OF MARIGOLD

ATTAR
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CHHATRAPATI SHAHU JI MAHARAJ UNIVERSITY, KANPUR

IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT FOR THE
DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE
IN INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
(Session:2022-23)

BY

DIVYANSHU SINGH
(Roll No.22118000004)

M.Sc. INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (2ND semester)

Department of Chemistry

C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur.

1
 CHHATRAPATI SAHU JI MAHARAJ UNIVERSITY, KANPUR

(Formerly Kanpur University, Kanpur)

SCHOOL OF BASIC SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Mr. Divyanshu Singh, student of M.Sc. Industrial Chemistry

(1st Year, 2Sem), Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur has

Successfully completed his two-week Industrial Training work entitled “Chemical Waste
Management”. He has completed this work from the Re Sustainability ltd Akbarpur. under the
guidance of Mr. Ishant Shukla and Basant Kumar.

(Director)
Dr. R.K. Dwivedi
Date:28/05/2023 (School of Basic Science)
Place: Kanpur C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur

2
 CHHATRAPATI SAHU JI MAHARAJ UNIVERSITY, KANPUR

(Formerly Kanpur University, Kanpur)

SCHOOL OF BASIC SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

HOD CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Divyanshu Singh, a student of (Industrial Chemistry)

(1Year, 2 Sem), Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, has

Completed his two-week Industrial Training work entitled “Chemical Waste

Management” in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the M.Sc. (Industrial
Chemistry) program.

HOD

Date: 28/05/2023 Dr. Rashmi Dubey

(Department of Chemistry)
Place: Kanpur
School Of Basic Science

3
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Industrial Training entitled “Chemical Waste

Management” is an authentic reportof the work carried out by me for the

period from 27th April 2023 to 12th May 2023 at the re Sustainability ltd.

Akbarpur.

I further declare that this Industrial Training or any part of it has not been

previously submitted for anyother degree, such other similar title.

Date: 28/05/2023

Place: Kanpur Name: Divyanshu Singh

(Roll No.22118000004)

4
 Statement

I hereby declare that the matter embodied in this report “chemical waste management ”

is the result of investigation carried out by me during industrial training “Re Sustainability

Limited’s In keeping with the general practice in the reporting of this industrial training due

to acknowledgement Has been made where ever the work described is based on the observation

and finding

Date: 28/ 05/ 2023

Name: Divyanshu Singh

Place : Kanpur

5
 Acknowledgement

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in

the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behaviour, and acts during the
course of study.

I express my sincere gratitude to the Department of Chemistry from School of Basic Science
for providing me an opportunity to undergo industrial training at re. Sustainability.

I am thankful to Dr. Rashmi Dubey HOD of chemistry Department school of basic science her
support cooperation, and motivation provided to me during the training for constant inspiration,
presence and blessings.

I also extend my sincere appreciation to Mr. Ishant Shukla & Mr. Basant .Kumar who
provided his valuable suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my project report.

Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my
friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions that
improved my quality of work.

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 List of Abbreviations

CPCB central pollution control board

LAT land fill after treatment
GCMS gas chromatograph mass spectroscopy
CHNS carbon , Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur
AAS Atomic absorption spectroscopy

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8
 List of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Chemical wastes
1.2 Source of chemical waste
1.3 Objective of training
1.4 Scope of training
Chapter 2: chemical waste disposal methods
2.1 Type of chemical wastes
2.2 Landfill methods
2.3 Landfill after treatment method
2.4 Incineration methods
2.5 AFRF facility
2.6 Used empty containers
Chapter 3:
3.1 Environment health & safety
3.2 Lab safety
3.3 Hazardous waste management rule 16
Chapter 4:
4.1 Laboratory Introduction
4.2 conclusion
4.3 reference

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 Introduction

1.1 Chemical waste

Chemical waste is any excess, unused, or unwanted chemical, especially those that cause
damage to human health or the environment. Chemical waste may be classified as
hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste, universal waste, or household hazardous waste.
Hazardous waste is material that displays one or more of the following four characteristics:
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. This information, along with chemical
disposal requirements, is typically available on a chemical’s Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS). Radioactive waste requires special means of handling and disposal due to its
radioactive properties. Biohazardous waste, which may contain hazardous materials, is also
handled differently. Chemical waste is waste , that is made from chemicals that are mostly
produced by large factories. Chemical waste can damage , the environment and cause health
problems and as such may fall under regulations such as COSHH in the United Kingdom
or the Clean Water Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in the United States
. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA), as well as state and local regulations also regulate chemical
use and disposal. The disposal and handling of radioactive waste is a particular focus for
regulatory bodies due to the environmental and health risks of radiation and the challenges
of safe disposal. Chemical waste may or may not be classed as hazardous waste. A chemical
hazardous waste is a solid, liquid, or gaseous material that displays either a “Hazardous
Characteristic” or is specifically “listed” by name as hazardous waste. There are four
characteristics chemical wastes may have to be considered hazardous. These are
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. This type of hazardous waste must be
categorized as to its identity, constituents, and hazards so that it may be safely handled and
managed. Chemical waste is a broad term and encompasses many types of materials. The
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), Product data sheet or Label can provide a list of
constituents. These sources should state whether this chemical waste is a waste that needs
special disposal. Many chemicals react adversely when combined. Incompatible chemicals
are therefore stored in separate areas of laboratories.

Acids are separated from alkalis, metals, cyanides, sulfides, azides, phosphides, and
oxidizers, as when acids combine with these types of compounds, violent exothermic
reactions can occur. In addition, some of these reactions produce flammable gases, which,

10
combined with the heat produced, may cause explosions. In the case of cyanides, sulfides,
azides, phosphides, etc. Toxic gases are also produced.

Oxidizers are separated from acids, organic materials, metals, reducing agents, and
ammonia, as when oxidizers combine with these types of compounds, flammable and
sometimes toxic compounds can be created. Oxidizers also increase the likelihood that any
flammable material present will ignite, seen most readily in research laboratories with
improper storage of organic solvents. Chemicals waste may fall under regulations such as
COSHH in the United Kingdom or the Clean Water Act and Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act in the United States. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), as well as state and local
regulations, also regulate chemical use and disposal. Chemical waste in oceans is becoming
a major issue for marine life. There have been many studies conducted to try and prove the
effects of chemicals in oceans.[40] In Canada, many of the studies concentrated on the
Atlantic provinces, where fishing and aquaculture are an important part of the economy. In
New Brunswick, a study was done on sea urchins in an attempt to identify the effects of
toxic and chemical waste on life beneath the ocean, specifically the waste from salmon
farms. Sea urchins were used to check the levels of metals in the environment. Green sea
urchins have been used as they are widely distributed, abundant in many locations, and
easily accessible. By investigating the concentrations of metals in the green sea urchins,
the impacts of chemicals from salmon aquaculture activity could be assessed and detected.

11
Samples were taken at 25-metre intervals along a transect in the direction of the main tidal
flow.

12
1.2 sources of chemical waste

Most chemical wastes are generated in laboratories but many are generated outside of
laboratory settings; contaminated soils, building materials, lubricants, paints, textile
industry and many other materials can fall under these rules.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prohibits disposing of certain materials
down drains.[4] Therefore, when hazardous chemical waste is generated in a laboratory
setting, it is usually stored on-site in an appropriate waste carboy where it is later collected
and disposed of by a specialist contractor in order to meet safety, health, and legislative
requirements. Many universities’ Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS)
divisions/departments serve this collection and oversight role.

Organic solvents and other organic waste is typically incinerated. Some chemical wastes
are recycled, such as waste elemental mercury.

➢ laboratory chemical waste

Persistent chemicals such as heavy metals and various organic compounds.water-

immiscible organic liquids such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated compounds.
Compounds which produce toxic vapours, such as cyanide, ammonia, formaldehyde and
glutaraldehyde. Strongly acidic or alkaline wastes.

➢ Lubricants chemical waste

The majority of mineral oil based lubricants and greases are relatively harmless to
man. Their use normally involves no unusual hazards, provided that reasonable care
is taken to avoid excessive skin contact or inhalation of mists and vapors.

Formulation. Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum
fractions, called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic
liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefins, esters, silicones, fluorocarbons and many
others are sometimes used as base oils.

