MAT 137Y: Calculus with proofs

Assignment 6
Due on Sunday, Feb 23 by 11:59pm via GradeScope

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Full Name: Hu Jianan

Student number: 1011142844

Full Name: Chen Hengy :

Student number: 1011098367
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Signatures: 1)
Jianon Hu

2)
1. In this problem, we are going to use five di↵erent ways to solve the following indefinite integral:
Z
dx
I= p
x x2 1
You will get five di↵erent answers by using these five methods. This is normal in computing indefinite
integrals since they are represented by any antiderivative of the integrand plus a constant. Because the
choice of antiderivatives is arbitrary and any two antiderivatives di↵er only by a constant, it’s possible
to see that di↵erent methods produce di↵erent representations of the antiderivatives.
Hint: notice that the domain of your integrand is ( 1, 1) [ (1, 1). In some parts, you may need to
consider the two di↵erent cases: x > 1 and x < 1.
1
(a) Use the u-sub with u = to compute this integral.
x
I
= I
=
S-edu = zarcsin() + 1

let u= * 1 Since the domain is 1-0 -11 U4 . .

8)
,
d X when XE (1 8)
-edy
=
,

du = I

* = -

X When XEC-1 0)
x2du dx
,

I
- =

- du = dy
arcsinc)
= E arcsin(1
-
+
C ,
X1

I= Stay +
C X
1
,
-
=
S-u . da I
where C
,
CER
.

I
=
S- du

=
S- ,
du
!
p
(b) Use the u-sub with u = x2 1 to compute this integral.
,
" 1) V (1
I as X = *, b)

=
u+ )
- +

= ,

x
I
=

we can divide into 2 cases with different

I
I
constant
let (
I
.. =
Sdy
= garctanc
u=

"
u+ 1 X

Si
=

de arctan() + (2
= , x -
zu du = 2xdY
where C GER
dX * du
,
=

I =

Sit dy
= arctan(u) + (

!
= arctanc + )
J du
,
=
I

"
Side
!
=

↓
(c) Use the x = sec t to compute this integral. Recall that the inverse function of sec’s domain and
range to find where the t belongs to.

when te ( ,*/
=S
1
I
I
X = Sec(+ -1

tanct) <
let X =
secct) I
0

Since Xf (1 , 0) V (= *, 1) -

I
deci
+ )-1
= -

fanct)
, VIX E)
<

I S etstat)
we take tE(O ,
I
= ·
Secht) tanct) at
dx = SecctIfanctidt

I =
ect-1 Secitstacted
South
I

I
=
S -

1dt

when to (0 , ) I
= t+ C
sec(t)
-

X= > / I

tan(t)30 . -
= sec" (x) +
c(Xc 13 -

Neit tanit)

!
=
·

&Secx)
.

+ 4 x)
1
,
=

= Set
fancts
Secctifantide
"(x)see + G Xc -
-

Side
I
=

"Y
where C, GER.

= t + C

X =Secct) .
t = see "(x)
1 = sec"(x) + c(x))
p
(d) Use the u-sub with u = x x2 1 to compute this integral.

I =
let u =
X -

d
= 1-1-
... dx = du

=
= du

=
Su du
Note that =
X +
=
(x-d)(X + ) = = X+ 4
 Additional space:
1 as x = ( x, - +

1) V (1 ,
0)
j(u +)
,

: X = +

I we can divide into 2 cases with different

2= S- du

!
constant
zarctan (x-J1 + G
Sun du x1

E
-

= ,

I =

Larctan (x-() + G -
-2) uni du
x
-

,
=

↑ where C GEM
-zarctan
,

= (u) + C

-
=
zarctan (X- () + C !

(e) Use the u-sub with u = p

x 1
to compute this integral.
"
x2 1
we need to -

I
I terms of
express in .
u

=
142 =
-
11/2 I
X= 1 -
(x
-

1)X
42(x 1) - =
(X -
1)
=
1
(13 a
=
(x + 1) = (X -

1)(a)x + 13 -

X -
1
=
1 u x+ u2 -
X+ 1 = 0

(d)

Therefore I
-
, dx =
du I

12 =
Sidn +
& * du
= Sit
I
=
Sl 1- du +

21- d

↑
=

=
2) 1-1-iu)d
2) du

Sidn f
=

= + + du
= 2 arctan(u)

I
zarctan (1 G
E zarctan()
: 2 =
+
, x/
1
+ G , Xc
2. A hole is drilled through the center of a ball of radius r, leaving a solid with a hollow cylindrical core
of height h. Show that the volume of this solid is independent of the radius of the ball.
 1 p
3. Starting with 0 < a < b, form the arithmetic mean a1 = (a + b) and the geometric mean b1 = ab.
2
For n = 2, 3, 4, · · · , set
1 p
an = (an 1 + bn 1 ) and bn = an 1 bn 1
2
(a) Show that
an 1 > an > bn > bn 1

for n = 2, 3, 4, · · ·
Hint: you may need to use math induction.

Prove by Mathematical Induction .

