_ BARRON'S” Test of English as a Foreign Language ee Reems Preparation Help You Prepare How To Prepare For The \\=\\) TOEFL’ Test Pri he) Barron’s Takes You Inside the NEW TOEFL° Test brea ome DEM Umer ed Pte Chm ELPATTERNS/PROBLEM 11S 185 6. Beside copper, which is the principal metal produced, gold, silver, lead, zinc, iron, and uranium are mined in Utah. 7. This year, beside figuring standard income tax, taxpayers might also have to compute alternative minimum tax. 8, Jet engines are used instead piston engines for almost all but the smallest aircratt. 9. Trained athletes have slower heart rates because of their hearts can pump more blood with every beat, 10. Tools as such axes, hammerstones, sickles, and awls were made by Paleolithic man using a method called pressure flaking. 11. Despite of some opposition, many city authorities stil fluoridate water to prevent tooth decay. 12. The White House is on 1700 Pennsylvania Avenue. 13, Ice skating surfaces can be made of interlocking plastic squares instead of ice. 14. In supply side economics, a balanced budget results from to reduce government spending. 15. All of the Native Americans but the Sioux were defeated by the European settlers, UEMURA Cy Conjunctions are words or phrases that clarify relationships between clauses. “Conjoin” means “to join together.” Correlative conjunctions are pairs that are used together. They often express inclusion or exclusion. Correlative conjunctions must be followed by the same grammatical structures; in other words, you must use parallel structures after correlative conjunctions. Correlative Conjunctions—Iinclusives both... and Remember that both... and are correlative Conjunctions. They are used together to include two parallel structures (two nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs).Both Dr. Jones Miss Smith The lecture was both interesting and instructive Avoid using as well as instead of and with both. Avoid using both . . . and for more than two nouns or adjectives. EXAMPLES INcoRRECT: She speaks both English as well as Spanish at home. ‘Correct: She speaks both English and Spanish at home. INcoRRECT: Virginia opened and a savings account and a checking account, Correct: Virginia opened both a savings account and a checking account. Incorrect: The weather on Sunday will be both sunny, warmer also. Correct: The weather on Sunday will be both sunny and warmer. Incorrect: We can use the bike both to ride to school also go to the grocery store. Correct: We can use the bike both to ride to school and to go to the grocery store, Incorrect: The party will celebrate both our finishing the term as well your getting a new job. Correct: The party will celebrate both our finishing the term and your getting a new job, EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. ‘The belief in life after death is prevalent in both primitive societies advanced cultures. (A) and (B) and in (©) and also (D) also Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Both viruses also genes are made from nucleoproteins, the essential chemicals with which living (A) (B) © matter duplicates itself. @) Correlative Conjunctions—inclusives and... as well as Remember that both... and. . . as well as are correlative conjunctions. They must be used in se- "quence fo include two or three parallel structures (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs).PATTERNS/PROBLEM 117 He enjoys playing basketball as well as football He is intelligent as well as athletic soccer as well as, intelligent istic | as well as Avoid using as wellinstead of as well as. EXAMPLES INcorRECT: Both Mary, Ellen, and Jean are going on the tour. Correct: Both Mary and Ellen as well as Jean are going on the tour. Incorrect: My fiancé is both attractive and intelligent as well considerate. Correct: My fiancé is both attractive and intelligent as well as considerate. Incorrect: There are snacks both in the refrigerator and in the oven as well on the table. Correct: There are snacks both in the refrigerator and in the oven as well as on the table. Incorrect: To reach your goal, you must plan and work as well dream. Correct: To reach your goal, you must plan and work as well as dream, INcorREcT: We will keep in touch by both writing both calling and visiting each other. Correct: We will keep in touch by both writing and calling as well as visiting each other. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. ‘The terrain in North Carolina includes both the Highlands and the Coastal Plain, Piedmont Plateau between them. (A) as well as (B) also (©) and too (D) and so Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Agronomists study crop disease, selective breeding, crop rotation, and climatic factors, as well soil (Ay (@) © content and erosion. (D)192 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Correlative Conjunctions—inclusives not only. . . but also Remember that not only... . but also are correlative conjunctions. They are used together to include two parallel structures (two nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs), One should take not only cash but also traveler's checks Checks are not only safer but also more convenient Avoid using only not instead of not only. Avoid using but instead of but also. Avoid using the incorrect pattern: ‘EXAMPLES INcorREcT: The program provides only not theoretical classes but also practical training. Correct: The program provides not only theoretical classes but also practical training. Incorrect: The new models are not only less expensive but more efficient also. Correct: The new models are not only less expensive but also more efficient INcoRRECT: The objective is not to identify the problem but also to solve it. Correct: The objective is not only to identify the problem but also to solve it. INcoRRECT: Not only her parents but her brothers and sisters also live in Wisconsin. Correct: Not only her parents but also her brothers and sisters live in Wisconsin. Incorrect: To complete his physical education credits, John took not only swimming also golf. Correct: To complete his physical education credits, John took not only swimming but also golf. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Amniocentesis can be used not only to diagnose fetal disorders the sex of the unborn child with 95 percent accuracy. (A) but determining (B) but also determining (© bat to determine () but also to determinePATTERNS/PROBLEM 119183 : Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. ‘The deadbolt is the best lock for entry doors because it is not only inexpensive but installation is easy. (A) (B) © () Correlative Conjunctions—Exclusives not... but Remember that not. . . butare correlative conjunctions. They are used together to exclude the struc- that follows not (noun, adjective, verb, adverb) and include the structure that follows but. The largest university is not Minnesota but Ohio State The school color is, not blue but red Avoid using only instead of but. EXAMPLES “Incorrect: According to the coroner, she died not of injuries sustained in the accident, only of a heart attack. Correct: According to the coroner, she died not of injuries sustained in the accident but of a heart attack. INcoRRECT: The office that I was assigned was not large and cheerful but only small and dark. Correct: The office that I was assigned was not large and cheerful but small and dark. INCORRECT: To judge your friends, you should not listen to what they say only observe what they do. Corkecr: To judge your friends, you should not listen to what they say but observe what they do. INcorRECT: Jill could make herself understood if she spoke not louder but only more slowly. Correct: Jill could make herself understood if she spoke not louder but more slowly. INCORRECT: It is not the money only the principle that makes me angry. Correct: —Itis not the money but the principle that makes me angry. Part A: Choose the correct answer. Itis usually lava but gas that kills people during voleanic eruptions. (A) not only, (B) not (C) neither (D) no494 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Before the invention of the musical staff, people passed musical compositions on to each other not (A) B) by writing them down but also by remembering them. : © ©) : Affirmative Agreement—So and Too Remember that s0, too, and also have the same meaning, but sos used before auxiliary verbs and too and also are used after auxiliary verbs. ‘Avoid using also instead of so. EXAMPLES Incorrect; We are going to the concert, and so do they. Correct: Weare going to the concert, and so are they. or ‘We are going to the concert, and they are 100. or We are going to the concert, and they are also.PATTERNS/PROBLEM 121 185 Incorrect: He likes to travel, and so is she. Correct: He likes to travel, and so does she. or He likes to travel, and she does too. or He likes to travel, and she does also. INcorREcT: I am worried about it, and also is he. Correct: [am worried about it, and so is he. or Lam worried about it, and he is too. or Lam worried about it, and he is also. INCORRECT: Mary wants to go home, and so want we. Correct: Mary wants to go home, and so do we. : or Mary wants to go home, and we do too. or Mary wants to go home, and we do also. INcoRRECT: She took pictures, and I did so. Correct: She took pictures, and so or She took pictures, and I did too. or She took pictures, and I did also. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Technically, glass is a mineral and (A) water so. (B) water is so (C) sos water (D) so water is Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Some birds can travel at speeds approaching one hundred miles an hour, and a few land animals can so. @) @) oO ©) Negative Agreement—Neither and Either Remember that neither and either have the same meaning, but neither is used before auxiliary verbs and eitheris used after auxiliary verbs and not.