13
 ➢ Textile chemical waste

Approximately 12,000 synthetic chemicals which do not break down and accumulate
in the environment, threatening human and ecosystem health.

Wet processing factories, where materials are turned into fabrics through bleaching, printing,
dyeing, finishing and laundering typically use 0.58 kg of chemical inputs for every 1 kg of
fabric produced. These compounds leak into the environment at all phases of the textile
lifecycle, from production to use, disposal and recycling.

Led by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), with the financial backing of the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) and the support of the Basel & Stockholm Convention Regional
Centre South-East Asia and the Natural Resources Defence Council, the Reducing uses and
releases of chemicals of concern in the textiles sector programme will provide technical support
and tools for SMEs and manufacturers to improve their knowledge and management of
hazardous chemicals, guiding them to manage risks to workers, and eventually eliminate the
worst chemicals from their production processes.

“The textile sector is a major user of toxic ‘forever chemicals’ which pollute local and global
ecosystems,” UNEP Chemicals and Waste Programme Officer Eloise Touni said.

While governments have agreed global bans of the worst chemicals through the Stockholm
Convention on POPs, value chains still use thousands of hazardous chemicals like PFAS.
UNEP is proud to work with governments and front-runner companies to scale up best practices
and phase out chemicals of concern across the whole.

14
Textile chemical products range from highly specialized chemicals (biocides, flame
retardants, water repellents, and warp sizes, for example) to relatively simple commodity
chemicals (such as bleaches) or mixtures thereof (such as emulsified oils and greases, starch,
sulfonated oils, waxes, and some surfactants).

➢ Plastic industry
We are specialised in additives and auxiliaries for the plastics industry. Our broad
product portfolio includes antioxidants, UV stabilisers, processing aids, elastomers,
hydrocarbon resins, pigments, fillers, flame retardants, plasticisers and engineering
plastics.

Our portfolio is updated constantly according to the needs of our customers. We work with
suppliers who are recognised market leaders in their field. Our flexible logistics and
warehousing services guarantee reliable deliveries.

15
 1.3Objective of training

The purpose of industrial training is to provide exposure for the student on practical
hazardous
Waste management field. Through this exposure student will have batter understanding
waste
Management practice in general and sense of frequent and possible problems. Industrial
Training is compulsory for all industrial chemistry students Because of this training
students have several objectives such as.
• To Introduce student to environment and culture of work place in their field study.

• To Cultivate student to work in team work.

• To expose student to waste management practice and their professional attitudes.

• To introduce student the relationships between theory and particle.

• To train students about communication to all level of work place.

• To train student to prepare technical report in connection with industrial training.

• To teach about how to environment protect sustainability with using different types
Of disposal methods.

• Also teach about if environment protect then lots of flora and fauna save and also
Society is protect.

• To enable students build and improve creotivity skills and sharing ideas with other.

16
 1.4 Scope of waste management training

The demand for Hazardous Waste Management Market 2019 is anticipated to be high for
Next few years. By considering this demand we provide latest Hazardous Waste
Management
Market Report which gives complete industry analysis, market outlook, size, growth and
Forecast till 2025. This report will assist in analyzing the current and future business trends,
Sales and revenue forecasts.

Global Hazardous Waste Management Market Overview:

The report spread across 120 pages is an overview of the Global Hazardous Waste
Management Market Report 2019. The Global Hazardous Waste Management Market is
Projected to grow at a healthy growth rate from 2019 to 2025 according to new research.
The Study focuses on market trends, leading players, supply chain trends, technology
Innovations, key developments, and future strategies

Global Hazardous Waste Management Market industry esteemed around USD 25340
Millions In 2016 is foreseen to develop with a growth development rate of over 6.66% over
Estimated time frame 2019-2025. Critical health care waste management and Government
And private initiatie for a greener world are the most important driving factors for growth
Of The Global Hazardous Waste Management Market.
The Global Hazardous Waste Management Market is segmented on the basis of Waste
Type treatment Type, Service Type and Region. Based on the Waste Type, the Global
Hazardous waste Management Market is classified into Pathological Waste, Sharps,
Pharmaceuticals
Waste and others. On the basis of Treatment Type, the Global Hazardous Waste
Management
Market is sub-segmented into Incineration, Chemical Treatment and Autoclaving. Based
On the Service Type, the Global Hazardous Waste Management Market is divided into
Recycling transportation & storage, Collection, and Treatment & Disposal.
In terms of the geographic analysis, North America accounted for the largest share of the
Hazardous Waste Management Market in 2016 in terms of revenue, owing to increasing

17
Hazardous municipal waste generated in the U.S. and Canada, along with high focus on the
Research & development segment in the pharmaceutical industry in the region, combined
With Increasing number of hazardous waste management companies operating in the U.S.
market.
Europe accounted for second largest share of the Hazardous Waste Management Market in
2016.
Recycle More will expand the weekly collection of recyclablel waste to include new
materials,
Including plastic pots, tubs and trays; Tetra Paks and other food and drink cartons; small
Electrical items; and household batteries. By collecting the majority of recyclable
household
Material each week, Recycle More will reduce the volume of left-over general rubbish in
Residents’ bins, which will subsequently be collected every three weeks. The new service
Will Be introduced in phases over two years, starting in June 2020.
Top Leading Key Manufacturers are: Daniels Sharpsmart Inc., Stericycle incSuez
Environment
SA, Republic Services Inc., Clean Harbors lnc. And others. New product launches and
Continuous technological innovations are the key strategies adopted by the major

18
 2.1 type of chemical waste

Mainly 4 Type of chemical waste such as :-

• Ignitable
Liquids with flash points below 60oC, non-liquids that cause fire through specific
conditions, ignitable compressed gases and oxidizers.
Compressed Gas: Ignitable compressed gases must also be managed as hazardous
wastes. Generally this involves partially-full, or left-over cylinders of gas.

Common example includes:-

o Alcohols (note: for ethanol, mixtures greater than or equal to 20% are
hazardous wastes. For other alcohols the cut-off is 10%.)
o Organic Solvents and mixtures containing organic solvents such as xylenes,
hexane, toluene, acetone, etc.
o Stains and mixtures containing stains (because they are solvent-based).
Oil-based paints and coatings

• Corrosive

Waste that can cause damage or corrode any substances it comes into contact with.
Reactive – waste that may explode or violently react with air.

Aqueous wastes with a pH of less than or equal to 2, a pH greater than or equal to

12.5 or based on the liquids ability to corrode steel.

Common example includes:-

o Hydrochloric Acid
o Sulfuric Acid
o Nitric Acid
o Sodium Hydroxide

• Reactive

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 Waste that may explode or violently react with air, water, or other substances. Toxic
– waste containing or that releases dangerous toxins.

Unstable under normal conditions, may react with water, may give off toxic gases
and may be capable of detonation or explosion under normal condition.

Common example includes:-

o Tert-butyllithium
o Sodium metal,
o Anhydrides,
o Sodium Borohydride
o Dry picric acid,
o Azide compounds,
o Organic peroxides,
o Old ether or tetrahydrofuran with peroxide formation

• Toxic

Waste containing or that releases dangerous toxins. Businesses that produce any
type of hazardous waste need to ensure it’s stored and disposed

Harmful when ingested or absorbed. Toxic wastes present a concern as they may be
able to leach from waste and pollute groundwater.

Common example include;-

o Arsenic
o Lead
o Barium
o Cadmium Etc.

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 Listed chemical hazardous waste

The chemical waste regulations have a series of lists which spell out some specific
chemicals which should be collected as hazardous waste.
• The F list
The “F List” specifies some commonly-generated chemical wastes at specific
concentrations that must be collected. The entire list can be seen here
http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastetypes/listed.htm, but for laboratory
purposes the following chemicals are of particular importance.

