FLUID MACHINERY

LESSON 1
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID FLOW
 
DEFINITION OF TERMS AND OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION
 
Fluid Machinery refers to machines that handle fluids in either liquid or gas form
Fluid Mechanics is the study of the behaviour of fluids whether rest or in motion.
Fluid Statics is the study of fluid at rest.
Fluid Dynamics is the study of fluids in motion.
Hydraulics is a branch of science concerned with water or other fluids in motion.
Fluids are substance which are capable of flowing, and have particles that easily move and change their
relative position without separation of mass.
 
Fluid Machinery is an equipment capable of handling fluid, either moving the fluid or moved by the
fluid.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLUID MACHINERY
1. PUMPS
2. HYDRAULIC TURBINE
3. FANS AND BLOWERS
4. COMPRESSORS
5. FLUID COUPLING AND TORQUE CONVERTER
 
HYDRAULIC MACHINE
Hydraulic Machine is a machine powered by a motor activated by the
confined flow of a stream of liquid, such as oil or water under pressure.
• DIVISION OF HYDRAULIC MACHINE
• 1. A machine designed to utilize energy for the purpose of moving
fluids (PUMPS)
• 2. A machine designed to develop power from hydraulic machine
(HYDRAULIC POWER)
• 3. A machine designed to control power and transmit energy by
hydraulic means (HYDRAULIC CONTROLS, HYDRAULIC
ACTUATORS)
• 4. A machine designed to use power for various purposes
(HYDRAULIC JACK, HYDRAULIC MOTORS)
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
1. Specific weight
2. Density
3. Specific Volume
4. Specific Gravity
5. Temperature
6. Pressure
7. Surface Tension
8. Compressibility
9. Viscosity
Reynolds Number – is a dimensionless parameter used to determine
the type of flow of fluid.
Re = =
 TYPE OF FLUID FLOW
1. Laminar Flow – type of flow of fluid in which the fluid particles move
along straight, parallel paths in layers or laminae, in which Re < 2000
(low velocity).
2. Turbulent Flow – type of flow of fluid in which the fluid particles
move in a haphazard fashion in all directions. It is impossible to trace the
motion of an individual particle because of its high velocity and variable
direction. Re > 4000 (High Velocity)
3. Critical Flow (Transitional Flow) – is the combination of laminar
flow and turbulent flow. Re = 2000 to 4000
Continuity Equation
- is an equation derived from the first law of thermodynamics for a
steady
- flow, open system. It is used to determine the mass flow rate and
volume flow rate of fluid.
1. Mass flow rate, m = AV = Q
2. Volume flow rate, Q = AV
HEAD OF FLUID
Head of Fluid – is the height to which a column of fluid must rise to
certain the same amount of energy as contained in one unit weight or mass
of fluid under the conditions being considered.
Forms of Head
1. Potential or Actual Head – based on the elevation of the fluid
above some arbitrary chosen datum plane.
2. kinetic or Velocity Head – is a measure of the kinetic energy
contained in a unit mass of the fluid due to its velocity and is given by the
familiar expression for kinetic energy.
3. Pressure Head – it is the energy contained in the fluid as a result of
its pressure.
Bernoulli’s Equation – is an equation used to determine the head of fluid.
It states that “Neglecting Friction, the total head, or the total amount of
energy per unit weight or mass, is the same at every point in the path of
flow”. (For Ideal System)
“In an actual flow system, energy losses are considered, and the first law
of thermodynamics for steady flow, open system is applied”.
Ein = Eout + Eloss
Statement of Bernoulli’s equation if friction is considered: “With
continuous steady flow, the total head at any point in a stream is equal to the
total head at any downstream point plus the head loss between two points”.
Total Dynamic Head of a Steady Flow, Open Machine using
Bernoulli’s Equation
Whenever problems involving fluids (liquid, vapour and gas) are
encountered, always remember the first law of thermodynamics defined
by the general energy equation. This general energy equation is the most
important equation in thermodynamics.
TDH = + + +
Total Dynamic Head (TDH) is head corresponding to the energy input
to the system.
External Head Required For Pump
Note for pumping system/installation shown in figure:
1. The datum line is the centreline of the pump. Vertical distance below the datum line has a
negative (-) sign.
2. The reference pressure is the atmospheric pressure. At sea level, it is zero psig or 14.7
psia or 101.325 kPaa. Pressure above the atmospheric pressure has a positive (+) sign and
negative (-) sign for vacuum.
3. All losses of head due to friction, turbulence, etc. in the suction line have negative (-)
signs; and all losses due to friction, turbulence, etc. in the discharge line have positive (+)
signs.
4. In the equation of TDH = ( ± ) + , a positive (+) sign is used if point A is below the
pump centreline and a negative (-) sign is used if point A is above the pump centreline.
5. is called static suction head when point A is above the pump centerline; and is called
static suction lift if point A is below the pump centerline.
Theoretical Power of a Pump
The Theoretical power input of the pump is obtained by using the
equation:
WP =
Brake Power of the Pump
Brake power of the pump is the theoretical power divided by the
pump efficiency and obtained by the equation:
BP = =
 Sample Problems:
1. A pipe 200 m long slopes down, 1 and 100, tapers from 0.80-m diameter at the higher end to 0.40m-
diameter at the lower end, and carries 100 lps of oil (SG = 0.85). If the pressure gauge at the lower end
reads 50 Kpa, determine the velocities at the two ends and the pressure at the higher end. Neglect losses.
 
2. At a point in a horizontal pipeline, the pressure of water flowing at a velocity of 4.6 m/s is 117.3 Kpa;
at another point close by, where the pipe has a smaller section, the pressure is 110.4 Kpa.
a. Neglecting losses, find the velocity of flow at the second point.
b. If the head loss is 0.20 m, find the velocity at the second point.
 
3. What power is required to pump 40 lps of water through a 100 mm pipe from a pump to a point 10 m
above. The figure is shown below. Assume an overall efficiency of 65%. Determine the pressure
intensities at point P1 and P2. Neglect losses.