Presented by: Enoch Caryl B.

Taclan MScBio (c)

• It is defined as a procedure to select a sample from an
individual or a large group of the population for a certain kind
of research purpose.

• It is a procedure used to determine the individuals or

members of a sample
 • Saves time and money and gives faster results as the
sample size is smaller than the whole population
• Sampling gives more accurate results as it is performed
by trained and experienced investigators
• When there is large population, sampling is the best
way
• Sampling enables to estimate the sampling errors. Hence,
it assists in getting information concerning to some characteristics of the
population
• Study of samples requires less space and equipment as they are small
in size
• When there is limited resources, sampling is best.
• The main disadvantage of the sampling is chances of bias.
A sample is a group of people, objects, or
items that are taken from a large
population for measurement.

When the population is too large:

(1) probability
(2) nonprobability
• A sampling procedure where every unit in the population has a chance of being
selected.
• Selection of a sample based on principles of randomization or chance
• Bias is extremely minimal or non-existent
• Most likely produces a sample REPRESENTATIVE of the population
• There is a known probability of each member of the population of being selected
in the sample.
• When the population is highly homogenous, each member is highly likely to be
selected in a sample.
• Simple Random sampling (SRS)
• Systematic sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Multi-stage sampling
• A sampling procedure that violates at least one of the
important principles/protocols of probability sampling
• Does NOT produce a representative sample
• It refers to any sampling method where not every individual in
the population has an equal chance of being included in the
sample.

.
• Convenience sampling
• Judgement sampling
• Snowball sampling
• Quota sampling
Random sampling is a technique where every individual in the
population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
This method ensures that the sample is representative of the
entire population, reducing bias and increasing the
generalizability of the findings.
Lottery method- assign unique numbers to
each member or element of the population
(fishbowl techniques).

Random number table method

Simple random sampling with replacement
Selecting “n” number of units out of “N” units one by one in
such a way that at each stage of selection, the sample each unit
has equal chance of being selected, i.e., 1/N.
Simple random sampling without replacement
Selecting “n” number of units out of “N” one by one at any
stage of selecting a sample in such a way that anyone of the
left units have the probability of being selected as a sample,
i.e., 1/N.
EXAMPLE

Imagine a researcher studying the heights of students in a school.

To use random sampling, the researcher could assign each
student in the school a number and then use a random number
generator to select a certain number of students. This ensures
that every student has an equal chance of being included in the
study.
Systematic sampling involves selecting every kth individual from
a list after a random starting point. The interval (k) is determined
by dividing the population size by the desired sample size. This
method is systematic and ensures that each individual has an
equal chance of being selected.
Choose a sample of size 5 from N = 45, using systematic random
sampling
Step 1: Determine k; k = 45/5 = 9 ; this means that you have to
include every 9th member of the population after choosing a
random start
Step 2: You can employ the lottery method to get a random
start. Suppose you picked 4
Step 3: Getting 5 members you will have 4, 13, 22, 31 and 40
EXAMPLE

We want to select a total of ten patients from a

group of forty, then the Kth element will be selected by dividing
40/10 = 4, so every 4th patient will be taken for sampling – 4,
8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, and 40.
Stratified random sampling – the population is subdivided into at
least two different subpopulations (or strata) that share the
same characteristics (such as gender) then draw a sample from
each stratum.
• The N population units are divided into strata with N1, N2, N3, . . .
. Units each

• From each stratum of size N1, N2, N3, . . . a sample of size n1, n2,
n3, . . . is randomly taken
• done either through SRS or systematic
• The main advantage of this sampling is that it gives
better accuracy in results as compared to other sampling
methods
• It is very easy to teach and easy to grasp by the trainees
• Even smaller sample sizes can also give good results using
strata
• We can divide the large population into different
subgroups/strata according to our need.
• When we want to focus on a particular strata from the
given population data
• When we want to establish a relationship between two strata
• When it is difficult to contact/access the sample
population, this method is best as samples are easily
involved in research with this method
• As the elements of samples are chosen from some specific
strata, the accuracy of statistical results is higher than that
of simple random sampling.
• Divide the population area into sections (or clusters), then
randomly select a few of those sections, and then randomly select
a sample from those selected sections.
• The N population units are divided into clusters with N1, N2, N3, . . .
Units each

• A random sample of clusters is taken

• either through SRS or systematic
• All population units in the sampled clusters are taken
• STRATIFIED: “ All groups, some units per group”

• CLUSTER: “At least one group, all units per

selected group”
• It contains many stages and is
hence called multistage sampling.