Any dioxin waste

Any waste with any combination of the following halogenated solvents at a concentration of
10% or more by volume before use (these wastes are toxic):

Tetrachloroethylene

Methylene Chloride

Trichloroethylene

1,1,1-trichloroethane

Chlorobenzene

1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

Orthodichlorobenzene

1,1,2-trichloroethane

Carbon tetrachloride

Any chlorinated fluorocarbons

Any waste with any of the following non-halogenated solvents at a concentration of 10% or
more by volume (these wastes are ignitable except as indicated below):

Xylene

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Acetone

Ethyl acetate

Ethyl benzene

Ethyl ether

Methyl isobutyl ketone

N-butyl alcohol

Cyclohexanone

Methanol

Cresols (toxic)

Cresylic acid (toxic)

Nitrobenzene (toxic)

Toluene (ignitable and toxic)

Methyl Ethyl Ketone (ignitable and toxic)

Carbon disulfide (ignitable and toxic)

Isobutanol (ignitable and toxic)

Pyridine (ignitable and toxic)

Benzene (ignitable and toxic)

2-ethoxyethanol (ignitable and toxic)

2-nitropropane (ignitable and toxic)

Note:- that the concentration limit here is ‘before use’ – this is to prevent a person from using
a solvent, mixing it with water during use, and then claiming that the resulting waste is not
hazardous. If you have questions about the status of your solvent waste contact EHS.

• The U list

22
The ‘U List’ technically only applies to un-used chemicals that become wastes (expired,
spilled, or no longer necessary for a laboratory’s experimentation). However, it is best
practice to collect as hazardous wastes any laboratory waste stream which contains a
chemical present on the list. Contact EHS if you have any questions about the
applicability of the U List to your chemical wastes.

• The P list

The EPA has a list of chemicals which are considered ‘acutely’ hazardous when
disposed of. Like the U List, the P List technically only applies to chemicals which
are un-used when they become wastes. Again, however, it is best practice to collect
as hazardous waste any waste stream which contains a chemical on the list.

In addition, the empty containers which once held ‘P-listed’ materials must be
handled as hazardous wastes themselves.

The most common laboratory chemicals found on the P List are:

Acrolein
Allyl alcohol
Carbon Disulfide
2,4, Dinitrophenol
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
p-Nitroaniline
Osmium Tetroxide
Phosgene
Phosphine
Sodium Azide
Vanadium pentoxide

23
24
 Chemical waste disposal methods

“Re Sustainability Limited’s” provides different type of disposal methods such as :-

Land fill method
Land fill after treatment method
Incineration methods

AFRF facility or others

Services provided by re Sustainability Limited’s

Hazardous Waste Management, Bio-medical Waste Management, Municipal Waste

Management Services, Integrated Environmental Services, Environmental Problems &
Solutions Environmental Clearance & Statutory Approvals
The company has 10 directors and 3 reported key management personnel.
The longest serving director currently on board is Goutham Reddy Mareddy who was
Appointed on 25 September, 2013. Goutham Reddy Mareddy has been on the board for more

25
 2.2 Landfill methods

Criteria for chemical hazardous waste Landfill

According to cpcb.

❖ The organic content of the materials should be less than (< 5 % organic content )
❖ Non toxic
❖ Calorific value should be less than (< 2500 cv )

The chemical waste are in the form of liquid they mixed with fly ass cement or soils in a
hazardous waste mixing pit after goes to land fill.

Hazardous wastes that are not destroyed by chemical processes need to be disposed of
properly. For most such wastes, land disposal is the ultimate destination, although it is not an
attractive practice, because of the inherent environmental risks involved. Two basic methods
of land disposal include landfilling and underground injection. Prior to land disposal, surface
storage or containment systems are often employed as a temporary method.

Temporary on-site waste storage facilities include open waste piles and ponds or lagoons. New
waste piles must be carefully constructed over an impervious base and must comply with
regulatory requirements similar to those for landfills. The piles must be protected from wind
dispersion or erosion. If leachate is generated, monitoring and control systems must be
provided. Only noncontainerized solid, nonflowing waste material can be stored in a new waste
pile, and the material must be landfilled when the size of the pile becomes unmanageable.

A common type of temporary storage impoundment for hazardous liquid waste is an open pit
or holding pond, called a lagoon. New lagoons must be lined with impervious clay soils and
flexible membrane liners in order to protect groundwater. Leachate collection systems must be
installed between the liners, and groundwater monitoring wells are required. Except for some
sedimentation, evaporation of volatile organics, and possibly some surface aeration, open

26
lagoons provide no treatment of the waste. Accumulated sludge must be removed periodically
and subjected to further handling as a hazardous waste.

Many older, unlined waste piles and lagoons are located above aquifers used for public water

supply, thus posing significant risks to public health and environmental quality. A large number

O of these old sites have been identified and scheduled for cleanup, or remediation, around the

World

27
Landfilling of hazardous solid or containerized waste is regulated more stringently than
landfilling of chemical waste. Hazardous wastes must be deposited in so-called secure landfills,
which provide at least 3 metres (10 feet) of separation between the bottom of the landfill and
the underlying bedrock or groundwater table. A secure hazardous-waste landfill must have two
impermeable liners and leachate collection systems. The double leachate collection system
consists of a network of perforated pipes placed above each liner. The upper system prevents
the accumulation of leachate trapped in the fill, and the lower serves as a backup. Collected
leachate is pumped to a treatment plant. In order to reduce the amount of leachate in the fill
and minimize the potential for environmental damage, an impermeable cap or cover is placed
over a finished landfill.

A groundwater monitoring system that includes a series of deep wells drilled in and around the
site is also required. The wells allow a routine program of sampling and testing to detect any
leaks or groundwater contamination. If a leak does occur, the wells can be pumped to intercept
the polluted water and bring it to the surface for treatment.

One option for the disposal of liquid hazardous waste is deep-well injection, a procedure that
involves pumping liquid waste through a steel casing into a porous layer of limestone or
sandstone. High pressures are applied to force the liquid into the pores and fissures of the rock,
where it is to be permanently stored. The injection zone must lie below a layer of impervious
rock or clay, and it may extend more than 0.8 km (0.5 mile) below the surface. Deep-well
injection is relatively inexpensive and requires little or no pre-treatments of the waste, but it
poses a danger of leaking hazardous waste and eventually polluting subsurface water supplies.

28
 2.3 LAT method

Criteria for chemical hazardous waste LAT

According to cpcb .

❖ The organic content of the materials should be less than ( < 5% organic content)
❖ Toxic material
❖ Calorific value should be up to (2500 cv)

The chemical waste are treated with generally sodium thiosulphate work as
(neutralizers) they neutralize toxic materials

Different type of chemical are use to neutralize chemical hazardous waste according to
characteristics of chemical material as needed. After that chemical waste are landfill it is called
as lat.

Chemical Treatment Methods

Chemical treatment involves a chemical process that transforms hazardous waste into less
dangerous substances that can be extracted from a solution.

These methods include the ion exchange reaction, whereby the charges of atoms or groups
of atoms are exchanged between two chemical substances, allowing them to bond together.

Chemical precipitation is another method, which uses a chemical reaction to form separable
particulate matter in solutions, either by changing the substance into an insoluble form, or
by changing the properties of the solution to diminish the solubility of the contaminant. The
effectiveness of this process can be increased by using coagulants and flocculants.

The oxidation and reduction (a.k.a. redox) reaction involves the oxidation number of
chemicals changing, to facilitate their removal and or render the chemicals benign; this is
the same process as the rusting of metals or browning of fruit.

29
 Neutralisation is where the pH of a corrosive chemical solution is altered by adding acids
to alkaline solutions, and vice-versa.

Often, chemical treatment is combined with physical treatment methods to achieve

optimum results, for example, using coagulants along with physical flocculation techniques
to expedite the formation of solid clumps for removal by dewatering techniques .

Physical Treatment Methods

Physical treatments include filtering operations, like passing contaminated wastewater over
activated carbon or resin to remove pollutants (adsorption / resin adsorption).

Other treatments may involve using gravity to separate materials from solutions by causing
them to sink (sedimentation) or float to the surface (floatation).

Phase change systems remove volatile substances from liquid waste by passing air and steam
over them; and evaporation is used to treat metal plating, coolants or paint solvents.

Finally, solidification is a physical process that captures waste in either asphalt, concrete or
plastic, producing a solid mass of material that resists leaching. Waste can also be mixed with
fly ash, lime and water, to create a solid mass, similar to cement.

Biological treatment methods

Biological treatment methods use a wide variety of microorganisms, primarily bacteria, to

degrade organic compounds in wastewater streams. These microorganisms convert the
biodegradable organic matter found in wastewater into simpler substances and additional
biomass.

30
Biological treatments (a.k.a. bioremediation) can largely be split into aerobic and anaerobic
reactions, i.e. in the presence of oxygen and the absence; though it is generally a combination
of the two that will prove most effective at treating wastewater.

