Scribd
Upload
23 views

p block notes

The document provides an overview of p block elements, focusing on their electronic configuration, properties, and trends within the boron family. It discusses the characteristics of boron and its metallic counterparts, including their oxidation states, reactivity, and physical properties. Additionally, it highlights the unique behaviors of these elements in various chemical reactions and their significance in the periodic table.

Uploaded by

adityaraj66001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views

p block notes

The document provides an overview of p block elements, focusing on their electronic configuration, properties, and trends within the boron family. It discusses the characteristics of boron and its metallic counterparts, including their oxidation states, reactivity, and physical properties. Additionally, it highlights the unique behaviors of these elements in various chemical reactions and their significance in the periodic table.

Uploaded by

adityaraj66001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

P BLOCK ELEMENT

INTRODUCTION

1. In p block element electron in in p block orbital.


2. In p block there are three orbitals.
3. P block numbers from 13 to 18.
4. Electronic configuration of p block element is nS 2nP1-6.
5. In p block physical and chemical properties are greatly influenced by inner electronic configuration.
6. Maximum oxidation state of elements is equal to valence electron
7. Possible oxidation state increase toward right of the periodic table.
8. Inert pair effect causes 2 unit less in oxidation state down the group/heavy element.
9. Lighter element of boron carbon and nitrogen families show higher oxidation state.
10. Both metalloid and non-metals exist only in p block of the periodic table.
11. Due to large difference in electronegativity metal and non-metal compound are ionic.
12. Due to small difference in electronegativity non-metal and non-metal compound are highly covalent.
13. The change of metallic to non-metallic property is illustrated by their oxide.
14. Metallic oxide is basic and non-metallic oxide are either acidic or neutral.
15. The first member of p-block differs from remaining elements of respective group in two respects. First is size (same as seen in s-block) and second (only applied to p-block) is non
avability of d orbital which limits the co-valency to four.
16. The first member of p-block element have property of forming pπ-pπ multiple bonds to itself(C=C, carbon carbon triple bond, di-nitrogen) and second row elements(C=C,C=N,N=O).
17. In heavier elements of p-block π-bonding(pπ-pπ) is not strong so they prefer to form π bond using d orbitals(dπ-dπ).

GOROUP 11: THE BORON FAMILY

1. Boron is a non-metal.
2. Aluminum (show similarity to boron), gallium, indium and thallium is metal.
3. Boron is a rare element mainly occur as ortho boric acid (H 3BO3), borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) and kernite (Na2B4O7.4H2O)
4. In India borax occur in sambhar lake (Rajasthan) and puga valley (Ladakh).
5. The abundance of boron in earth crust is less than 0.0001% by mass.
6. There are two isotopes of boron 10B (19%) and 11B(81%).
7. Most abundant element in earth crust is oxygen (45.5%) and then silicone (27.2%) and then aluminum (8.3%).
8. Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O) and cryolite (Na3AlF6) are the important mineral of aluminum.
9. Gallium, Indium, Thallium are less abundant element in nature.

ELETRONIC CONFUGRATION

1. Outer electronic configuration ns 2nP1.


2. Boron and aluminum have noble gas core while gallium and indium have noble gas plus 10 d-electron, thallium has noble gas plus 10 d-electron and 14 f-electron
P BLOCK ELEMENT
ATOMIC RADII

1. Generally atomic radii are increase down the group


2. Due to poor screening of 10-d electron and increased nuclear charge in Gallium there is a decrease in atomic radii than aluminum (Ga<Al)

IONIZATION ENTHALPY

1. Ionization enthalpy value decrease down the group.


2. The order of ionization enthalpy is ∆i H1 <∆I H2 <∆i H3 .

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

1. Al<Ga<In<Ti<B

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1. Boron is non-metallic, crystalline black colored hard solid.


2. Except boron all the remaining member are soft metal with low melting point with high electrical conductivity.
3. Gallium have unusual low melting (303K and can exist as liquid in summer) point and high boiling point(2676K) due to which it is suitable to be used for measuring high
temperature.
4. Density is increased down the group from boron to thallium.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1) OXIDATION STATE AND TRENDS IN CHEMICAL REACTIVITY


i. Due small size of boron the sum of first three ionization enthalpy is very high which prevent boron to +3 oxidation state which force the boron to form only covalent bonds.
ii. Due to considerable decrease in ionization enthalpy down the group Al can form Al +3 ion.
iii. Inert pair effect: - Due in poor shielding of outer most electron by intervening d and f orbitals and increased nuclear attraction force between n s electron and nucleus causes
restriction of ns electron in bonding causes decrease in oxidation state.
iv. Due to inert pair effect there is increase in stability of +1 oxidation down the group for heavier elements Al<Ga<In<Ti.
v. In gallium, indium, thallium both +1 and +3 oxidation state are observed.
vi. In indium +1 oxidation state is predominant and +3 oxidation state is highly oxidizing.
vii. The compound in +1 oxidation state are more ionic in nature than +3 oxidation state.
viii. In trivalent state the no of electron around the central atom is only six so these are electron deficient compound. Ex-BF3
P BLOCK ELEMENT
ix. In trivalent state central atom of these compound tendency to accept a pair of electron to have stable electronic configuration and thus these act as Lewis acid. Ex-BCl3 .NH3

x. In trivalent state most of the compound are covalent and are hydrolyzed by water.
xi. The tendency to act as a Lewis acid decrease down the group with increase in size.
xii. In trivalent condition Al form dimer to attain stability.

xiii. Trichlorides on hydrolysis in water form [M(OH) 4 ]-1 with sp3 hybridization of M.
xiv. Aluminum chloride in acidified aqueous solution form octahedral [Al(H 2 O)6 ]3+ with the involvement of 3d orbital in bonding with sp 3 d2 hybridization of Aluminum.
2) REACTIVITY TOWARD AIR
i. Boron is unreactive in crystalline form.
ii. Aluminum form a thin protective layer of oxide to protect from further attack.
iii. Amorphous boron and aluminum on heating in air form B 2 O3 and Al2 O3 respectively.
iv. At high temperature reaction with nitrogen form nitrides.
v. Boron oxide is acidic and react with bases(metallic) to form metal borates.
vi. Alimunium and gallium oxide is amphoteric in nature.
vii. Indium and thallium oxide are basic in nature.
3) REACTIVITY TOWARD ACIDS AND ALKALIES

i.BORON DOES NOT REACT WITH ACID AND ALKALIES EVEN AT MODERATE TEMPRATURE.
ii.Aluminum react/dissolve in both acidic and alkali/basic medium.
2Al(s)+6HCl(aq) -> 2Al+3(aq)+6Cl-(aq) +3H2
2Al(s)+2NaOH(aq)->2Na+ [Al (OH)4] – (aq) +3H2O {tetrahydroxoaluminate(iii)+water}
iii. Reaction between aluminum and nitric acid does not take place completely due to the oxidative nature of nitric acid which for m a protective oxide layer on aluminum.
4) REACTIVITY TOWARD HALOGENES
P BLOCK ELEMENT
i. These elements reacts with halogens to form trihalides. (except tiI3 )
2E(s)+3 X2 ->2EX3
ii. TiI3 is not formed.

IMPORTANT TRENDS AND ANORMAL PROPERTIES OF BORON

i. Boron

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy