtualization/
• https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/software-virtualization-in-
cloud-computing/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating-system-based-
virtualization
• https://data-flair.training/blogs/operating-system-
virtualization/
• https://www.ibm.com/topics/virtual-machines