Land farming is a bioremediation technique used to treat contaminated soils, whereby bulking
agents and nutrients are tilled into the soil, often with additional tilling for aeration, as well as
controls over moisture levels, and soil pH, to promote decomposition.

After the treatment chemical hazardous waste are land fill.

31
 2.4 Incineration methods

Criteria for chemical hazardous waste incinerate

According to cpcb.
❖ The organic content of the materials should be more than ( > 5% organic content )
❖ Highly toxic or ignitable or inflammable
❖ The Calorific value of the materials should be more than (2500 cv)

What is Incineration? Incineration is the process of burning hazardous materials at

temperatures high enough to destroy contaminants. Incineration is conducted in an
“incinerator,” which is a type of furnace designed for burning hazardous materials
in a combustion chamber.

Three types of waste to which incineration is applied extensively are municipal solid
waste, hazardous waste ( chemical waste ) and medical waste.

Preferred method for disposal of chemical agents and munitions after long and careful
consideration of several technologies. The National Research Council endorsed this
selection in 1984 and continues to regard incineration as a demonstrated safe baseline
technology.

Incineration is appropriate for several major reasons:

• It effectively breaks down any type of chemical agent to relatively harmless or

controllable end products.
• It is reasonably well-controlled and well-understood.
• It provides capable operation that is safe for workers and the public

No community resident has ever been exposed to harmful levels of chemicals from
disposal operations. To date, millions of pounds of chemical agents have been destroyed
safely at the Johnston Atoll facility in the Pacific Ocean; and in Tooele, Utah; Anniston,
Alabama; Umatilla, Oregon; and Pine Bluff, Arkansas.

32
Many safeguards are built into materials transport and disposal systems. For example,

• Containers’ for weapon-related materials are closely examined for leaks before
they are used.
• All containers are inspected and monitored again after materials are added and
after they are moved and off-loaded to the disposal plant.
• Air in the disposal facility passes through a cascading airflow system to prevent
migration of chemical agents to the outdoor environment.
• Air is continuously monitored in areas of the plant where a chemical release is
most likely. These monitoring systems can detect levels chemical agent lower
than those considered acceptable for occupational exposure.
• All gases released from disposal stacks are continuously monitored and the
entire disposal system is programmed to stop if a chemical agent is detected

Incineration process

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of

substances contained in waste materials.[1] Industrial plants for waste
incineration are commonly referred to as waste-to-energy facilities. Incineration
and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as “thermal
treatment”. Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas
and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste
and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The
flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are
dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat that is generated by
incineration can be used to generate electric power.

Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-to-energy

technologies such as gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. While
incineration and gasification technologies are similar in principle, the energy
produced from incineration is high-temperature heat whereas combustible gas
is often the main energy product from gasification. Incineration and gasification
may also be implemented without energy and materials recovery.

33
In several countries, there are still concerns from experts and local communities
about the environmental effect of incinerators (see arguments against
incineration).

In some countries, incinerators built just a few decades ago often did not include
a materials separation to remove hazardous, bulky or recyclable materials
before combustion. These facilities tended to risk the health of the plant workers
and the local environment due to inadequate levels of gas cleaning and
combustion process control. Most of these facilities did not generate electricity.

Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original waste by 80–85% and the
volume (already compressed somewhat in garbage trucks) by 95–96%,
depending on composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals
from the ash for recycling. This means that while incineration does not
completely replace landfilling, it significantly reduces the necessary volume for
disposal. Garbage trucks often reduce the volume of waste in a built-in
compressor before delivery to the incinerator. Alternatively, at landfills, the
volume of the uncompressed garbage can be reduced by approximately 70% by
using a stationary steel compressor, albeit with a significant energy cost. In
many countries, simpler waste compaction is a common practice for compaction
at landfills.

Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain waste
types in niche areas such as clinical wastes and certain hazardous wastes where
pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures. Examples include
chemical multi-product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater
streams, which cannot be routed to a conventional wastewater treatment plant.

Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries such as Japan, Singapore

and the Netherlands, where land is a scarce resource. Denmark and Swed have
been leaders by using the energy generated from incineration for more than a

34
century, in localised combined heat and power facilities supporting district
hazardous waste

35
 2.5 AFRF facility
If chemical hazardous waste material containing high Calorific value or more than 5% organic
content they goes to the cement industry where they use as a col or fossils oil to produce
cement .

Advantage

• To reduce the cost of incineration.

• To reduce the oil used for burning of hazardous material .
• To reduce the labour cost.

India’s energy security will remain vulnerable until alternative fuels to

substitute/supplement petrol-based fuels are developed based on indigenously produced
renewable feed stocks. In biofuels, the country has a ray of hope in providing energy
security . Biofuels are environmentally friendly fuels and their utilization would address
global concerns about the containment of carbon emissions. The transportation sector
has been identified as a major polluting sector. The use of biofuels has, therefore,
become compelling in view of the tightening automotive vehicle emission standards to
curb air pollution. However, biofuels also pose many environmentally disturbing
challenges, like the utilization of more water and land by crops, cost-intensive
extraction processes, etc., which, in turn, increase the need for other more economically
and environmentally feasible options for fuels. Figure 2 presents a schematic diagram
of the flow of HW from industry to an AFR facility (AFRF).

36
To substitute a portion of conventional fossil fuels with less energy-intensive materials, the
potential for refuse-derived fuel as an alternate fuel is opted for in cement manufacturing as it
is one of the most environmentally challenged industries (Reza et al., 2013). Breyer et al.
(2017) suggest that it is possible to produce an alternative fuel for industrial use whose viscosity
is lower than 1 Pa s at 90ºC, from a plastic/oil mixture with an initial plastic mass fraction of
between 40% and 60%, by proceeding at a maximum temperature included in the range 350–
400ºC under co-pyrolysis. Chemical recycling is chosen in order to develop a new technology
to valorize plastic wastes excavated from a landfill. The purpose is to produce an alternative
fuel that could be used in cement kilns. AFRs offer a very valuable solution that not only holds
the potential for reducing industry’s dependence on coal and to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, but also as an effective means of addressing some of the pressing local
environmental issues being faced by India (Sadeghinezhad et al., 2013; Semin, 2008). The use
of HW as an auxiliary resource for energy recovery or after processing shall be carried out
according to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines for the preprocessing and
co-processing of HW and other waste in a cement plant as per the H&OW (M&TBM) rules of
2016 (CPCB, 2016). AFRs comprise the recovery of fuel and also raw material from waste;
fuel form depends on the calorific value of the waste material and raw material as a solid form
as per their respective acceptance criteria according to CPCB norms to reuse the material. A
report published by Norwegian firm SINTEF (detailed in GSPCB, 2014) states that alternative
fuel can be divided into the following classes:

a) Gaseous alternate fuels: coke oven gases, refinery gas, etc.

b) Liquid alternate fuels: low chlorine spent solvents, as well as vegetable oils and fats, etc.

c) Pulverized, granulated or fine-crushed solid alternate fuels: wood waste, saw dust, dried
sewage sludge residues.

d) Coarse-crushed solid alternate fuels: plastic and waste wood, re-agglomerated organic
matter.

e) Lump alternate fuels: for example, whole tires, drums and plastic bale.

f) Refuse-derived fuel from segregated municipal solid waste.

37
Alternate fuels may comprise high concentrations of chlorides, sulfur, heavy metals, moisture,
etc., and a high input of alternate fuels containing these volatiles may lead to preheater
blockages necessitating a gas bypass system

2.6 Disposing in empty containers

❖ Some laboratory chemicals waste are also used empty containers for
disposing chemical waste materials.

Most chemical wastes must be disposed of through the EHS Hazardous Waste
Program. To have hazardous waste removed from your laboratory, do the
following: Store chemical wastes in appropriate containers; plastic bottles are
preferred over glass for storing hazardous waste when compatibility is not an
issue.

All hazardous waste designated for disposal must be placed in appropriate glass,
metal, or chemically inert, non-reactive, non-flexible plastic containers with
tightly fitting screw caps. Corrosives should not be placed in metal containers.