1 Induction Step :

Let Pn :
an-1 > Ancbr > but 1 Assume PK is true
,
when n =
2 (Base Case
An Arc but but
1
Any =
G .
= z(a b) +

wis
:
PKH is true
bn -

1 = b. =
dat I
& WTS &k > @k 1 +

an = (d + b) Since al > bi
I
bn = datibi as Alt

Lemma :

ocamb 1 WTS Art but

:

WiS : latbadat . a
,
b
theLemma.
,

using

!
byo by a
+= Natu
since azo
Uk bu +
,
,
=

19-b(2 > o

a+ b-zabo &: WTS bat < by

# a+ b lab - >o
1 Ambi
+ a #b lab> ab + +
Arbi bi

It la b)] <ab
I bit Stibi bi
+ =
>

clatb) <dat &since alo , byo] since the base case (P21 is true ,

A A2 ----- Put is true Whenever Ph is true,

N : WTS
: ,
<
I

9 = * (a+ b) = y(a + b) + + (a+ b) > +(a b) + hab

+ =
&z [ByLemna] By Mathematical Induction,

·
An- > An bu but
be
> >
Wis As
:
:

since az = bu =
daibi ,
a , 20 and biso .
for n = 2 ,
3 , ,
4
.
.

Bylemma,

an =
1 daibi = be .

bab ,
& Wis :

b bylemma know a, b,

"
we
since a <
,

bib ,
ai a
bz =
daib , dat =
bi
(b) Show that the two sequences converge and lim an = lim bn .
n!1 n!1

letlim an = za

n- X

bn
lim a
=

: An =
En-1 b) +
,
be =
dataibr

La =
I La+ 1) ,
Lo = datb
.

Hence La = Lb.
4. In this problem, we can see some applications of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. We can use
FTC to prove some inequalities and prove the existence of the solution for some di↵erential equations.

(a) Let f (x) be di↵erentiable on [0, 1]. We also have 0 < f 0 (x) < 1 for any 0 < x < 1. f (0) = 0.
Prove ✓Z 1 ◆2 Z 1
f (x) dx > f 3 (x) dx
0 0
✓Z x ◆2 Z x
Hint: Define a new function F (x) = f (t) dt f 3 (t) dt.
0 0

Let F(x) =
(Sfitdt) So"f"ctidt -

F'(x) =
29 "fitidt [Sofiat]
.
.
-

[So"ficude]
=
29 findt .
.

f(x) -

f(x)

= f(x) [2 So"fctide-fi(x)]
*
Since *(fix1) = 2
fix) f(x) ,
f(x) =

29. fitifitidt

Therefore ,
F'(x = f(x) [2)" fitidt-2( fits fictdt]
Since of fith/
f(t) >
f(t) fict)
:"fctidt-2 %"fitifithdt
> .
Hence ,
29
0

: f10lo ,
flo >0 EXE 10 1) .

,
f is continuous on to 1),

Ebecausef is differentiable on
To
173
f(x)
,

> 0x

Hence ,

F'(x) > 0
.

iF (0) = 0
.

: F(x)30XX

(Sofite) >
git)d +
(b) (Optional) Let f (x) be continuous on [0, 1] and di↵erentiable on (0, 1) and satisfies
Z 1/2
f (1) 2 xf (x) dx = 0
0

Prove that there exists one ⇠ 2 (0, 1) such that

f (⇠)
f 0 (⇠) =
⇠
Z x
Hint: Define a new function G(x) = [f (1) tf (t)] dt. Then use Rolle’s Theorem.
0
 5. (a) Let a, b 2 R and a < b. Let fn (x) be a list of integrable functions on [a, b] with n 2 Z+ . Also, we
have for any x 2 [a, b], lim fn (x) = f (x). f (x) is integrable on [a, b]. We can conclude that
n!1
Z b Z b
lim fn (x) dx = f (x) dx
n!1 a a

Is this statement true or false? If it is true, prove it directly. Hint: often times, the easiest way
to prove something is false is by providing a counter example and proving that counter example
satisfies the required conditions.

True · False
To help you understand this question better, here is one example satisfies the assumption of this
n
statement. Let fn (x) = n+1 x for any n 2 Z+ . It’s obvious that fn is continuous on [a, b]. For
any x 2 [a, b], lim fn (x) = x. So we can define f (x) = x which is continuous on [a, b]. Hence,
Proof by n!1
f (x) = x is integrable on [a, b].

FinHe X
However,
let fu(x) Gh / =

take a b=
limgfex
I
= 0
,

the
As nto
,

= ling! fuxyy
Hence fix) fe(x) 500
xe Lindy
=
=
,

As f(xs only has one

discontinuity at X = 0

1
=
,

f(x) is integrable ,

S'fixdx = 0 Esince foFoxy ! =

#S !
/

fix dx
.

!
 Additional space:

Z ⇡/2
(b) The following is a proof of “ lim sinn x dx = 0.” There is a flaw in this proof. Find it and
n!1 0
explain why it is wrong. You don’t need to write a correct proof since we already have
a proof in the lecture slides.

Proof. Since sin x is continuous on [0, ⇡/2], we have sinn (x) is continuous on [0, ⇡/2] for any
n 2 Z+ .
By the mean value theorem for integrals, we have 9⇠ 2 [0, ⇡/2] such that
Z ⇡/2
n 1
sin (⇠) = sinn x dx
⇡/2 0 0

which implies
Z ⇡/2
⇡
sinn x dx = sinn (⇠)
0 2

-
Notice that 0 < sin ⇠ < 1. Hence, we have
Z ⇡/2
⇡
lim sinn x dx = lim sinn (⇠) = 0
n!1 0 n!1 2

This is because it that

wrong
assumes

Sing is strictly less than 1,

However ,
in
reality ,
when new
,
3- > could happen .

Hence ,
we cannot directly conclude that

limsin