Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the literature and studies related to the impact of gadgets in learning.

Related Literature Gadgets

A gadget is a small tool or device with a specific useful purpose and function. Gadgets tend to be more
unusual or cleverly designed than normal technology. In today’s life, tasks are maximized with the use of
modern gadgets.It is easier to accomplish daily tasks and people are also able to do work with efficiency.
One cannot even dare to imagine life without smart phones, cellphones, laptops, tablets, iPods and so
on (Tech Crates, 2012). Today’s gadgets are one of the ways to make life more comfortable and easier.
Shy (2010) says that no one can deny the fact that gadgets have not only simplified the lives of people
but also made them more comfortable and luxurious. Indeed, these gadgets really made a huge impact
in people’s lives and became part of it

Gadgets used in Learning

According to Gammuac (2013), today’s classrooms are equipped with the latest technology to enhance
instruction. Smartphone use in the classroom is still somewhat controversial, but the Calgary Board of
Education actually encourages it as a learning tool. In an interview with CTV, Queen’s University National
Scholar and Associate Professor Sidneyeve Matrix compared the situation to when calculators were first
used by students in the classroom. “We had a whole new level of computational skill, and now we’re
going to have a whole new level of mobile digital skills when we turn to mobile learning on the
handhelds.”

Technology users are moving towards being more mobile, and teachers and students are a significant
part of that trend. On 2013,Lenovo, the world’s top PC vendor reported that they sold more
smartphones and tablets than PCs for the first time ever. Calgary-based SMART Technologies’ SMART
Boards are popular with both teachers and students. Teachers can project presentations onto the
SMART Boards and they can write, touch and interact with their content. Document cameras are also a
fun way for teachers to show students new and interesting ways of looking at objects. Whether they are
zooming in on the smaller details of a 3D object, or observing science experiments, students can share
an equal view of the lesson without crowding the teacher’s desk. Whether a student is listening to his
own music while studying, or a teacher is playing an audio book to her students, mp3 players are an
increasingly common sight in schools. Both teachers and students can make full use of mp3 players in
their school activities (Gammuac, 2013).

Related Studies
New media technologies and a number of important studies were conducted in the 2000’s on the
impact of children’s intellectual development, and various aspects of using such technologies. Many
researches were conducted aimed to organize understanding the change that took place by using these
technologies, and to explore the conversion in children’s behavior and focused to discover-what extent
children feel aggression, and how they react by using these modern technologies e.g. video games,
mobile phones with various applications embedded using via Internet with Wi-Fi connections video
games consoles and internet. Providing computers to schools increases the technology skills of teachers
and students in both the developed and the developing world. Laptop programs increase students'
engagement with academic work and school, improve technology skills, and have positive effects on
students' writing. Research in many nations suggests that laptop programs will be most successful as
part of comprehensive initiatives that also address changes in education goals, curricula, teacher
training, and assessment (Zucker & Light 2009).

An analysis of effective technology use for at-risk students found that simply replacing teachers with
computer-based instruction typically yields no learning benefits. Rather, blending leads to higher
engagement and learning gains (Darling-Hammond et al., 2014).

Gross (2009) described in his article that people are very frequent in use of media and modern
technologies in communication at home or at work and feel hard to survive in the absence of modern
means of communications. With the advent rapid new technologies; digital societies are shaping all
across and people are relying mainly on these resources from information, education, and
entertainment to social interaction. The same are shaping social attitude in dealing with each other. The
reformed digital cultures and multi resources of communications have severe effects on human beings
especially on children; who have the immediate capacity of learning. Technologies usability among
youngsters and adolescent such as TV, Internet, mobile phones are common particularly in developed
countries (Gross, 2009).

Technology enhanced learning (TEL) aims to design, develop and test socio-technical innovations that
will support and enhance learning practices of both individuals and organizations. It is therefore an
application domain that generally covers technologies that support all forms of teaching and learning
activities. Since information retrieval (in terms of searching for relevant learning resources to support
teachers or learners) is a pivotal activity in TEL, the deployment of recommender systems has attracted
increased interest. This chapter attempts to provide an introduction to recommender systems for TEL
settings, as well as to highlight their particularities compared to recommender systems for other
application domains (Koper et al., 2010).

One study that was conducted to determine whether Wiki technology would improve students’ writing
skills in a college English as a foreign language writing class showed benefits to using Wiki technology.
Students were invited to join a Wiki page where they would write and 5 post passages and then read
and respond to the passages of their fellow classmates. Students participating in the study reported that
their receiving immediate feedback from the instructor was a benefit of using this form of technology.
Students in the study also reported learning vocabulary, spelling, and sentence structure by reading the
work of their classmates (Lin & Yang, 2011).

Another study found that integrating technology and peer-led discussions of literature can produce
increased student engagement and motivation. Technology used in these small group discussions of
literature includes wikis, online literature circles, and online book clubs. With these technologies,
students were able to connect with readers from other schools, states, and even other countries. This
type of technology is an assessable and motivational way to expose students to other ideas and cultures.
These online literature discussions have the ability to create a sense of community and foster positive
social interaction (Coffey, 2012).

The use of technology in education has significantly aided students in performing their school-related
tasks. Clegg and Bailey (2008) assert that with the utilization of mobile devices such as laptops and
tablet computers, the learning process for the students become more fun and conducive due to the
user-interactivity and appealing visuals present in these learning tools.

Additionally, a vast collection of learning games and applications exist for these mobile devices, and as
a matter of fact, there are about 96,000 educational applications available (App Store Metrics, 2013).

The data collected by Apps in Education (2012) confirmed that the subject areas covered by these
applications include Mathematics, Sciences, Grammar and Spelling and Arts and Humanities (Clegg &
Bailey, 2008). In the Philippines, President Benigno Aquino announced during the launchof the country’s
K-12 curriculum that the government eyes the use of tablet computers in public schools in lieu of
traditional textbooks (Enterprise Innovation, 2012).

Furthermore, there exist various programs by the government, non-government organizations and
private corporations in the Philippines that aim to provide one laptop computer per child. With the
presence of laptops in the classrooms, students become more engaged and involved in school-related
activities (Oquias, 2011).

Related Literature
Technology has revolutionized the field of education. The importance of technology in schools cannot be
ignored. In fact, with the onset gadgets in education, it has become easier for teachers to impart
knowledge and for students to acquire it. The use of technology has made the process of teaching and
learning enjoyable. (Muir-Herzig, 2008)

Hooft (2006) found gadgets as important resources which make teaching more relevant and meaningful
thereby improving students literary and numeracy skills. In another study Attewell (2004) reported how
gadget use encourages both independent and collaborative learning experiences and in the process
raising self esteem and self confidence. Kukulska-Hulme and Traxler (2007) believe that gadgets are a
form of multiple literacy which provides a bridge between the real life texts of the community and
formal learning thereby providing a multimodal literary approach to learning.

Research Instruments
The survey questionnaires are the main instrument that will be used in the data gathering process. It is
divided into two sections. The first one will contain the personal information about the respondents
such as age, gender, SHS strand, time alloted for studying and for gadgets.

While the second one will contain the prepared questions and answers where the respondents will be
asked to choose their prefered response by choosing the options based on their personal experience
and perception along the given area.

The questionnaire had questions that relates to the study and these questions will be answered
consequently.

The researchers will secure a permission to Mrs. Nora Cabate, school principal of Mabini Colleges, and to
the respondents. After which, they will also distribute the questionnaires to the selected respondents.
The survey will be tallied, scored and tabulated.

• Distribution of survey questionnaires

• Gathering of data

• Analysis and interpretation of data

• Asserting of Permission

• Selecting Respondents

• Getting information from other references (i.e. internet, browsers, websites, etc.)

• Observation

Review of

Related Literature

Research Method and Design

The researchers will describe the accumulated information using a descriptive research design where
they will interpret the gathered data from the selected respondents. It is a type of research design that
uses a narrative explanation to interpret the data that will be acquired during the course of the study.

On the other hand, the researchers will use a quantitative research that is consist of close-ended
questions whereas, the respondents will response to the questions by choosing the answers provided on
the survey paper.
D. Rank Method

The data will be arranged by using the rank method which is consists of increasing and decreasing order
of size. The highest occurances of behavior or the class with the greater number will be defined as the
highest rank.

2. Each of the students has different way of learning. It only depends to them if they will be more
focused in studying with the use of gadgets or studying without using gadgets.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

INTRODUCTION

OUTPUT
• Address the possible effects of gadgets in the study habit of students.

• Introduce gadgets to students as a tool for education

• Remind the students and the other beneficiaries of the study regards with the negative implications of
gadgets in the learning process of the students.