Labs, pharmacies, hospitals, healthcare providers, and even households use a

variety of chemical-based products that generate hazardous chemical waste. How
should you dispose of empty chemical containers is governed by environmental
laws that strictly regulate the disposal of such containers. The residue within
empty chemical containers can pose a threat as hazardous waste if not treated
properly. Disposing of containers without treating them first could allow chemical
runoff to mix with groundwater, seep through soil, and eventually get consumed,
harming humans and wildlife.

Preventing such outcomes begins with knowing how to manage the chemicals
carefully and make all efforts to reduce the amount of chemical waste you or
company, institution or household produces. If possible, reuse or recycle

38
chemicals and chemical containers first. If not possible, they need to be disposed
of properly.

Packaging

For packaging, chemical liquid waste containers are filled to no further than 75%
capacity to allow for vapor expansion and to reduce potential spills which can
occur from transporting or moving overfilled containers. Containers for chemical
liquid waste are typically constructed from materials compatible with the
hazardous waste being stored, such as inert materials like polypropylene (PP) or
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). These containers are also constructed of
mechanically robust materials in order to minimize leakage during storage or
transit.

In addition to the general packaging requirements mentioned above, precipitates,

solids, and other non-fluid wastes are typically stored separately from liquid
waste. Chemically contaminated glassware is disposed of separately from other
chemical waste in containers that cannot be punctured by broken glass.

Labeling

Containers are labelled with the group name from the chemical waste category
and an itemized list of the contents. All chemicals or materials contaminated by
chemicals pose a significant hazard. All waste must be appropriately packaged.

Storage

Chemical waste containers are kept closed to prevent spillage, except for when
waste is being added. Suitable containers are labeled in order to inform disposal
specialists of the contents, as well as to prevent addition of incompatible
chemicals.[14] Liquid waste is stored in containers with secure screw-top or

39
similar lids that cannot be easily dislodged in transit. Solid waste is stored in
various sturdy, chemically inert containers, such as large sealed buckets or thick
plastic bags. A secondary containment (e.g., flammable cabinet or large plastic
bin, etc.) is used to capture spills and leaks from the primary container and
segregate incompatible hazardous wastes, such as acids and bases.

40
 3.1 Environment health & safety

Environment, health and safety (EHS) is the set that studies and implements the

Practical aspects of protecting the environment and maintaining health and safety at

Occupation. In simple terms it is what orqanizations must do to make sure that their

Activities do not cause harm to anyone. Commonly, quality – quality assurance and

Quality control-is adjoined to form the company division known os HSQE.

From a safety standpoint, it involves creating organized efforts and procedures for

Identifying workplace hazards and reducing accidents and exposure to harmful

Situations and substances. It also includes training of personnel in accident prevention,

Accident response, emergency preparedness, and use of protective clothing and

Equipment.

Better health at its heart, should have the development of safe, high quality, and

Environmentally friendly processes, working practices and systemic activities that

Prevent or reduce the risk of harm to people in general, operators, or patients.

From an environmental standpoint, it involves creating a systematic approach to

Complying with environmental regulations, such as managing waste or air emissions

All the way to helping site’s reduce the company’s carbon footprint.

Regulatory requirements play an important role in EHS discipline and EHS managers

Must identify and understand relevant EHS regulations, the implications of which must

Be communicated to executive management so the company can implement suitable

Measures. Organizations based in the United States are subject to EHS regulations in

The Code of Federal Regulations, particularly CFR 29, 40, and 49. Still, EHS management

Is not limited to legal compliance and companies should be encouraged to do more

Than is required by law, if appropriate.

41
Why ESH Important

The primary benefit of EHS, and workplace EHS programs, is the obvious one: preventing

Incidents such as injuries, illnesses, and harmful environmental releases.

One of the classic (and most horrible) historic examples of a workplace incident that showed

The need for EHS efforts was the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. Other well known and more recent

Examples include the Bhopal/Union Carbide explosion in 1984, the Upper Big Branch Mine-

South explosion of 2010, the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010, and the fire in, and

Ultimate collapse of, the Savar building in Bangladesh in 2013. You can probably think of
other

Horrible workplace incidents yourself.

Because these hazards are real, EHS programs are necessary and provide real ben

Example, this OSHA website on safety and health management programs provides a lot

Studies demonstrating these benefits.

Example, this OSHA website on safety and health management programs provides a lot of
case

Studies demonstrating these benefits.

In addition, EHS programs at work also show employees that companies care about their
well-

Being. If you have an active EHS culture, your company may have fewer incidents. This will

Make your employees feel safer and more valued. And this will have a positive effect on

Employee morale, retention, productivity, and even hiring.

And consider this thought along those same lines. A recent study by the American

Psychological Association showed that millennials rank safety as an issue of workplace stress

Higher than any other issue (and higher than earlier generations have). Makes sense for

Generation that was raised in the shadows of 9-11, the Great Recession, school shootings, and

42
Hurricane Katrina, right? And since more and more millennials are entering the workforce,
this

Is going to become increasingly important.

1. Environmental safety

It includes

• hazardous waste management

Hazardous-waste management, the collection, treatment, and disposal of

Waste moterial that, when improperly handled, can cause substantial harm to

Human health and safety or to the environment. Hazardous wastes can take the

Form of solids, liquids, sludges, or contained gases, and they are generated

Primarily by chemical production, manufacturing, and other industrial

Activities. They may cause damage during inadequate storage, transportation,

Treatment, or disposal operations. Improper hazardous-waste storage or

Disposal frequently contaminates surface water and groundwater supplies as

Harmful water pollution and can also be a source of dangerous land pollution.

People living in homes built near old and abandoned waste disposal sites

Be in a particularly vulnerable position. In an effort to remedy existing g

And to prevent future harm from hazardous wastes, government

Regulate the practice of hazardous-waste management.

• Water conservation

Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities to

Sustainably manage the natural resource of fresh water, to protect the

Hydrosphere, and to meet the current and future human demand (thus avoiding

Water scarcity). Population, household size and growth and offluence all affect

43
How much water is used. Factors such as climate change have increased

Pressures on natural water resources especially in manufacturing and

Agricultural irrigation. Many countries have already implemented policies

Aimed at water conservation, with much success The key activities to

Conserve water are as follows: any beneficial reduction in water loss, use and

Waste of resources, avoiding any damage to water quality; and improving

Water management practices that reduce the use or enhance the beneficial use

Of water 4/(5) Technology solutions exist for households, commercial and

Agricultural applications. Water conservation programs involved in social

Solutions are typically initiated at the local level, by either municipal water

Utilities or regional governments.

2. Occupational health and safety

It includes

• Personal protective equipment (PPE)

A Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is clothing or equipment designed to reduce employee

Exposure to chemical, biological, and physical hazards when on a worksite. It is used to protect

Employees when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible to reduce the risks

To acceptable lelevelsit play important role According to the hierarchy of controls by the

National for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), PPE (sometimes also reffered

To as PPE equipment)-is recommended to be the last level of defense to prevent occupational

Injuries, illnesses, and fatalities, but some businesses combined it with other control measures

To ensure a safe and healthy environment for their workers. Here are some benefits of using

PPES:

Face and eye protection

44
PPE includes safety qoggles and face shields and should be used for tasks that can

Cause eye damage or loss of vision, sprays of toxic liquids, splashes, and burns

Respiratory protection

PPE includes full-face respirators, self-contained breathing apparatus, gas masks, N95

Respirators, and surgical masks are used for a task that can cause inhalation of harmful

Materials to enter the body. This includes harmful gas, chemicals, large-particle

45
Droplets, sprays, splashes, or splatter that may contain viruses and bacteria such as

COVID-19, viral infections, and more.

Skin and body protection

PPE includes the following categories to protect employees from physical hazards:

Head Protection

PPE includes hard hats and headgears and should be required for tasks that can cause any

Force or object falling to the head.

Body Protection

PPE includes safety vests and suits that can be used for tasks that can cause body injuries

From extreme temperatures, flames and sparks, toxic chemicals, insect bites and radiation.

Hard protection

PPE includes safety gloves and should be used for tasks that can cause hand and skin burns,

Absorption of harmful substances, cuts, fractures or amputations.

