Unit:20 Course Code: PPHC201

MOTIVATION & EMOTION IN COMMUNICATION (I)

Perspectives on motivation. Other motives. Islamic perspective.

Course Instructor: Wajeeha Nisar Khan

Learning Objectives

 Motive Vs Motivation

 Motivation And Its Types

 Components Of Motivation

 Perspectives On Motivation

 Motives And Their Classification

 Motivation And Communication

 Islamic Perspective On Motivation

 MOTIVE
VS
MOTIVATION
Motive

 A motive is a specific need, desire, or reason that prompts a person to take action or behave in a
certain way.
 Motives are often internal and can be both conscious and unconscious.
 Motives are the starting point of motivation. They are the internal triggers or incentives that give
rise to a desire or intention to act. For example, hunger (motive) may lead to the motivation to eat.

Motivation
 Motivation is a specific need or desire that arouses the organism and directs its behavior toward a goal.
 It is the dynamic force that pushes an individual to take action or make choices to fulfill their motives. It is
the process that converts motives into behavior. In the case of hunger, motivation is what drives a person to
find food and eat.
 Motives are the "why" behind someone's actions,

Motive Motivation

 Motivation is the "how" or the energy that propels those actions.

 Wait and think!

What was your motive when you opted out for this course and what is your Motivation?
MOTIVATION
Types of Motivation
3 Components of Motivation
Instinct Theory of Motivation
[Sigmund Freud and William James]
 Humans and animals are born with a set of innate instincts that guide their

behavior.

 Instincts are believed to be evolutionary adaptations that have developed over time

to ensure the survival and reproduction of the species.

 Willilam James proposed that there are a wide variety of instincts, ranging from basic survival instincts (such as the

fight-or-flight response) to more complex social instincts (such as maternal instincts).

 These instincts are thought to automatically trigger specific behavioral responses in certain situations, without the

need for conscious thought or learning.

“It fails to understand the influence of learning, culture, and individual differences on human behavior”
  Lack of bodily needs lead to a state of tension or arousal called drive

 Experience of physiological imbalances, such as hunger, thirst, or discomfort, it creates a state of tension or
"drive" within us.

 Drives motivate us to take actions that will alleviate the discomfort and restore balance. For example, hunger
motivates us to eat, and thirst motivates us to drink.

 Motivation leads to goal-directed behavior that helps to achieve the homeostasis.

Primary Drives: the basic physiological needs that are essential for survival (e.g., hunger, sex and thirst)
Example: Meeting and hunger
Secondary Drives: associated with learned or acquired needs (e.g., the drive to achieve a high grade in school).
Example: Desire to achieve high grades
Arousal Theory of
Motivation
 Arousal Theory suggests that each of us has an optimum level of arousal that varies from one situation to

another and over the course of the day.

 Behavior is motivated by the desire to maintain the optimum level of arousal for a given moment.

 A person’s arousal level also affects how well he or she performs in different situations.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

 The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with

performance
Example: Public speaking and arousal
Self- Determination Theory
[Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, 1985]
 States that people are motivated to grow and
change by three innate (and universal) psychological
needs.
 Competence
 Autonomy
 Relatedness
 The concept of intrinsic motivation, or engaging in
activities for the inherent reward of the behavior
itself, plays an important role in this theory.

Example:
Opinions are heard
at workplace
MOTIVATION & COMMUNICATION
→ Motivation is a driving force behind communication, as individuals communicate
to achieve goals, fulfill desires, or satisfy needs.
→ Effective communication provides information, guidance, and a sense of purpose,
which can enhance motivation.
→ Feedback, delivered through communication, can motivate individuals by reinforcing positive behaviors and
providing opportunities for improvement.
→ Leaders use communication to inspire, set expectations, and motivate employees to work toward common
goals.
→ Recognition and rewards, communicated through praise, bonuses, or promotions, are powerful motivators.
→ Autonomy-supportive communication enhances intrinsic motivation by providing individuals with a sense of
control and choice.
→ Effective team communication fosters collaboration and belonging, motivating team members to contribute.

