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Solutions To Homework 1.: VS7 VS8

This document contains solutions to homework problems from a math class. It addresses problems related to vector spaces, linear transformations, and direct sums. Key points addressed include proofs showing statements about vectors and functions are true or false, working through algebraic steps to solve equations, and determining whether sets of functions or vectors satisfy the properties of subspaces.

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Jaewon Jung
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54 views2 pages

Solutions To Homework 1.: VS7 VS8

This document contains solutions to homework problems from a math class. It addresses problems related to vector spaces, linear transformations, and direct sums. Key points addressed include proofs showing statements about vectors and functions are true or false, working through algebraic steps to solve equations, and determining whether sets of functions or vectors satisfy the properties of subspaces.

Uploaded by

Jaewon Jung
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions to Homework 1.

Math 110, Fall 2006. Prob 1.2.1. (a) True this is axiom (VS 3). (b) False we proved the zero vector is unique. (c) False: take x to be the zero vector, and take any scalars a and b. (d) False: take a to be the zero scalar and any vectors x and y. (e) True, a column vector is also a matrix with 1 column. (f) False: it has m rows and n columns. (g) False, polynomials of dierent degrees can be added as in p.10. (h) False, the leading terms may cancel each other. (i) True, the leading term is multiplied by a nonzero scalar c. (j) True: the scalar c is identied with the constant function f (x) = c for all x. (k) True thats how functions are dened. Prob 1.2.8. By two laws (VS 1) and (VS 8) of distributivity, we have
VS 7

(a + b)(x + y)

= a(x + y) + b(x + y) VS 8 ax + ay + bx + by. =

Prob 1.2.10. First observe that the sum of two dierentiable functions is dierentiable, and the product of a real number and a dierentiable function is also dierentiable. Hence V is closed under addition and multiplication by scalars. Axioms (VS 1), (VS 2), (VS 5), (VS 6), (VS 7), (VS 8) are satised by functions, since they are satised by real numbers, and addition and scalar multiplication of functions is performed pointwise. The identically zero function 0 is dierentiable, so (VS 3) holds. For a dierentiable function f , its additive inverse f is dierentiable as well, hence (VS 4) holds. Thus V is a vector space. Prob 1.2.22. The eld Z 2 has 2 elements. A matrix in Mmn (Z 2 ) has m rows and n columns, so we Z Z have mn positions to ll and each entry can be chosen to take one of two possible values. So the number of all possible matrices is 2mn . Prob 1.3.1. (a) False: W may be a linear space with respect to dierently dened addition and multiplication and/or over a dierent eld. (b) False: every subspace should contain the zero vector. (c) True: just take W to be {0}. (d) False: say, intersect a circle and a line in IR2 , you will get 0, 1 or 2 points in IR2 , none of which gives you a subspace. (e) True: the only entries that may be nonzero are on the diagonal, and there are n positions there. (f) False it is the sum of its diagonal entries.(g) False: IR2 consists of vectors with 2 coordinates only (Remark: however, W it can be identied with IR2 .) Prob 1.3.3. Let A = (aij ), B = (bij . The (i, j) element of (aA + bB)t is the (j, i)th element of aA + bB, that is aaji + bbji . This is the same as the (i, j)th element of At multiplied by a plus the (i, j)th element of B t multiplied by b. Prob 1.3.9. Each is an intersection of subspaces, therefore a subspace. Solving the linear systems that dene W1 , W3 and W4 , we get W1 W3 W1 W4 W3 W4 = {(0, 0, 0)}, = W 1, = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) IR3 : 3a1 11a2 = 0, 11a3 + a1 = 0}.

Prob 1.3.13. Let us call the set in question W . The zero function is in W since it does take value 0 at s0 . Likewise, for any two functions f and g with f (s0 ) = g(s0 ) = 0, we also have (f + g)(s0 ) = f (s0 ) + g(s0 ) = 0 and, for any scalar c, we have (cf )(s0 ) = cf (s0 ) = 0. By Theorem 1.3, we conclude that W is a subspace of F(S, F ).

Prob 1.3.30. If V = W1 W2 , then the span of W1 amd W2 is all of V , hence every vector v V can be written as v = w1 + w2 , w1 W1 , w2 W2 . If, for some vector v, there exists a dierent representation w1 + w2 = v with w1 W1 , w2 W2 , then we get w1 w1 = w2 w2 . Since the representations were assumed to be dierent, say, w1 = w1 , hence also w2 = w2 . Hence the vector z := w1 w1 = w2 w2 is nonzero and is simultaneously in W1 and W2 , i.e., the intersection of W1 and W2 is nonempty, contrary to the sum W1 W2 being direct. Contradiction! If V = W1 W2 , then either W1 and W2 do not span V , in which case there is a vector v V that is not expressible as a sum w1 + w2 , w1 W1 , w2 W2 , or the intersection is nonempty. In that case, take x W1 W2 , x = 0 and consider any vector y W1 . We can produce innitely many decompositions of y, for example (y x) + x = y + 0. Notice that the rst components y + x, y are in W1 whereas the second components are in W2 but these are dierent representations.

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