International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management(ISJEM) ISSN:2583-6129

Volume:08 Issue:10|Oct 2021 www.irjet.net

IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL EFFICIENCY THROUGH IOT-BASED

SMART FARMING SOLUTIONS
Dr. Milind Lande1 , Mr. Shubham Mogarkar2 , Mr. Sandip Hichami3
***
ABSTRACT: Agriculture is the most important and worshipped occupation in India. The use of Internet of Things (IoT)
technology has brought major advancements to agriculture by improving resource management, increasing efficiency, and
promoting sustainability. This paper examines IoT-based smart farming systems that enable real-time monitoring, data-
driven decision-making, and automated farming operations. IoT devices such as sensors, actuators, and cloud-based
computing platforms create a connected ecosystem where farmers can track key environmental factors like soil moisture,
temperature, humidity, and crop health. By analyzing this data, farmers can optimize irrigation, fertilization, and pest
control, leading to better productivity and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, this paper discusses the economic
feasibility, implementation challenges, and future potential of IoT in agriculture, highlighting the importance of scalable and
cost-effective solutions. Ultimately, IoT integration in farming can help address food security issues while encouraging
sustainable agricultural practices.

Keywords: Smart Agriculture , IOT Smart system, ESP-32, Automation.

I. INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is a key sector that supports food production and economic stability, but it faces mounting challenges, including
climate change, dwindling resources, and the increasing need for sustainable practices. Traditional farming techniques,
while effective in the past, often lead to inefficient resource usage and environmental degradation. The emergence of IoT
technology offers a transformative approach through precision agriculture, where real-time data from smart sensors and
automated systems helps farmers optimize irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. By integrating IoT into farming,
agriculture is becoming more efficient, data-driven, and sustainable, ensuring better productivity with minimal
environmental impact.

IoT consists of a network of sensors and connected devices that communicate and process data, allowing farmers to
monitor environmental conditions such as soil moisture, temperature, and pest activity. By using IoT, agriculture is shifting
from traditional practices to an automated and data-driven approach, improving both efficiency and sustainability.

Sr. No Author Name Methodology Purpose Improvement Limitations

1 Rajesh Microcontroller soil Design an automated Allow remote Senser calibration,

Kumar monitor sensor, WI-Fi irrigation system monitoring and limited WI_FI range
model (ESP82660) scheduling
2020

2 Priya Shrama Ardunio uno, DHT11 Smart irrigation system Send SMS alerts Network
senser, GSM module for efficient water about soil dependency,
2021 usage . moisture and delayed response in
water conditions poor signle areas.

3 Ankit Verma Raspberry pi , IOT Optimize irrigation Uses whether High initial cost,
cloud integration, using real -time date forecasting for complexity in setup.
2022 water flow senser. and analytics prodective
watering

4 Sneha Patil LoRa module, solar Develop a self- Uses AI to preduct Requires trained AI
powered senser,AI- sustained smart water model, limited LoRa
2023 based water irreagration system requirements and covrage.
management optimize usage

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 International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management(ISJEM) ISSN:2583-6129
Volume:08 Issue:10|Oct 2021 www.irjet.net

II. EXISTINGSYSTEM

The primary investigation of this project is carried out in several steps: first, by examining current methods, then
identifying the needs, and finally, developing a concept for the system. This system involves placing sensors (soil moisture,
temperature, and humidity) near the roots of plants. The data collected by these sensors is sent to an Android app. The
microcontroller receives the soil moisture data and uses it to control the amount of water supplied to the plants. The app
displays real-time data on temperature, humidity, and soil moisture on the user's device.

The goal of this smart irrigation system is to automate the irrigation process by turning the water pump on and off based
on the soil's moisture level. The system is specifically designed for agricultural irrigation, especially in remote locations.
When the soil moisture level drops below a certain threshold, the system triggers the irrigation to provide the necessary
water to the plants. This system utilizes GSM for control, although it can be more expensive. The smart irrigation system
uses wireless technology for drip irrigation, where soil moisture values are continuously monitored. Additionally, it
displays temperature and humidity readings to help users better manage irrigation and plant health.

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM

The smart irrigation system aims to enhance agricultural efficiency by integrating IOT-based smart farming solutions. This
system will leverage a network of sensors like soil moisture , temperature sensor, Humidity sensor and relay module to
control machine (ON, OFF)through Device. Data analytics, and sensors are connected to microcontroller that communicate
and process data, allowing farmers to monitor environmental conditions such as soil moisture, temperature, Humidity and
pest activity. By using IoT, agriculture is shifting from traditional practices to an automated and data-driven approach,
improving both efficiency and sustainability. reduce water wastage, improve crop health, and boost overall productivity.

