Data Communications and

Networks
Layer 2: Synchronization

Pham Quang Thai – pqthai.hcmut@gmail.com

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 Data link layer tasks

Error and Error

Transmitted Impaired Received

Error Error and

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 Error and Flow control
• Ensure no error (corrupted or missing data): error
control
• Ensure correct data sequence: flow control
• Use Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ):
– Transmitter: send data until sending buffer is full
– Receiver: check for error and let the transmitter know
– Transmitter: resend error data or clear sending buffer for
new data
• Three common schemes
– Stop and Wait
– Go Back N
– Selective Repeat
 Flow control: sliding window concept
• Transmitter: send frames within a “window” (range)
• Slide the window to new frames if old frames have
been correctly receive
• Window size is equal to transmitter buffer size
• Each frame is numbered to avoid missing
 Error control
• Error detection:
– Corrupted data: use channel coding algorithm
– Missing data: compare frame number
– Timer at transmitter: waiting time in case of missing
frame
• Response:
– No error: send “acknowledgement” (ACK)
– Error:
• Explicit: send “negative - acknowledgement” (NAK)
• Implicit: wait for time out at transmitter
Stop and Wait algorithm at transmitter
• Initial: send number (SN) =0 [0,1], window size=1,
• Normal mode:
1. If buffer is free, accept frame, SN+1
2. Transmit frame SN, go to 1
3. If received ACK, RN>SN, clear frame with SN<RN, go to 1
4. If buffer is full, set timer, go to 3
5. If received NAK or timer out, go to re-transmission mode
• Re-transmission mode:
1. Re-transmit frame in buffer, set timer
2. If received ACK, RN>SN, clear frame with SN<RN
3. If received NAK or timer out, go to 1
4. If buffer is free, go to normal mode
 Stop and Wait algorithm at receiver
• Initial: received number (RN) =0
• Normal mode:
1. Accept frame, check for error
2. If error, go to re-transmission mode
3. If no error, check SN
4. If SN=RN, send data to upper layer, RN=SN+1, send ACK-RN, go
to 1
5. If SN<RN, send ACK-RN, go to 1
• Re-transmission mode:
1. Send NAK and set timer (explicit) / do nothing (implicit)
2. Accept frame, check for error
3. If no error, check SN
4. If SN=RN, send data to upper layer, RN=SN+1, send ACK-RN, go
to normal mode
5. If time out, go to 1
Example of Stop and Wait
Go back N algorithm at transmitter
• Initial: send number (SN) =0 [0,2m-1], window size=2m-1,
• Normal mode:
1. If buffer is free, accept frame, SN+1
2. Transmit frame SN, go to 1
3. If received ACK, RN>SN, clear frame with SN<RN, go to 1
4. If buffer is full, set timer, go to 3
5. If received NAK or timer out, go to re-transmission mode
• Re-transmission mode:
1. Re-transmit all frames in buffer, set timer
2. If received ACK, RN>SN, clear frame with SN<RN
3. If received NAK or timer out, go to 1
4. If buffer is free, go to normal mode
 Go back N algorithm at receiver
• Initial: received number (RN) =0
• Normal mode:
1. Accept frame, check for error
2. If error, go to re-transmission mode
3. If no error, check SN
4. If SN=RN, send data to upper layer, RN=SN+1, send ACK-RN, go
to 1
5. If SN<RN, send ACK-RN, go to 1
6. If SN>RN, go to re-transmission mode
• Re-transmission mode:
1. Send NAK and set timer (explicit) / do nothing (implicit)
2. Accept frame, check for error
3. If no error, check SN
4. If SN=RN, send data to upper layer, RN=SN+1, send ACK-RN, go
to normal mode
5. If time out, go to 1
Example of Go back N
 Selective repeat algorithm at
transmitter
• Initial: send number (SN) =0 [0,2m-1], window size=2m-1,
• Normal mode:
1. If buffer is free, accept frame, SN+1
2. Transmit frame SN, set timer SN, go to 1
3. If received ACK, clear frame with SN=RN-1, go to 1
4. If buffer is full, go to 3
5. If received NAK or timer out, go to re-transmission mode
6. If received Receiver not Ready (RNR) , to go waiting mode
• Re-transmission mode:
1. Re-transmit frame SN in buffer, set timer SN
• Waiting mode:
1. Set waiting timer, wait for response
2. If time out, send Receiver Ready (RR), go to 1
3. If received RR, go to normal mode
 Selective repeat algorithm at receiver
• Initial: received number (RN) =0, window size=2m-1
• Normal mode:
1. If buffer is free, accept frame, check for error
2. If error, go to re-transmission mode
3. Check buffer, if SN in buffer, RN=SN+1, send ACK-RN
4. If no error, save frame to buffer, RN=SN+1, send ACK-RN
5. If RN is continuous in buffer, send data to upper layer,
free buffer, set NAK flag to false, go to 1
6. If buffer is full, send RNR to Transmitter
7. If buffer is free and received RR, send RR
• Re-transmission mode:
1. If NAK flag is false, send NAK, set NAK flag and set timer
(explicit) / do nothing (implicit), go to normal mode
Example of Selective repeat
 Efficiency
• Stop and Wait
– DTP (packet transmission time) [s] = frame length / bit rate
– DTA (ACK transmission time) [s] = ACK length / bit rate
– DP (propagation time) [s] = distance / velocity
– S (round trip time) [s] = DTP + DTA + 2DP
 Efficiency
• Stop and Wait
– P (frame error probability)
– TO (time out)
– T (total time) T  (1  P) S  P(TO  T )
P
T  S  TO
1 P
– E (efficiency) DTP
ESW 
T
 Efficiency
• Go back N and Selective repeat
– N (size of buffer) > S/DTP to ensure continuous
transmission
1 P
EGBN  ESR  1  P
1  P( N  1)