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Sanjila

The document is a project report on the polarization of light, specifically focusing on Brewster's law, submitted by Sanjila Thapa for Grade 12 Physics. It includes sections on the introduction to polarization, the explanation of Brewster's law, its applications, and a conclusion summarizing the findings. The project acknowledges the contributions of teachers and peers, and includes references for further reading.

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28 views19 pages

Sanjila

The document is a project report on the polarization of light, specifically focusing on Brewster's law, submitted by Sanjila Thapa for Grade 12 Physics. It includes sections on the introduction to polarization, the explanation of Brewster's law, its applications, and a conclusion summarizing the findings. The project acknowledges the contributions of teachers and peers, and includes references for further reading.

Uploaded by

tsalina992
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GORKHA INT’L

PUBLIC SEC. SCHOOL

GHORAHI-DANG

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2081-2082 BS

A PROJECT WORK ON
POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
(Brewster’s law)

GRADE-12, Physics

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:


Ms. SANJILA THAPA Mr. SWOTANTRA HAMAL

SECTION: FARADAY GIPSS, GHORAHI-DANG

IN PARTIAL FUILFIMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR GRADE 12 PHYSICS CURRICULUM


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest


appreciation to all those who had helped me
to complete the project. Special thanks of
gratitude to our subject teacher and project
guide Mr. Swotantra Hamal sir who had
helped me to write this project by providing
various Reference.

Furthermore, I would also like to


acknowledge with much appreciation of the
crucial role of the other teachers, who gave
me encouragement and advice to make this
project effective named “Polarization of
Light”. Special thanks goes to my
colleagues for the encouragement and
positive response towards my project. I
would like to extend my acknowledgements
to all the sources for their authentic
material.
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the project work entitled


“Polarization of Light” submitted by Sanjila Thapa of
Grade 12 in the academic year 2081/082 for the
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the project
work has been successfully completed under
guidance and supervision

________________ _________________

Internal Coordinator
Bishnu Kumar Pokhrel Swotantra Hamal

________________
External Examiner

________________
External Examiner
DECLARATION

I Sanjila Thapa hereby declare that the work present


here in is genuine work done originally by me and has
not been published or submitted elsewhere for the
requirement of a grade 12. Any literature, Data or
works done by others, presented in this dissertation
are cited, has been given due to acknowledgement
and listed in the reference section.

________
Signature
Sanjila Thapa
Date: 2081/12/5
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic:
1. Introduction
1.1 polarization of light
1.2 unpolarized and plane polarized light
2. Brewster’s law
3. Application of Brewster’s law
4. Conclusion
5. Reference
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Polarization of Light:
The phenomenon of confining the vibration of light waves to a
single plane perpendicular to its propagation is called polarization
of light
When we restrict vibration to an electrical vector in an
unpolarized light we get plane polarized light. In this the direction
of vibration of electric vector and direction of light propagation
are perpendicular to each other as show below.

Fig 1: Polarization of light

o When we restrict vibration to an electrical vector in an


unpolarized light we get plane-polarized light.
o In this the direction of vibration of electric vector and
direction of light propagation are perpendicular to each
other as shown above.
1.2 Unpolarized and Plane Polarized Light:

Fig 2: An unpolarized beam of light

The vibration direction of a light wave (which is the direction of


motion of the electric wave) is perpendicular, or nearly
perpendicular, to the direction the wave is propagating. In
normal unpolarized beams of light, waves vibrate in many
different directions, shown by arrows in Figure 2.

Figure 3: Polarized light rays

We can filter an unpolarized light beam to make all the waves


vibrate in one direction parallel to a particular plane (Figure 3). The
light is then plane polarized, sometimes called just polarized.
(Unlike the drawings in Figure 3, a beam of white light, whether
polarized or not, may contain many different wavelengths.) Figure
2a shows a wave vibrating horizontally and Figure 3b shows one
vibrating vertically. Figure 3c shows the two polarized rays
together. They are in phase but need not be.
Figure 4: Filtering unpolarized light to make it polarized

Figure 4 shows what happens when a beam of unpolarized light


encounter a polarizing filter. Only two vibration directions are
shown for the unpolarized light but you should envision light
vibrating in all directions before it reaches the filter. After
passing through the filter, all light that remains in constrained to
vibrate in one plane. It is plane polarized. In this figure, the
polarization direction is horizontal, but it could be in any
direction if we rotated the filter.
BREWSTER’S LAW (Polarization by Reflection)

Fig 5: Polarization by Reflection

Let the incident angle be θp


From law of reflection, angle of incidence = angle of reflection
= θp
According to Brewster's Law, the reflected and refracted rays are
perpendicular to each other. This implies that the angle of
incidence ip and the angle of refraction rp at Brewster's angle are
complementary.
Now, on one side of normal sum of θp, angle of refraction and

⇒ θp + 90° + r =180°
angle between polarized and unpolarized would be 180°

r = 90° – θp
Since Snell’s Law states that μ = sin(i) / sin(r) where, μ is refractive
index of medium
Thus,
μ = sin θp/ sin (90– θp)

⇒ μ = tan θB
μ = sin θp/cos θp
Applications of Brewster’s law
 One of the most important applications of Brewster’s law is the
Brewster window; it is a 100% light emitting glass window that is
used in gas and solid state lasers.
 Photographers use Brewster’s law to reduce the reflection by
using the polarizing filter for the camera lens. Polarizing filter
allows photograph to take pictures of objects below the water
surface
 Polarized sunglasses are also examples of Brewster’s law.
Brewster’s angle is used in polarized sunglasses to reduce the
glare from the Sun.
 It is used in recording a hologram.
 Brewster angle microscopes are used to visualize the layers of
molecules or small particles at air- liquid interface
CONCLUSION

With the help of Brewster law we can change unpolarized light


into a polarized light.

When unpolarized light of known wavelength strike the


transparent medium some of its part gets reflected and some
gets refracted. Due to Excess of one kind of vibrations, the ray
which gets reflected is partially polarized. At a particular angle of
incidence the reflected ray will be completely polarized that
angle is known as polarizing or Brewster angle. After reflection
the intensity of polarized light ray decreases because some part
of the incident ray gets refracted which does not get completely
polarized and has both the perpendicular and parallel
components of light. Application of Brewster’s law sunglasses,
polarizing filter, Brewster angle microscope, Brewster window
etc. Polaroid’s observe the path of light which produces dazzling
effect that’s why they are used to make sunglasses.
REFERENCES

o https://unacademy.com/content/jee/study-material/
physics/brewsters-law/
o https://www.collegesearch.in/articles/brewster-law-
exm
o https://testbook.com/physics/brewsters-law
o https://libretexts.com/bookselves/5.3.1:polarized-
light/
o

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