Foot protection

PPE includes knee pads and safety boots and should be used for tasks that can cause serious

46
Foot and leq injuries from falling or rolling objects, hot substances, electrical hazards, and sli

Emergency eye and body shower station

An emergency eyewash and safety shower station are essential equipment for every

Laborotory that uses chemicals and hazardous substances. Emergency eyewash and safety

Shower stations serve the purpose of reducing workplace injury and keeping workers away

From various dangers. There are several types of emergency eyewash station and safety

Shower station systems, including safety showers, eyewash stations, drench hoses,

Combination units, and eyewash bottle. A safety shower is a unit designed to wash an

Individual’s head and body which has come into contact with hazardous chemicals. Large

Volumes of water are used and a user may need to take off any clothing that has been

Contaminated with hazardous chemicals. Safety showers cannot be used for flushing an

Individual’s eyes, due to the high pressure of water from the shower, which can damage a

User’s eyes An eyewash station is a unit for washing off chemicals or substances that might

Have splashed into an individual’s eyes before he or she can seek further medical attention.

47
 • Chemical hazardous

Chemical hazard is a (non-biological) substance that has the potential to cause harm to life

Or health. Chemicals are widely used in the home and in many other places.[1] Exposure to
Chemicals can cause acute or long-term detrimental health effects. There are many types of
Hazardous chemicals, including neurotoxins, immune agents, dermatologic agents,
Carcinogens, reproductive toxins, systemic toxins, asthmagens, pneumoconiotic agents, and
Chemical hazards
Sensitizers. (2] In the workplace, exposure to chemical hazards is a type of occupational
hazard.
The use of protective personal equipment (PPE) may substantially reduce the risk of damage
From contact with hazardous materials. Long-term exposure to chemical hazards such as
silica
Dust, engine exhausts, tobacco smoke, and lead (among others) have been shown to increase
Risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure.

48
Hazard Example
Flammable and Combustible Liquids Diesel
Compressed Gases Propane
Explosives TNT
Organic Peroxides Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide; used in the manufacturing of polyester
Reactives Benzoyl peroxide; used as a bleaching agent
Oxidizers Potassium permanganate; used as an industrial disinfectant and sterilizer
Pyrophorics White phosphorus
Carcinogens Benzene; feed-stock for many petrochemical processes
Reproductive toxins Lead, Dioxins
Teratogens Thalidomide; Immunomodulatory drug
Irritants Hydrochloric acid; used in food manufacturing and ore processing
Corrosives Sulfuric acid; used to manufacture chemicals
Sensitizers Latex; used to manufacture gloves
Hepatotoxins Trichlorethylene; used widely in industry
Nephrotoxin

3.2 Laboratory safety

Many laboratories contain significant risks, and the prevention of laboratory
accidents
Requires great care and constant vigilance. ] Examples of risk factors include
high voltages,
High and low pressures and temperatures, corrosive and toxic chemicals and
chemical
Vapours, radiation, fire, explosions, and biohazards including infective
organisms and their
Toxins.
Measures to protect against laboratory accidents include safety training and
enforcement of

49
Laboratory safety policies, safety review of experimental designs, the use of
personal
Protective equipment, and the use of the buddy system for particularly risky
operations.
In many countries, laboratory work is subject by health and safety legislation.
In some cases,
Laboratory activities can also present environmental health risks, for example,
the accidental
Or deliberate discharge of toxic or infective material from the laboratory into
the environment.
Hazardous chemicals present physical and/or health threats to workers in
clinical, industrial,
And academic laboratories. Laboratory chemicals include cancer-causing
agents (carcinogens),
Toxins (e.g., those affecting the liver, kidney, and nervous system), irritants,
corrosives,
Sensitizers, as well as agents that act on the blood system or damage the lungs,
skin, eyes, or
Mucous membranes.
Many laboratory workers encounter daily exposure to biological hazards.
These hazards are
Present in various sources throughout the laboratory such as blood and body
fluids, culture
Specimens, body tissue and cadavers, and laboratory animals, as well as other
workers.
These are federally regulated biological agents (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi,
and prions) and
Toxins that have the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and
safety, to animal or

50
Plant health, or to animal or plant products.
1. AnthraxX–Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by a spore-
forming bacterium called
Bacillus anthracis.
2. Avian Flu- Avian influenza is caused by Influenza A viruses.
3. Botulism -Cases of botulism are usually associated with consumption of
preserved foods.
4. Foodborne Disease-Foodborne illnesses are caused by viruses, bacteria,
parasites, toxins,
Metals, and prions (microscopic protein particles). Symptoms range from mild
gastroenteritis
To life-threatening neurologic, hepatic and renal syndromes.
5. Hantavirus – Hantaviruses are transmitted to humans from the dried
droppings, urine, or
Saliva of mice and rats.
6. Legionnaires’ Disease – Legionnaires’ disease is a bacterial disease
commonly associated
With water-based aerosols.
7. Molds and fungi – Molds and fungi produce and release millions of spores
small enough to
Be air, water, or insect-borne which may have negative effects on human
health including,
Allergic reactions, asthma, and other respiratory problems.
8. Plague- The World Health Organization reports 1,000 to 3,000 cases of
plague eve
A bioterrorist release of plague could result in a rapid spread of the pneumonic
for
Disease, which could have devastating consequences.

51
9. Ricin – Ricin is one of the most toxic and easily produced plant toxins. It
has been used in
The past as a bioterrorist weapon and remains a serbioterrorism

52
 3.3 Hazardous waste management rule 16
Hazardous waste

Hazardous waste management rule 16

“Waste” means materiols, that are not products or by products, for which the generator has
No further use for the purposes of production, transformation or consumption Wastes are
the
Materials that may be generated during, the extraction of raw materials, the processing of
Raw materials into intermediates and final products, the consumption of final products, and
Through other human activities and excludes residuals recycled or reused at the place of
Genera on. By product means a material that is not intended to be produced but gets
produced
In the production process of intended product and is used as such. The primary purpose for
a
Hazardous waste defined is to help the stakeholders establish whether waste is hazardous
or
Potentially hazardous. As per Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and
Transboundary
Movement) Rules, 2016: “Hazardous waste” means any waste which by reason of
characteris
Cs such as physical, chemical, biological, reacve, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive,
Causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or in
Contact with other waste or substances and shall include: i. Ii li. Wastes specified in column
(3) of Schedule-l; Wastes having equal to or more than the concentra on limits specifed for
The cons tuents in Class A and Class B of Schedule-ll or any of the characteris cs as
specified in
Class C of Schedule ll; and Wastes specified in Part-A of Schedule-Ill in respect of import
or
Export of such wastes or the wastes not specified in Part A but exhibits hazardous
characteris
Cs specified in Part-Cof Schedule-lll
The possible effects of hazardous waste are uncertain and vary greatly, depending on the
Nature and volume of the substance and the receiving environment. However, if managed

53
Improperly, the possible effects from toxic and hazardous substances on humans, animals
and
Plants include:
“.mortality; adverse effects on reproducon; causing cancer; causing
Deformies and gene c muta ons; causing other diseases; accumula on in the environment
and
Living ssue (this may have consequences in the food chain); indirect effects on
ecosystems”.
Hazardous waste classification and operator requirements
Waste is considered a hazardous waste based on properes that make it poten ally dangerous
Or harmful to human health or the environment. It can be a liquid, solid, contained gases,
or
Discarded unused commercial product, or discarded used material. Various characteris cs
have
Been defined under Class ‘C’ of Schedule ll and Part C’ of Schedule ll of Hazardous and
Other
Wastes, Rules, 2016. Waste is considered hazardous if it shows one or more some of the
Following characteristics.
• Flammable or ignitable: A waste exhibits the characteristic of flammability or
Ignitability if a representative sample of the waste has any of the following properties
Namely.
1. Flammable liquids, or mixture of liquids, or liquids containing solids in solution
Or suspension (for example, paints, varnishes, lacquers, etc ; but not including
Substances or wastes otherwise classified on account of their dange
Characteristics), which give off a flammable vapour at temperature
60°C. This flash point shall be measured as per ASTM D 93-79 closed
Method or as determined by an equivalent test method published by cpcb.