Created by:

Rosette Abarca

Michael Lalim

GOAL!

THANK YOU :)

Teachers- this study will facilitate the educators in executing and giving advices to the students regards
with the appropriate utilization of gadgets in seeking the knowledge that they need.

RELATED STUDIES

THE EFFECTS OF GADGETS

Bringing the electronic media into the schools could capitalize on the strong motivation qualities that
these media have for children. Many children who are turned off by school are not turned off by one or
another of the electronic media; quite the opposite. An educational system that capitalized on this
motivation would have a chance of much greater success. Each medium has its own profile of cognitive
advantages and disadvantages, and each medium can be used to enhance the impact of others. (Chaves,
2008)

ASSUMPTION
As long as students don’t become fanatics when it comes to gadgets, we don’t think that they could
have a bad influence or a bad effect on students. The gadgets make our life better in many ways. Let’s
take for example the cell phone, many of you are “lost” without it and when it comes to students this
device is more than just a cell phone, is a chat opportunity, an Internet connection, a camera and more.
Because mobile phones have today a lot of features and they are not just devices made for
communication between people.

3. What are the most used gadgets of the students in terms of:

3.1 Learning

3.2 Entertainment

4. What component of gadgets such as application, games, ebook, and other references does get the
interest of the students the most?

5. In general, what are the positive and negative impacts of gadgets in the study habits of students?

The target respondents of the researchers are the senior high school students from Mabini Colleges. The
respondents will be selected randomly but each of them must provide answers from the given questions
of the researchers. In other words, the respondents must have a gadget which is technically the subject
of the researchers.

The survey will be limited to 30 respondents which are compose of 18 male and 12 female. The
researchers illustrate the number of respondents with a percentage as follows:

3. There are different gadgets that are being used by students in terms of learning and entertainment.

TABLE 1

RESPONDENTS

GENDER NUMBER OF SHS STUDENTS PERCENTAGE

MALE 18 60%

FEMALE 12 40%

TOTAL 30 100%

In this section, it could be seen that there are more males who’s been a part of the sample.
 Study Area
This social investigation will be conducted at Mabini Colleges of Daet, Camarines Norte. The researchers
will distribute their survey paper to the students from high school department of the said school.

4. There are various components of gadget that are being acquired by the students.

The researchers will emphasize the effects of gadgets in the study habit of the Senior high school
students of Mabini Colleges based on the perceptions and manner of the students in using gadgets, as a
tool that they can use in their education. The researchers are expected to conduct their study from the
month of November 2016 to December 2016. The survey is limited to 30 Senior High School students of
Mabini Colleges that will serve as their respondents and each of them will answer the guide questions
that will be given by the researchers.

Users- this study would help the students who are using devices to limit their time to the different
entertainment section that will be acquired on gadgets.

CHAPTER 2

Respondents

CHAPTER 1

INPUT

VERBAL INTERPRETATION

STATISTICAL TOOL

In this study, the researchers will illustrate the gathered information by the following statistical tools:

A. Percentage this was to determine the profile of the respondents using the formula:

P= f/n x 100

Where:

P= Percentage

F= Frequency

N= Total number of the responses

100= Constant

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

Parents- this will serve as their reminder that they shall be primarily responsible in providing limitations
in their child especially in their education and proper use of gadgets.

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 AGE

1.2 GENDER

1.3 SHS STRAND

1.4 Gadget/s owned

1.5 Time allotted for using gadgets per day

1.6 Time allotted for studying per day

2. In what way will the student turn out to be more focused? Studying with the use of gadgets or
studying without the use of gadgets?

Due to rapid expansiveness of technological devices or gadgets and its wide array of users, the
incorporation of technology in learning has become a viable and expensive option. Almost three-
quarters of Americans, 73% believe that investing in innovation and advanced technology sciences in
education is the key to the country’s long term success. (Harris Interactive, 2009)

In a 2012 news article of The Irish Times entitled, "Facebook can impact study habits" it pointed out that
Facebook can impact study habits of students. This application is getting in through the phone, the iPad,
the desktop and WIFI (Wireless Fidelity) connection where you can connect everywhere. In those
technological products, students can easily access or connect on different social networking sites (SNSs).

On a news statement of Shusuke Murai, ‘Overuse of mobile gadgets hampers students’ ability to study,
sleep’ entails that “When people talk about children using smartphones in a negative sense, their main
concern seems to be about their criminal use, but this study calls the attention of parents and students
to the risk that excessive use of smart phones can compromise students’ effort to study,”.