→ Setting clear and achievable goals through communication provides direction and purpose, motivating individuals.

→ Open and constructive communication is crucial for problem-solving and conflict resolution, facilitating

motivation.

→ Social validation and social influence, both reliant on communication, motivate individuals to conform to group

norms and expectations.

→ Persuasive communication techniques motivate individuals to change attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors.

→ Emotional communication creates connections that evoke feelings of empathy, enthusiasm, or commitment,

influencing motivation.
Islamic Perspective on Motivation
 ِ ‫نس ِإ ََّّل ِليَ ْعبُد‬
‫ُون‬ ِ ْ ‫َو َما َخلَ ْقتُ ٱ ْل ِج َّن َو‬
َ ‫ٱْل‬

I did not create jinn and humans except to worship Me.

(Adh-Dhariyat 51:56)
The Sources of Motivation in Islam

 Al Quran

 The Sunnah

 The Hereafter

 Good companions

 Allah’s creation
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivation

 Ibn al-Qayyim argues that human beings are naturally predisposed to seek out what brings them pleasure
and that tawḥīd is necessary to experience the true and ultimate pleasure of a meaningful life.
 Human behavior is goal oriented. Ibn al-Qayyim categorizes these goals into murād li-nafsih (intrinsic)
or murād li-ghayrih (extrinsic).

َّ ‫ون ِزينَةُ ٱ ْل َح َي ٰو ِة ٱل ُّد ْن َيا ۖ َوٱ ْلبَ ٰـ ِقيَـٰتُ ٱل‬

‫ص ٰـ ِل َحـٰتُ َخ ْير ِعن َد َر ِبّ َك ث َ َو ًۭابا َو َخ ْير أ َ َم ًۭل‬ َ ُ‫ٱ ْل َما ُل َوٱ ْلبَن‬

Wealth and children are from the allurement of this world, but the enduring (bāqiyāt) and virtuous
(saliḥāt) are better according to your Lord and the better (path) to aspire toward.
(Al-Kahf,18:46)
The Emotional Component of Motivation

 Ibn al-Qayyim explains the emotional component of motivation by describing the pain associated with not
being able to achieve what the heart desires,

“Whoever is constantly engaged in lustful gazes will be persistently affected by frustration and regret. The most
harmful thing for the heart are the images it is exposed to by the eyes. The heart craves what the eye sees and
develops a strong desire to (sexually) interact with it (through perception of touch, voice and fragrance). This
desire to move beyond mere visual stimulus perturbs the heart deeply until it loses all senses of self-restraint,
determined to reach it. This gap between what the heart craves and what it possesses is what results in pain.”
(Rawḍat al-Muḥibbīn, p. 153)
Spiritual Foundations of Motivation
 The struggle between types of Nafs

→ Nafs ammāra bis-sū’ attempting to construct motivational frames towards immoral and destructive ends that
are immediately pleasurable.
→ Nafs muṭma’inn works to reorient the individual toward a virtuous end and constructs the appropriate
motivational map.

Fuel for Motivation (Ṣabr & Self-Regulation)

→ Self Regulation is equivalent to the concept of ṣabr.
→ Ibn al-Qayyim defines ṣabr as the strength and energy required to act in ways to bring benefit and to restrain
from that which brings harm.
“O young men, whoever among you can afford to get married, let him do so, and whoever cannot afford it, let
him fast, for that will be a shield for him.”
(Sahih al-Bukhari # 5066)
https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/the-power-of-
motivation#ftnt_ref97
Factors for motivation in Islam
1.Drive (the need theory)
A Muslim views matters such as wages and other material benefits as a mean for food, clothing and house for
himself and his family. So that he may devote his energy to work and ibadah.

2.Internal stimuli
Humans have freedom of choice in behavior.
Some people tend to deceive to make behavior appear good. Bad behavior is condemned by Allah SWT. Good
behavior reflects underlying faith.

3.Incentives (external stimuli)

Reward for good behavior is Jannah and Jahannam for bad behaviors

4.Commitment (Ikhlas)
Play a strong role for inner human drive.