2. It Is not a liquid and is capable, under standard temperature and pressure, of

Causing fire through fricon, absorpon of moisture or spontaneous chemical
Changes and, when ignited, burns vigorously and persistently crea ng a hazard
3. It is an ignitable compressed gas;
4. It is not a liquid and is capable, under standard temperature and pressure, of
Causing fire through fricon, absorpon of moisture or spontaneous chemical

54
Changes and, when ignited, burns vigorously and persistently crea ng a hazard;
It is an ignitable compressed gas; It is an oxidizer and for the purposes of
Characteriser on is a substance such as a chlorate, permanganate, inorganic
Peroxide, or a nitrate, that yields oxygen readily to s mulate the combus on of
Organic maer. Easily catches on fire. Examples include: petroleum products, pes
Cides, solvents, etc.

• Corrosive: A waste exhibit the characteristic of corrosivity if a representa ve sample

Of the waste has either of the following properes, namely.
It is aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to2 or greater than or equal to 12.5;
2. It is a liquid and corrodes steel (SAE 1020) at a rate greater than 6.35 mm per year at
A test temperature of 55 ‘C;
3. It is not aqueous and, when mixed with an equivalent weiqht of water, produces a
Soluon having a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5;
4. It is not a liquid and, when mixed with an equivalent weight of water, produces a liquid
That corrodes steel (SAE1020) at a rate greater than 6.35 mm per year at a test
Temperature of 55 °C.

Note
For the purpose of determining the corrosivity, the Bureau of Indian Standard 9040 C
method
For pH determina on, NACE TM 01 69: Laboratory Corrosion Tes ng of Metals and EPA
111OA
Method for corrosivity towards steel (SAE1020) to establish the corrosivity characteris cs
shall
Be adopted. Causes deteriora on, etching, or ea ng away of body ssue and other surfaces
that
It touches. Examples include: acids & alkalis.

• Toxic: Poisonous and may cause injury or death if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed
Through the skin. Examples include: insecticides, paints, heavy metal
1. it is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent change without detonating.
2. It reacts violently with water or forms poten ally explosive mixtures with water;
3. When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases, vapours or fumes in a quanti ty

55
Sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environment;
5. It is a cyanide or sulphide bearing waste which, when exposed to pH condions
Between 2 and 12.5, can generate toxic gases, vapours or fumes in a quan ty
Sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environmental;
6. It is capable of detona on or explosive reacon if it is subjected to a strong inia ng
Source or if heated under confinement;
7. It is readily capable of detona on or explosive decomposion or reacon at standard
Temperature and pressure,
8. It is a forbidden explosive.

• Reactive: Reactive wastes are unstable under normal conditions. They can cause
Explosions or release toxic fumes, gases, or vapours when heated, compressed, or
Mixed with water. Examples include: phosphorous, sodium metal.

56
How to identify hazardous waste

Identification of waste as hazardous is a first and foremost aspect in hazardous waste

Management. An occupier must first identify whether the waste they generate is a

Hazardous waste. Hazardous waste can be difficult to identify. It may not be

Immediately obvious that the waste you are handling is potentially hazardous. Figure

1 below is designed to help you determine whether or not the waste you are managing

Is hazardous as per the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and

57
Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016. Note: An occupier can also choose to rely on

Professional experse to determine whether the waste is a hazardous waste or by

Sending the waste to a cerfied laboratory for tes ng and analysis.

Responsibility of occupier

Responsibilies of Occupier Certain responsibilies have been rested on the occupier of

Hazardous and other wastes generator for safe and environmentally sound

Management of hazardous wastes starng from polluon preven on to safe disposal. The

Occupier is required to follow the following steps:

• Pollution prevention
• Waste minimization
• 3R concept (reuse, Recycle, recovery
• Utilization include co-processing of hazardous wastes in other industries as raw
Materials or as a fuel substitute.
• Efficient treatment and safe disposal;
• Hazardous waste & other wastes shall be sent or sold to an authorized actual user or

Disposed in an authorized disposal facility only;

• Shall transport wastes through an authorized or cerfied transporter to an authorized

Actual user or to an authorized disposal facility as per the provisions of these rules;

• Shall provide specific informa on to TSDF for treatment and disposal, as required for

Safe storage and disposal;

• Shall take all the steps to contain contaminants and prevent accident & limit their

Consequences on human beings and the environment;

• Shall provide persons working with appropriate training, equipment and the informa

On necessary to ensure their safety;

• Shall make renewal application three months before the expiry of authorized;

58
Storage requirement

The occupiers of faculties genera ng hazardous & other wastes may store for a period

Of not more than ninety (90) days anda maximum quantity of ten (10) tonnes. The

State Polluon Control Board may extend the said period of ninety days in the following

Cases:

• Small generators (up to ten tonnes per annum) up to one hundred and eighty (180O)

Days of their annual capacity;

• Actual users and disposal facility operators up to one hundred and eighty (180) days of

Their annual capacity;

• Occupiers who do not have access to any TSDF in the concerned State; or
• The waste which needs to be specifically stored for development of a process for its

Recycling, recovery, pre-processing, co-processing or Utilization.

• In any case on jus fica on grounds up to one hundred and eighty (180) days;

Liebling requirement

The occupier must mark the hazardous waste containers with the labels as specified

In Form 8 (Appendix E) of the Rules with fluorescent yellow colour background written

In RED Words as ‘HAZARDOUS WASTES’ and ‘HANDLE WITH CARE’ in Hindi, English
and

Vernacular language. The word ‘OTHER WASTES to be written prominently in orange

In Hindi, English and vernacular language.

Hazardous waste accumulator/ storage area

In a large establishment where a number of wastes are being generated, an area be

Designated as a storage area known as central hazardous waste accumula on area.

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This is an area where hazardous wastes are accumulated prior to being picked up for

Treatment, recycling or disposal. Requirements for these areas include:

• The accumulator on area must be locked or protected from unauthorized entry. Afence

Around the area is not required if it is in an area that is already restricted from

Unauthorized personnel.

• Containers must be labeled with the appropriate hazardous waste label.

• There must be appropriate signage identify the area as hazardous waste storage, and

A “No Smoking” signage.

• Weekly inspections must be conducted at these areas using the weekly inspecon

Checklist.

• There must be sufficient aisle space to allow unobstructed movement of personnel.

• Fire protection equipment, s pill control equipment, and decontamination on

Equipment to any area of the operation

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 4.1 Laboratory Introduction
➢ G.C.M.S

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an analytical method that combines the

Features of gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances

Within a test sample.[1] Applications of GC-MS include drug detection, fire investigation,

Environmental analysis, explosives investigation, and identification of unknown samples,

Including that of material samples obtained from planet Mars during probe missions as early

As the 1970s. GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on

Human beings. Additionally, it can identify trace elements in materials that were previously

Thought to have disintegrated beyond identification. Like liquid chromatography-mass

Spectrometry, it allows analysis and detection even of tiny amounts of a substance.

GC-MS has been regarded as a “gold standard” for forensic substance identification because

It is used to perform a 100% specific test, which positively identifies the presence of a

Particular substance. A nonspecific test merely indicates that any of several in a category of

Substances is present. Although a nonspecific test could statistically suggest the identity of the

Substance, this could lead to false positive identification. However, the high temperatures

(300°C) used in the GC-MS injection port (and oven) can result in thermal degradation of

Injected molecules,[3] thus resulting in the measurement of degradation products instead of

The actual molecule(s) of interest.

The GC-MS is composed of two major building blocks: the gas chromatograph and the mass

Spectrometer. The gas chromatograph utilizes a capillary column whose properties regarding

Molecule separation depend on the column’s dimensions (length, diameter, film thickness) as

Well as the phase properties (e.g. 5% phenyl polysiloxane). The difference in the chemical

Properties between different molecules in a mixture and their relative affinity for the

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Stationary phase of the column will promote separation of the molecules as the sample travels

The length of the column. The molecules are retained by the column and then elute (come off)

From the column at different times (called the retention time), and this allows the mass

Spectrometer downstream to capture, ionize, accelerate, deflect, and detect the ionized

Molecules separately. The mass spectrometer does this by breaking each molecule into

Ionized fragments and detecting these fragments using their mass-to-charge ratio.

➢ CH.N.S

Elemental analyses of total nitrogen and carbon (and sulfur) is performed to provide

Carbonate and organic carbon and to get some idea of the composition of the organic matter

(i.e., to distinguish between marine and terrigenous sources, based on total organic

Carbon/total nitrogen [C/N] ratios).

