ICT REVIEWER (LAST QUARTER)

LESSON 1 – Lucky Dice

Seven Segment Display

 One of the very common electronic
displays
 devices that are used today.
 They can be found in digital clocks,
electronic
 meters, microwave ovens, timers,
and
 calculators.
 They can also be found in car’s
speedometers
 and sign boards in the streets.
 It is one of the most basic electronic
display devices that can display digits
from 0 - 9 and some of the upper- and Tilt Sensor
lower-case English alphabet.  This is a type of switch that will open
 It is called seven segments because it is or close
consisting of  depending on its position or
 seven bar shaped LED (called orientation.
segment) arranged to  Basically, this switch is a hollow
 form a squared-off figure 8. cylinder/rectangle with a metal ball
 An additional segment is used to that will
indicated a decimal  make contact with the leads when tilted
 point when two or more seven segments in the
are  proper direction.
 connected together.  These are not precise as tilt an
 There are two types of seven-segment accelerometer,
display:  these sensors can detect motion and
 orientation.
Common cathode and Common anode.  Like a pushbutton, polarity doesn’t
 ▪ Common cathode is supplied by (-) or matter in a tilt
grounded  sensor so it can be programmed
 in pin 3 and 8 while common anode is and wired like
supplied  the former.
 by (+ or a positive voltage) in the same
pins. LESSON 2 – Synthesizer
 VCC means Voltage at the common
collector
 ▪ A seven-segment pin is widely Synthesizer - electronic musical instrument
available in ten that converts electrical signals into a
 pins package. variety of digitized sound.
 ▪ Two pins in the middle are
common and Sound is produced by transmitting
 internally shorted, while the eight vibration of the
remaining pins particles of the medium. At any time, an object
 corresponds to your eight in air
segments. vibrates, it causes compression waves in
 ▪ Each LED/segment pins are labeled the air.
from a  These waves are called sound waves
 through h. and it moves
 To exhibit numbers from 0 to 9, pins a to  away from the object as sound.
g must  The speed of the vibrations (hertz)
 lightened sequentially. is the pitch of the sound.
  The higher the frequency of the  These buzzers operate in reverse
vibration is, the principle of piezoelectric properties.
 higher the pitch.  It contains a very thin plate that is
 Wavelength is the length between made up of a ceramic instead of
two consecutive crests or two quartz crystal.
consecutives through or a wave.  When an electric field is applied to this
Wavelength is represented by the plate ceramic, they push on one
Greek letter λ (lambda). conductor and pull on the other.
 Shorter wavelength has louder  It is usually encapsulated in a cylindrical
sound while softer plastic
 sound is the longer its wavelength.  coating with a hole on the top surface
 Amplitude is the energy of the for sound to
sound. It is the  propagate.
 The standard schematic symbol for a
measure of change over a single period. piezo buzzer
Louder  looks like a loudspeaker.
sound has greater amplitude and softer
sound has
shorter amplitude.

Velocity or speed - distance covered by

sound wave in unit time. It is also called
distance traveled per second. It also can be the
product of frequency and sound wave. Below is
the formula for velocity.
Frequency is the number of waves that pass
in unit
time. For example, if you produce 50 sound
waves in Mounting Piezo Buzzer
a second the frequency us 20 Hz. Below is the  As piezo elements are not polarized, you
formula for frequency. can mount

How Do Arduino Process Sounds?

 You can generate sound with Arduino
in a number of ways, one way is to
drive/attach a loudspeaker or piezo
or connect it in any direction.
buzzer to it.
 To read the output of a piezo buzzer
 Arduino cannot actually make a
you can just hook the positive pin to
sinusoidal wave instead a square
any PMW digital input of the
wave is produced.
 Arduino board and connect the ground
 These waves oscillate between a high
to GND pin of
and low value and switches
 the Arduino boards.
instantaneously.
 A 220-ohm resistor is used to limit
 Using potentiometer in-line with
the current that can flow through the
speaker or buzzer, you can control
speaker.
amplitude by changing the amount
of current permitted to flow
Using Piezo Buzzer
through the speaker or piezo
 Just like other inputs/outputs initialize
buzzer.
the piezo
 buzzer as an int, connect your piezo
buzzer to pin 9 is
 capable of PWM output to drive tones.
Piezo Buzzer
 Using analogWrite () in line 8, you can
 It is a tiny speaker that can be used
change the
to generate loud annoying noises.
 duty cycle or alter the volume of the
 You can directly connect a piezo buzzer
buzzer (in this
to your Arduino board to play tone or
 case we state that it is 128, which is
detect tones.
50% of the
  maximum volume. Increasing volume one pin at a time, so it is not really ideal for
means you driving
 need to increase the voltage applied to multiple speakers. Lastly, tone () function
the board. can’t play
back music, if you want to play back wave
files, you
LESSON 3 – Producing Sound need to use a music-playing Arduino shield.
Outputs Tone Library
▪ Tone library is an extra file that contains
How do Arduino produce sounds? all pitch
 Arduino board can be used to produce values for typical notes.
sounds using ▪ Written by Brett Hagman, this note table is
consist of notes that are denoted with letter
Arduino PWM (pulse width modulation) representing their pitch and their respective
output pin and acquire sounds using audio frequencies.
inputs/outputs. ▪ To install this file, click “new tab” and paste
 Switching the Arduino PWM output pins the codes and save it as “pitches.h”.
on and off
quickly can generate a square wave, if the
frequency of this square wave is within the
human hearing range (20 -20,000 Hz) and
send directly into a Piezo speaker or a
loudspeaker, an audible tone will be produced.

Sound Output
▪ Sound produced from speakers, musical
instruments and even our vocal folds and
larynx.
▪ All of sound producing instruments share
one thing in common, vibration.
▪ Amount of vibration and speed produce
different sounds that we can recognize.
▪ tone () uses hardware timer to generate a
square
wave of the specified frequency on a pin.
▪ You can play notes of a given frequency,
though only
one tone can be produced at a time on a
standard
Arduino board.
▪ noTone () function stops the generation
of a square wave triggered by tone ()
function.
▪ Sketches that needed timer function on pin
9 or 10
cannot use the tone function
▪Below is the syntax you can use in calling
tone ()
function or notone () function.

▪ The tone () function does have limitation

like other
function, Like Pulse width modulation
functionality, it
relies on a hardware timer.
▪ If you use tone () function, PWM does not
work on pin 3 and 11. You can only use tone
() function on only