‘My roommate ‘My roommate ‘My roommate My roommate Avoid using either instead of neither. Avoid using the subject before BE, DO, HAVE, or the modal in a clause with neither. Incorrect: Correct: INCORRECT: Correct: ‘She hasn’t finished the assignment yet, and neither I have. ‘She hasn't finished the assignment yet, and neither have I. or She hasn’t finished the assignment yet, and I haven't either. I didn’t know the answer, and he didn’t neither. [didn’t know the answer, and neither did he. or a I didn’t know the answer, and he didn’t either. If Jane won't go to the party, either will he. If Jane won't go to the party, neither will he. or If Jane won't go to the party, he won't either. She is not in agreement, and neither do I. She is not in agreement, and neither am I. or She is not in agreement, and I’m not either. He won't be here today, and either his sister will. He won't be here today, and neither will his sister. or He won't be here today, and his sister won't either,EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Although they are both grown in the United States and exported abroad, com is not native to Amer- ica and winter wheat . (A) is neither B) isn’t either (C) isn’t neither (D) is either Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. According to many educators, television should not become a replacement for good teachers, and (A) ®) © neither are computers. oO Planned Result—So That Remember that so that introduces a clause of planned result. is studying can pass Avoid using so instead of so that as a purpose connector in written English. Note: In spoken English, so instead of so that is often used. In written English, so thatis preferred. EXAMPLES: Incorrect: He borrowed the money so he could finish his education. Correct: He borrowed the money so that he could finish his education. INcorRECT: Larry took a bus from New York to California so he could see the country. Correct: Larry took a bus from New York to California so that he could see the country. INCORRECT: Many men join fraternities so they will be assured of group support. Correct: Many men join fraternities so that they will be assured of group support. INcoRRECT: Don’t forget to register this week so you can vote inthe election. Correct: Don’t forget to register this week so that you can vote in the election. INcoRRECT: Every student needs a social security number so he can get a university identification card made. Correct: Every student needs a social security number so that he can get a university identifica- tion card made.‘Part A: Choose the correct answer. A communications satellite orbits the earth at the same rate that the earth revolves 2 fixed point on the surface. (A) soit can remain (B) so that it can remain (C) it can remain (D) so can remain Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. ‘The function of pain is to warn the individual of danger so he can take action to avoid more serious a) BO @) The temperature The temperature Avoid using will instead of a present verb after when. EXAMPLES INcorReCT: I will call you when I will return from my country. Correct: I will call you when I return from my country. INCORRECT: Marilyn plans to work in her family’s store when she will get her M.B.A. Correct: Marilyn plans to work in her family’s store when she gets her M.B.A. Incorrect: He will probably buy some more computer software when he will get paid. Correct: He will probably buy some more computer software when he gets paid. INcorRECT: She will feel a lot better when she will stop smoking. Correct: She will feel a lot better when she stops smoking. Incorrect: When Gary will go to State University, he will be a teaching assistant. Correct: When Gary goes to State University, he will be a teaching assistant.EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Bacterial spores germinate and sprout__ favorable conditions of temperature and food supply. (A) when encountering of (B) when they encounter (©) when they will encounter “ (D) when the encounter of Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. In most states insurance agents must pass an examination to be licensed when they will complete (A) (B) © @) their training. . Indirect Questions Remember that question words can be used as conjunctions. Question words introduce a clause of indirect question. Question words include the following: who why what how what time how long when how many where how much ‘Avoid using do, does, or did after the question word. Avoid using the verb before the subject after the question word. EXAMPLES Incorrect: I didn’t understood what did he say. Correct: I didn’t understand what he said. INCORRECT; Do you know how much do they cost? Correct: Do you know how much they cost?200 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Iscomsect: I wonder when is her