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Community- this will help the community to be aware of the possible effects that may acquired in
overusing gadgets.

2.5 – 3.0

Very Often

Always

IN THE STUDY HABITS OF SHS STUDENTS OF MABINI COLLEGES

B. The responses to the questions will be scaled using the “five-point-scale” or likert scale system.

In this tool, the respondents will answer a set of questions where they will rate it from 1-5 and the result
will depends on their agreement then soonly be interpreted by the researchers.

1. The profile of the respondents in terms of:

- AGE - TIME ALLOTTED FOR GADGETS PER DAY

- GENDER

- GADGET/S OWNED - TIME ALLOTTED FOR STUDYING PER DAY

2. The students turn out to be more focused: Neither

Studying with the use of gadgets nor studying without using gadgets.

3. The most used gadgets of students in terms of:

- Learning

- Entertainment

4. Component of gadgets such as application, games, ebook and other references that gets the attention
of the students.

5. The effects of gadgets to the study habits of the students.

RATE

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Technology aids student expression and improve their study habit. Present what they have learned.
They can use software to make presentations and projects. This makes them more interested to the
subject and leads to better retention of information. (Andersen and Becker, 2009)

5. Both positive and negative effects may take place in the study habit of the students in using gadgets.

Rarely The gadgets are very useful, they help us to connect to each other, they make us learn new things
and discover new things. The reason why computer technologies are invented is to help make people’s
life easier and to improve their way of life, especially the students. Modern computer technologies
make studying easier and fun to the students.

PROCESS
C. Weighted mean. This was used to determine the extent to which the respondents assessed the items
in the questions using the formula.

Weighted mean= fx

Where:

∑- summation

f- frequency

X- the weight of category responses

N- Total number of respondents

Never Based on Freeman Dyson, 2008 he stated that “technology is a teaching aid: Computers offer an
interactive audio-visual medium. PowerPoint presentations and animation software can be used to
present information in an interactive way. Owing to the audio-visual effects, this way of teaching invites
greater interest from students. The method is equally helpful for teachers.

Metamorphosis is the only thing that is constant in this world. Everything is subjected to change, even if
it is small or huge. These changes have its complementary effects, either good or bad. Technology is a
concrete example of these things that are undergoing huge change.

In connection with the advancement of technology, there is what we called “gadgets”. Gadget is a small
tool such as a machine that has a particular function, but is often thought of as a novelty. Gadget is
sometimes referred to as gizmos. They are usually portable; you can carry them anywhere you go.

Those information conceived and inspired the researchers’ mind to conduct a social investigation to
address how gadgets affect the study habits of the students. Gadgets is an integral part of most
students’ lives, hence it is important to understand the impact it has on the study habit of the students.

RANGE

Government- this will help the government to eliminate the negative impacts of gadgets among
students through formulating different programs that advocates to engage the students in the proper
use of gadgets and learning at the same time.

Researchers of this study- This study will signify as their fulfillment to provide and contribute
information to the whole community and to their fellow students. Alongside, their efforts and claims will
entice the future researchers to conduct studies.
Study Habit

Gadgets

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

Apps

Multimedia

SMS (Short Message Service)

0.5 – 1.0

3.5 – 4.0

Shabi and Udofia (2009) noted that active learning from books is better than passive learning such as
watching televisions and playing games.

INPUT

Sometimes

Students- this will help them realize that they shall uphold a good time management in terms of their
education and be responsible in using the gadgets. This study will also set information that can be used
by them in order to have a proper supervision of their gadgets while conquering their goals.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK STATEMENTOF THE PROBLEM

Future Researchers- this will encourage future researchers to conduct studies about the technology
advancement especially the devices that hinder the study habits of the students.

1. The profile of the respondents varies in gender, age, senior high school strand, time allotted for
gadgets and studying.
2. Reduced learning- Many students are dependent on getting information off sites like Google.
This has reduced their focus on learning and retaining information since they are reliant on the
accessibility of information on social media.
Addiction and Distraction- Many students have become addicted to these sites and digital gadgets and
these results into many distractions while they are trying to study or prepare for a test. This has a
negative impact on their academic performance. They start getting low grades in school due to the lack
of studying and reduction in writing skills. (Simardeepvath, 2013).

4.5 – 5.0

1.5 – 2.0