• In this, each cluster of samples is

further divided into smaller clusters
and the members are selected from
each smaller cluster randomly. It is a
complex form of cluster sampling
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING

• Selecting the members of a sample based on their convenient

accessibility is called convenience sampling.
• In this, only those members are selected who are easily
accessible to the researcher.
• Simply use readily available results
EXAMPLE

• Different challenges/games at the shopping malls on

different festivals

• In a study, a researcher wants to know how many people

in a particular area know about dengue, so the researcher
will ask questionnaire to the people present and who
knows something about dengue will participate in it.
• The researcher first identifies the stratums and their proportions as they are represented in the

population. Then convenience or judgement sampling is used to select the requires number of

subjects from each stratum.

• Members are selected based on some specific characteristics chosen by the researcher.

• These specific characteristics serve as a quota for selection of the members of the sample.
EXAMPLE

100 males and 100 females

• Selects members or elements based on the particular purpose of the experiment or study.

• This technique is useful for situations where you need to reach a targeted sample quickly and

where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern

• In this type of sampling, according to the purpose of the

• study, the members for a sample are selected.

• It is also called deliberate sampling. It is also called judgmental sampling.

• The following guidelines for choosing a probability sampling method are
the most basic ones
• There are other guidelines and considerations discussed in higher
statistics subjects
• Population units are HOMOGENOUS with respect to the variable/s of
interest
• SRS, Systematic or Cluster
• Population units are HETEROGENOUS with respect to the variable/s of
interest
• Stratified or Cluster
POPULATION: All regular medtech employees in a hospital
VARIABLE: Work Performance

POPULATION: All regular medtech employees in a hospital

VARIABLE: Monthly expenditure
• Choosing the right sampling technique is critical for
research accuracy.
• Probability sampling ensures generalizability, while non-
probability sampling is useful for specific research
questions.
• When selecting a method, researchers must consider
study objectives, resources, and population
characteristics.
1. Elfil M, Negida A. Sampling methods in clinical research; an educational review. Emergency. 2017;5.
2. Shorten A, Moorley C. Selecting the sample. Evid Based Nurse 2014;17:32-3.
3. Martínez-Mesa J, González-Chica DA, Duquia RP, Bonamigo RR, astos JL. Sampling: how to select
participants in my research study?. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia. 2016;91:326-30.
4. Sampling P, Guidelines P, Choices MS, Oaks T. Choosing the Type of Sampling. Ch. 5. 2012. p.
125-74. Academia.edu/30353662/Sampling_methods_in_Clinical_Research_
An_Educational_Review. [Last accessed on 2019 Nov 30].
5. Teddlie C, Yu F. Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples. J Mix Methods Res
2007;1:77-100.
6. Cochran WG. Sampling Techniques. 3rd ed., Vol. 98. New York: Wiley and Sons; 1977. p. 259-61.
7. Guba EG, Lincoln YS. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of Qualitative
Research. 1994. p. 105.
8. Joseph F. Hair Jr. William C. Black Barry J. Babin Rolph E. Anderson Multivariate Data Analysis 7th
edition. Pearson Education Limited; England 2014.
1. List the tips on selecting a sampling technique that is appropriate
for your research study.

2. Explain and discuss why you choose that sampling technique.

Why it fit your research study?

Reminders: Choose and put credible references and resources.

Submit this as a group assignment/seatwork. Pass this in a hard
copy format this (Friday, March 14, 2025)
 Criteria Needs
Excellent (30-25 Good (24-19
Improvement (18-
points) points)
10 points)
Provides a comprehensive
and well-explained list of Lists relevant tips but lacks
Listing of Sampling Provides few or unclear tips
tips for selecting an explanation or depth in
Technique Tips (10 pts) with minimal explanation.
appropriate sampling some areas.
technique.
Clearly identifies a suitable
Clarity & Appropriateness sampling technique and Identifies a sampling Sampling technique is
of Chosen Sampling explains its relevance to the technique, but justification unclear, inappropriate, or
Technique (10 pts) study with strong lacks depth or clarity. lacks justification.
justification.
Provides a well-structured
Provides a general
and logical discussion on Minimal or unclear
Discussion & Justification discussion but lacks strong
why the chosen sampling discussion with weak
(10 pts) connections between the
technique fits the research justification.
technique and the study.
study.