birthday. Cossecr: I wonder when her birthday is. Isconrect: Could you please tell me where is the post office? Correct: Could you please tell me where the post office is? IncoRREcT: Can they tell you what time does the movie start? Correct: Can they tell you what time the movie starts? EXERCISES Part ‘hoose the correct answer. Recently, there have been several outbreaks of disease like legionnaire’s syndrome, and doctors don’t know (A) what is the cause (B) the cause is what (©) is what the cause (D) what the cause is Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correc In Ground Control Approach, the air traffic controller informs the pilot how far is the plane from (A) (B) © the touchdown point. (D) Question Words with -ever Remember that -ever means any. Whoever and whomever mean anyone; whatever means any- thing; wherever means anywhere; whenever means any time; however means any way. The -ever words may be used as conjunctions to introduce clauses. I agree with whatever you decide Avoid using any instead of -ever. Avoid using -ever before instead of after the question word. EXAMPLES Incorrect: We can leave ever when Donna is ready. Correct: We can leave whenever Donna is ready. INcorRect: Order any what you like. Correct: Order whatever you like. Isconect: The representative will vote for whom the membership supports. Correct: The representative will vote for whomever the membership supports.PATTERNS/CUMULATIVE REVIEW 201 INCORRECT: Feel free to present your projects ever how you wish. Correct: Feel free to present your projects however you wish. INCORRECT: Ican meet with you ever you have the time, Correct: I can meet with you whenever you have the time. EXERCISES Part A: Choose the correct answer. Blue-green algae are found there is ample moisture. (A) wherever (B) ever where (ever (D) there ever Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Ever the Senate passes a bill, a messenger takes it to the House of Representatives, delivers itt the (A) (B) Speaker of the House, and bows deeply from the waist. © o CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR CONJUNCTIONS DiRECTIONS: Some of the sentences in this exercise are correct. Some are incorrect, First, find the correct sentences, and mark them with a (V), Then find the incorrect sentences, and correct them. Check your answers using the key on pages 450-451. 1. Foreign students who are making a decision about which school to attend may not know exactly where the choices are located. 2, In the future, classes taught by television will be equipped with boom microphones in the class- rooms so students can stop the action, ask their questions, and receive immediate answers. 3, The Colosseum received its name not for its size but for a colossally large statue of Nero near it. 4. A wind instrument is really just a pipe arranged so air can be blown into it at one end. 5, Itis very difficult to compute how much does an item cost in dollars when one is accustomed to cal- culating in another monetary system. 6. Adolescence, or the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, is not only a biological concept but a social concept. 7. Light is diffused when it will strike a rough surface. 8. The koala bear is not a bear at all, but a marsupial.(202 REWIEW OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION ©. Fems will grow wherever the soil is moist and the air is humid. 10. Although most rocks contain several minerals, limestone contains only one and marble is too. 11. Learners use both visual and auditory as well that analytical means to understand a new language. 12. Ina recent study, many high school students did not know where were important geographical enti- ties on the map of the United States. 13. Itis not only lava but poisonous gases also that cause destruction and death during the eruption of a volcano. 14. Until recently West Point did not admit women and neither Annapolis. 15, The Federal Trade Commission may intervene whenever unfair business practices, particularly mo- nopolies, are suspected. Problems with Adverbs and Adverb-Related Structures Adverbs and adverb phrases add information to sentences. They add information about manner, that is, how something is done; frequency or how often; time and date or when; and duration of time or how long, Remember that adverbs of manner describe the manner in which something is done. They answer the question, how? Adverbs of manner usually end in -ly. The class listened attentively to the lecture Avoid using an adjective instead of an adverb of manner. Avoid using an adverb of manner between the two words of an infinitive. EXAMPLES Incorrect: After only six months in the United States, Jack understood everyone perfect. Correct: After only six months in the United States, Jack understood everyone perfectly. INcoRRECT: Please do exact as your doctor says. Correct: Please do exactly as your doctor says.