The total nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur are determined using a CHNS analyzer, model NA 1500

From Carlo Erba Instruments. For the CHNS analysis, freeze-dried and crushed samples are

Weighed (5-10 mg) and mixed with an oxidizer (vanadium pentoxide [V205]) in a tin capsule,

Which is then combusted in a reactor at 1000”C. The sample and container melt, and the tin

Promotes a violent reaction (flash combustion) in a temporarily enriched oxygen atmosphere.

The combustion products CO2, SO2, and NO2 are carried by a constant flow of carrier gas

(helium) that passes through a glass column packed with an oxidation catalyst of tungsten

Trioxide (WO3) and a copper reducer, both kept at 1000’C. At this temperature, the nitrogen

Oxide is reduced to N2. The N2, CO2, and S02 are then transported by the helium to, and

Separated by, a 2-m-long packed column (Poropak Q/S 50/80 mesh) and quantified with a TCD

(set at 290°C.)The chromatographic responses are calibrated against preanalyzed standards,

And the CHNS elemental contents are reported in weight percent. Eager 200 software is used

62
For running the equipment, storing the data, and for postrun analysis.

TOC is usually calculated by difference between the total carbon (TC) value determined by the

Carlo Erba CHNS and the carbonate carbon (IC) determined with the coulometer Model 5030

As described below.

The coulometer provides an absolute determination of carbon dioxide (C02), which is used to

Determine carbonate weight percent in sediment samples. Freeze-dried, crushed samples

(10 mg) are acidified (with 2-N HCI) in a glass tube to convert the carbonate to C02. Air that

Has been scrubbed of CO2 carries the generated CO2 through another scrubber to remove

Any S02 and then to the coulometer cell. The coulometer cell contains two compartments

That are partitioned with a ceramic frit. The larger compartment is filled with

Monoethanolamide (ME), a colorimetric indicator, and contains a platinum cathode. The

Smaller compartment is filled with a proprietary solution (anode solution) and contains a silver

Anode. In the coulometer cell, the CO2 is absorbed, reacting with the ME to form a titrable

Acid that causes the colour to fade. A photodetector cell monitors the change in the solution

Colour. As the percent transmittance (T) increases, the titration current is activated to generate

Base at a proportional rate. When the solution returns to its original color (T = 29%), the

Current stops indicating and the titration ends. A carbon program developed using La

Software reads the count value from the red display on the coulometer at the

Titration and provides the IC and CaCO3 (in weight percent) of the samples analysed.

➢ A.A.S

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a

Spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements by free

Atoms in the gaseous state. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based on absorption of light by

63
Free metallic.

A scientist preparing solutions for atomic absorption spectroscopy, reflected in the glass

Window of the AAS’s flame atomizer cover door

In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular

Element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70

Different elements in solution, or directly in solid samples via electrothermal vaporization,

And is used in pharmacology, biophysics, archaeology and toxicology research.

Atomic emission spectroscopy was first used as an analytical technique, and the underlying

Principles were established in the second half of the 19th century by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen

And Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, both professors at the University of Heidelberg, Germany.

The modern form of AAS was largely developed during the 1950s by a team of Australian

Chemists. They were led by Sir Alan Walsh at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research Organisation (CSIRO), Division of Chemical Physics, in Melbourne, Australia.

Atomic absorption spectrometry has many uses in different areas of chemistry such as clinical

Analysis of metals in biological fluids and tissues such as whole blood, plasma, urine, saliva,

Brain tissue, liver, hair, muscle tissue. Atomic absorption spectrometry can be used in

Qualitative and quantitative analysis.

➢ UV visible Spectrophotometer

Spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance

Spectroscopy in part of the ultraviolet and the full, adjacent visible reqions of the

Electromagnetic spectrum. Being relatively inexpensive and easily implemented, this

Methodology is widely used in diverse applied and fundamental applications. The only

Requirement is that the sample absorb in the UV-Vis region, i.e. be a chromophore. Absorption

64
Spectroscopy is complementary to fluorescence spectroscopy. Parameters of interest, besides

The wavelength of measurement, are absorbance (A) or transmittance (%T) or reflectance

(6R), and its change with time.

Most molecules and ions absorb energy in the ultraviolet or visible range, i.e., they are

Chromophores. The absorbed photon excites an electron in the chromophore to higher energy

Molecular orbitals, giving rise to an excited state.[4] For organic chromophores, four possible

Types of transitions are assumed: r-“, n-, O-o*, andn-o*. Transition metal complexes are

Often colored (i.e., absorb visible light) owing to the presence of multiple electronic states

Associated with incompletely filled d orbitals.

➢ Flash point tester

A flash point tester is an instrument that determines the flash point of a sample, which is the
temperature point at which the sample vaporizes to another composition state in the air that can
be ignited. At that moment, the flash point apparatus can determine and measure the vapor
pressure change in which this occurs, also known as the lowest limit of flammability. Therefore,
vapor concentration can be determined by temperature. There are two main types of flash point
analyzers: open cup flash point testers and closed cup flashpoint testers. The open type is
intended to simulate an open and natural environment, whereas a closed type is more
commonly used in laboratory testing.

➢ Muffle furnace

Muffle furnace or muffle oven (sometimes retort furnace in historical usage) is a furnace in
which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion,
including gases and flying ash.[1] After the development of high-temperature heating elements
and widespread electrification in developed countries, new muffle furnaces quickly moved to
electric designs.

➢ B.O.M.B colorimetric

65
The calorimeter used to determine the energy change during a reaction accurately is known as
a bomb calorimeter. The modern Bomb calorimeter is a development of the original calorimeter
of Berthelot. The modern bomb calorimeter is made of corrosion resisting steel in which the
combination Bomb Calorimeter.

The bomb calorimeter is an instrument used to measure the heat of reaction at a fixed volume
and the measured heat which is called the change of internal energy (ΔE). In chemistry, the
changes of heat of a reaction can be measured at fixed pressure or volume.

➢ C.O.D digester

COD Digestion Apparatus are used for determining Chemical Oxygen Demand in effluents
like

Waste water, industrial water, sewage water which are discarded after processing. This help in

Understanding the real time presence of chemicals/gas in natural water bodies.

COD units manufactured by iLabot Technologies serves as a compact instrument that can

Accomodate upto 15 test samples at a time. Constant water circulation is not needed and they

Are provided with a timer and buzzer option. Further to that, these are fully equipped witha

Microprocessor based digital temperatures controller with indicator for functional accuracy.

1. To Determine of Chemical Oxygen Demand.

2. Solid State Block Heated unit with Provision for samples to be digested at a time.

3.38mm Dia reaction vessels with 2Oml sample size heat at temp. Of 150oct 10 c.

4. Temperature is controlled by Digital Temp. Indicator cum controller.

5. It has provision for 15 samples

6. Supplied with 15 nos. Glass reaction vessels.

7. Fitted with a ON/Off switch.

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8. To work on 220/230 volts AC.

C.H.N.S analyzer

67
68
G.C.M.S INSTRUMENTS

A.A.S instrument

69
U.V VIS. spectrophotometer

BOMB CALORIMETER

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Muffle furnance Flash point tester

COD digestor

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 4.2 Conclusion

During the 2 weeks of industrial training at “RE SUSTAINABILITY LIMITED’S “

AKBARPUR I have learnt a lot of new waste management works and also learnt about
how to minimize and recycle of waste . I utilized my time and energy to acquire
Much knowledge and skill as possible.

I managed to adopt myself to the Working environment with the support from supervisor and
department Mambers

I had encountered several difficulties during the indastrial training

Period. The first difficulties that I faced was the inexperience and knowledge
About waste management plan such made a direct land fill and incinerate the material Since
I had not learned these in university or other places.

it’s a big challenge for me to pick up the Method within short time
. However, with the study, waste management plan and guidance
From my supervisor and managers, I had finally known about Hazardous Waste management
and managed the difficulties that I have faced successfully.

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 4.3Reference
1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki

2. https://www.bu.edu › ehs › ehs-topics

3. https://www.unep.org › press-release

4. https://ehs.usc.edu › hazmat-mgmt › chem

5. https://enva.com › case-studies › ch ... enva

6. https://inspirewaste.co.uk › hazardo...

7. https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki

8. https://www.ifc.org › ehs-guidelines

9. https://cpcb.nic.in › rules

10. https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki

11. https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki

12. https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki

13. Wikipedia
https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki
Hazardous waste – Wikipedia

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