MEC-E5003

FLUID POWER BASICS

Study Year 2016 - 2017
Hydromechanics

Mechanical Engineering / Engineering Design / Mechatronics / Fluid Power

Lecture themes
Fluid – Does it matter which?
Viscosity – How and why?
Flow – What is it needed for?
Is there a connection between pressure and flow?

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Mechanical Engineering / Engineering Design / Mechatronics / Fluid Power
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Hydrodynamics

Flowing fluid under internal and external load

- mass
- internal and external friction
- compressibility
(well, not necessarily all of these in every case…)

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Viscosity
F
A v = max Fluid
v=0 layers

F
v F
y A τ v

v dv
F = η⋅ A⋅ τ = η⋅
y dy

Viscosity factor η represents the properties of fluid, “tenacity”

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 Dynamic viscosity η
Unit [Pa⋅s]
1 cP = 10-3 Pa·s

Kinematic viscosity ν
η
ν=
ρ
Unit [m2/s]

1 cSt = 10-6 m2/s

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Temperature and pressure dependence of
viscosity 10 000 10 000
ν ν
-6 2 -6 2
[10 m /s] [10 m /s]
[cSt] [cSt]
1000 1000

38 C

100 100

100 C
10 10

210 C
1 1
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
θ / [ C] p / [MPa]

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Impact of viscosity

Viscosity affects
- flow induced resistance inside the system
- internal and external leaks of the system
→ system efficiency
- lubrication of components
→ reliability and life span of the system

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Flow and flow types

Laminar flow Turbulent flow

v v
vmax vmax

v ⋅ DH
Reynolds number Re =
ν

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Flow rate
Actual flow profile Simplified flow profile
v
A

v
1
v max

∆V = A ⋅ l = A ⋅ v ⋅ ∆t
dV
= V& = A ⋅ v
dt
qV = A ⋅ v

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Continuity equation
Simplifying assumption
dm v1
m& = = constant
dt
A1
q V = A1 ⋅ v1 = A2 ⋅ v 2

Unit [m3/s]
1 l/min = 1/60000 m3/s v2
A2

In reality: q m = ρ ⋅ V& + V ⋅ ρ&

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Division and joining of flow
qV,1
qV,6
qV,2

qV,3 qV,5
Kirchhoff’s I law
qV,4 qV,1 + qV,2 + q V,3 + q V,4 = qV,5 + qV,6

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Flow: An application example
qV,1 p1 p2 qV,2 Cylinder

F
A3 A2
A1

Continuity equation Flow demand

q V,1 = A1v q V,1 = A1v

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Flow rate: An application example

Pump Motor
Produced flow Flow demand

qV,p = np ⋅ Vg, p qV,m = nm ⋅ Vg, m

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Energy equation
Flow through orifice

z1 zvc z2
qV
v1 vvc v2
p1 pvc p2

1 vc 2

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 ρ ⋅ v2
Bernoulli: p + ρ ⋅ g ⋅ z + = constant
2
A1 Avc<< A1
z1 zvc z2
vc = qV
vena contracta v1 vvc v2
p1 pvc p2

1 vc 2

Using
ρ ⋅ v12 ρ ⋅ v vc2
observation p1 + ρ ⋅ g ⋅ z1 + = p vc + ρ ⋅ g ⋅ z vc +
points 2 2
1 and vc: ρ ⋅ vvc2
Simplification → p1 = pvc +
2

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 ρ ⋅ v vc2 A1 Avc<< A1 A2 = A1
p1 = p vc +
2 z1 zvc z2
qV qV
Flow velocity v1 vvc v2
in vena contracta p1 pvc p2

2 ⋅ ( p1 − p vc ) 1 vc 2

→ v vc =
ρ
Flow rate qV = A ⋅ v

2 ⋅ ( p1 − p vc )
→ q Vvc = Avc ⋅
ρ

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 A1 Avc<< A1 A2 = A1
z1 zvc z2
2 ⋅ ( p1 − p vc ) qV qV
q Vvc = Avc ⋅
ρ v1
p1
vvc
pvc
v2
p2

1 vc 2

Point of vena contracta is difficult to measure

- transfer latter observation point (vc) to point 2
- change requires a correction factor to the equation

2 ⋅ ( p1 − p 2 )
→ q V = Cq ⋅ A ⋅
ρ

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 Denote ∆p = p1 − p 2

2 ⋅ ∆p
→ qV = Cq ⋅ A ⋅
ρ

ρ ⋅ v2
According to Bernoulli p + ρ ⋅ g ⋅ z + = constant
2
pressures p1 = p2, since flow channel properties in
observation points 1 and 2 are equivalent

, so why ∆p?

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Static pressure p does not normalize (reach its original value) after
energy conversion although flow channel properties normalize

A1 Avc<< A1 A2 = A1
z1 zvc z2
qV qV
v1 vvc v2
p1 pvc p2

1 vc 2

An energy loss takes place and is manifested as pressure loss ∆p

ρ ⋅ v12 ρ ⋅ v 22 Energy
→ p1 + ρ ⋅ g ⋅ z1 + = p2 + ρ ⋅ g ⋅ z 2 + + ∆p
2 2 equation

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 A1 Avc<< A1 A2 = A1
z1 zvc z2
qV qV
v1 vvc v2
p1 pvc p2

1 vc 2

ρ ⋅ v12 ρ ⋅ v 22
p1 + ρ ⋅ g ⋅ z1 + = p2 + ρ ⋅ g ⋅ z 2 + + ∆p
2 2
In hydrostatic systems the heads of elevation
and flow velocities are typically low

→ p1 = p 2 + ∆p or p1 = p 2 + ps

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 Interconnectedness of pressure and flow

p
p1 p2
p1 = p 2 + ∆p p3 p4 p5

(∆p = p1 − p 2 ) x
p1 p2 p3 p4 p5

v1 v2 v3 v4 v5

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 0,8
Cq Flow coefficient Cq
0,7
[]
0,6
0,5
Theoretical value 0,611
0,4
0,3 2 ⋅ ∆p
qV = Cq ⋅ A ⋅
Slightly rounded
edges
0,2
Sharp edged ρ
0,1
Theoretical
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Re [ ]

Flow coefficient Cq ≠ Discharge coefficient Cd

Flow coefficient Cq ≈ Velocity coefficient Cv ⋅Contraction coefficient Cc

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So,
p1 A p2
qV qV

1 2

2 ⋅ ∆p
Pressure difference induces flow qV = Cq ⋅ A ⋅
ρ
↔
2
ρ  q V 
Flow induces pressure difference ∆p = ⋅
2  C q ⋅ A 

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Flow and pressure in volume
Pressure induced by flow into and out of a volume
x ∆Vc

Throttle qV,1 qV,2 Throttle

pc
restricting p1 V0 p2
restricting
the inflow the outflow

Pressure
generated in p& =
Ke
V0,c
⋅ [∑ q V − V&c ]
volume

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Lecture themes - Recap
Do the fluid properties have impact on the system?
Flow rate, from where?
Is there any use for flow rate?
Interconnection between flow and pressure,
does it exist?

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