DC- Motor

Soil Relay
Moisture

Humidity
ESP-32
Sensor Cloud/Server

Temperature
sensor Mobile
Device

Power supply of 5vlt

Fig. system Architecture Diagram

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 International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management(ISJEM) ISSN:2583-6129
Volume:08 Issue:10|Oct 2021 www.irjet.net

Iv. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

The design and development of the IoT-based smart farming solution aim to address the challenges faced by modern
agriculture, including inefficient resource use, inconsistent crop growth, and the high cost of manual labor. The system is
designed to enhance agricultural efficiency through real-time monitoring, automation, and data-driven decision-making.
The architecture of the smart farming system is based on a layered approach, incorporating sensors, communication
networks, cloud computing, and user interfaces. The primary components of the architecture include:

1.Sensing Layer: This layer consists of various sensors placed in the field to monitor critical agricultural parameters.
These include:

Soil Moisture Sensors: These sensors measure the moisture content in the soil to automate irrigation.

Temperature and Humidity Sensors: These sensors monitor the ambient temperature and humidity, which are crucial
for crop growth.

Data Transmission Layer: Data collected by the sensors are sent to a central processing unit using wireless
communication protocols. The system supports:

Wi-Fi or LoRa WAN for local or remote connectivity, depending on the farm's size and location.

User Interface Layer: A mobile application or web-based platform serves as the interface for farmers. The app will
display:

o Real-time sensor data, such as soil moisture, temperature, and humidity.

o Reports and analytics on soil and environmental conditions for informed decision-making.

2. Hardware Design:

The hardware design consists of various sensors and components integrated into a system that ensures seamless data
acquisition, processing, and actuation. The hardware components include:

• Sensors:
o Soil Moisture Sensors: Used to measure soil water content. These sensors will send moisture data to the
microcontroller, which in turn triggers the irrigation system.
o Temperature and Humidity Sensors: To monitor environmental conditions and optimize plant care.
o Light Intensity Sensors (optional): To track sunlight exposure, especially for greenhouse or indoor
farming applications.
• Microcontroller:
o A microcontroller (e.g., ESP32) serves as the heart of the system. It collects data from sensors, processes
it, and makes decisions to trigger actuators (e.g., water pumps, fans).
• Actuators:
o Water Pump Relay: A relay module will be used to control the water pump based on moisture sensor
data, turning the pump on when the soil moisture drops below the desired level.
• Communication Modules:
o Wi-Fi : For transmitting data to a cloud platform or mobile app. These modules ensure that farmers can
access real-time data remotely.
• Power Supply:
o The system is powered by a 5V power supply (via solar panels or a battery) to ensure sustainability,
especially in off-grid locations.

3. Software Development:

The software development for the smart farming solution encompasses both the backend (data processing) and the
frontend (user interface) components:

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 International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management(ISJEM) ISSN:2583-6129
Volume:08 Issue:10|Oct 2021 www.irjet.net

Frontend Software (Mobile App/Web Interface):

o Real-time Monitoring: The mobile app or web-based platform will display live data from the sensors. It
will show soil moisture levels, temperature, and humidity readings in a user-friendly interface.
o Analytics and Reports: The system will generate reports and offer predictive analytics to help farmers
make data-driven decisions about their farm management practices.

Integration with Existing Farming Practices:

The proposed system is designed to integrate seamlessly with traditional farming practices. Farmers will have the
flexibility to control and monitor the system manually or use the automatic settings for irrigation and fertilization.

• Mobile App Integration: Farmers can control irrigation schedules, view historical data, and
make decisions directly from the mobile app, improving convenience.
• Remote Monitoring: Farmers can monitor their fields remotely, reducing the need for
frequent on-site visits and manual labor.

Fig: Soil Moisture Sensor

Fig: Circuit Diagram

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 International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management(ISJEM) ISSN:2583-6129
Volume:08 Issue:10|Oct 2021 www.irjet.net

From the above connection we confirm that all the sensors are connected to the microcontroller and with the Wi-Fi module
successfully. In the circuit the ESP-32 microcontroller is with software code including water motor control and the soil
moisture sensor is connected to the soil and it collects the value of moisture to the microcontroller.

I. RESULTS

The IOT-based smart farming solution demonstrated its potential to revolutionize modern agriculture by improving water
efficiency, optimizing resource use, and enhancing crop yields. With its ability to automate irrigation, monitor environmental
conditions in real-time, and provide data-driven insights, the system proved to be an invaluable tool for farmers. The positive
results highlight the importance of adopting smart farming technologies to address the challenges of resource scarcity, labor
shortages, and climate change, ultimately leading to more sustainable and efficient agricultural practices.

Fig. Sensors displays the values in the user device

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 International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management(ISJEM) ISSN:2583-6129
Volume:08 Issue:10|Oct 2021 www.irjet.net

II. CONCLUSION

IoT-based smart farming introduces a data-driven, automated, and environmentally responsible approach to modern
agriculture. By enabling real-time monitoring and optimized resource use, IoT enhances productivity, reduces
environmental damage, and ensures long-term sustainability. While there are challenges in widespread implementation,
advancements in technology and connectivity will drive the growth of smart agriculture. The integration of IoT in farming
is essential for securing global food supplies and promoting sustainable agriculture.

III. REFERENCES

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313779760_IOT_based_Smart_Irrigation_System

• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10176528

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772427122000791

• https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/smart-irrigation-system-using-iot

• https://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2305994

• https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4591/66/1/13

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357748563_THE_SMART_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_USING_IOT

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