DEVELOPMENT

STUDIES
[1] MODULE 1 NOTES:
Measuring & Investigating
Development

MATER SPEI COLLEGE SECONDARY SCHOOL

Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: 1.1.1.1 Learners should be able to explain the concept of
development
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
Learners should be Learners should be able to:
able to:
Development Explain the concept and - Explain the concept of
practice of development development;
within the context of their
social, economic and - Explain the following
political environment. divisions: First, Second and
Third world, Newly
Industrialised Countries, North, What is development?
South, Least Developed
Countries and Developed - Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better fed, richer
Countries; and take part in decision making

- Development is a process of change and growth in societies which improves people’s

- Give reasons for the differences quality of life.
in the development levels in
different countries; - Development is when the economy grows, standards of living rise, quality of life
improves, wealth is shared more fairly and more people take part in decision making
- Identify and discuss different
development indicators THE ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
including Gross Domestic
Product (GDP), Gross National Societies develop when various systems interact to cause change. These systems are called
Product (GNP), health, life aspects of life.
expectancy, education and
energy consumption. - Economic aspect of development is when a country produces more or enough for
everyone and gets richer or wealthier. This is characterised by more industries, better
- Show why political aspects of improved technology and higher income.
development are difficult to
measure; - Economic Development is when the country’s production increases so that the people
become richer or wealthier
- Describe the characteristics of - Social aspect of development is when people’s basic needs are fully met. For example
the developed and developing people will have better and more shelter, access to clean water.
countries;
- Political aspect of development is when people have more freedom and justice in a
- Analyse and evaluate theories country. This means that all the basic human rights are guaranteed by law.
of development: modernisation,
dependency, sustainable - Political Development is when people’s participation in marking decisions about their
development and alternative lives increases.
strategies;
- Political Development is when people take control of their lives.

- Political Development is when people enjoy human rights

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: 1.1.1.2 Learners should be able to explain the following
divisions: First, Second and Third world, Newly Industrialised Countries, North, South, - The countries of the South are mostly located in Africa, for example, Botswana, Nigeria,
Least Developed Countries and Developed Countries; Ethopia, Kenya, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola,
Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa and Cameroon.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: 1.1.1.6 Learners should be able to describe the characteristics
of the developed and developing countries - The countries of the South are found in South Asia, for example, India.

DIVISION OF THE WORLD - The countries of the South are located in Far East, for example, Malaysia.

The world can be divided into three groups based on the levels of development, namely; - The countries of the South are found in East Asia, for example, China.

1. Developed/ Industrialised countries/ Countries of the North - The countries of the South are located in the Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia.

2. Newly Industrialised Countries (NIC’s) DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

3. Less Developed Countries/ Countries of the South/ Developing Countries/Third They can be divided into two categories based on the ideology that they followed:
Word Countries
 First World Countries/ Capitalist Countries
THE WORLD MAP SHOWING GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES  Second World Countries/ Communist Countries

These two categories are also known as Countries of the North or Industrialised Countries or
High income countries.

Today the second category is almost non-existent because the countries have either ceased to
be communist or they have embedded capitalism in their mode of production, besides
Capitalism has now become a world system.
Example are mostly found in Western Europe, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain etc
North America: USA and Canada
Japan, Australia, New Zealand.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Economic Characteristics Social Characteristics

 High industrialised  High standards of living

 High employment levels  High levels of literacy

 Good and adequate social

 High levels of income facilities, for example, clinics/
hospitals and schools

Fig.1  Highly developed infrastructure  High calorie intake or food intake

- The geographical location of countries of the South is that there are found in Central  Low birth rates and low
America, for example, Mexico.  High GNP/ GDP population growth rate

- The countries of the South are found in South America or Latin America, for example,  High energy consumption  High levels of urbanisation
Brazil and Argentina.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
 THE REASONS WHY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ARE HIGHLY DEVELOPED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

 Developed countries use advanced technology to produce goods and services. Also known as;
 Less Developed Countries
 Developed countries have long history of urbanisation.  Third World Countries
 Countries of the South
 Colonialism is the other reason why developed countries are highly developed.  Least Developed Countries
 Under Developed Countries
 Developed countries are highly developed because of importation of raw materials  Middle income or low income Countries
at cheap rates from Less Developed Countries.
Example: Most African countries, for example, Botswana, Malawi, Zambia etc
 Developed countries are selling or exporting expensive manufactured goods South American countries such as Peru, Colombia, Nicaragua, Chile, Bolivia etc.
 In developed countries, there are highly skilled and productive work forces. Asian countries such as Iran, Iraq , Bangladesh etc.

 Developed countries have control and domination of the World Trade. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Economic Characteristics Social Characteristics

THE ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE NORTH  Developing countries depend on  Developed countries have low
raw materials for export, for standards of living.
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that there is high use of example, crop and minerals.  They have high levels of illiteracy
complex technology to produce goods.  Developing countries have low or low education levels.
levels of industrialisation.  Developed countries have poor
- The countries of the North have high development of transport and telecommunication  They have high levels of and inadequate social facilities,
networks or high infrastructural development. unemployment for example, school and hospitals.
 Developed countries have low  Developed countries have low life
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that they dominate international incomes and widespread poverty. expectancy..
trade or they have high share of international trade.  Developed countries have poorly  They have low urbanisation
developed infrastructure. levels, for example, most people
- The countries of the North have high income or high wages.  They have low GNP/GDP live in the rural areas.
 Developed countries have  Developed countries have few
- The countries of the North have high energy consumption because people own many stable democracies.
dependence on subsistence
electrical appliances such computers, televisions and refrigerators.
agriculture.  Oppression of women.
- The countries of the North have high industrialization or mass production or high
manufacturing of goods.
THE REASONS WHY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE UNDERDEVELOPMENT
- The economic characteristic of the North is that they export finished goods and they
import raw materials.  The slave trade which depleted Africa’s human resources.
 Colonialism /imperialism that exploited Africa, for example, took raw materials.
- The countries of the North have low percentage population depending on agriculture  Developing countries use backward or poor technology.
because few people practise commercial agriculture.  Developing countries depend on cheap raw materials for export.
 Developed countries set unfair international trading terms that disadvantage
- The countries of the North have high GNP because they have many industries that developing countries.
produce goods and services.  Developing countries have unskilled and less productive labour force.
 Huge foreign debts.
- The countries of the North have high GNP per capita.  Neo-colonialism, for example, domination of the economies by developed countries
through Trans National Companies.
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that they have high GDP.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
 NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES THE LOCATION OF THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALISING COUNTRIES IS AS
FOLLOWS:
These are countries that have achieved industrialisation in the last thirty years.They used to be
less developed. - The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in Southern Africa, for example, South
Africa.
For example, Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico etc.
- Newly Industrialising Countries are located in the Far East countries such as
THE WORLD MAP SHOWING GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS OF NEWLY Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, South Korea and China.
INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES (NICs)
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in South of North America, for
example, Mexico.

- Newly Industrialising Countries are found in Northeast of South America, for

example, Brazil.

- The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in South Asia, for example, India.

- Newly Industrialising Countries are located in the Middle East, for example, Saudi
Arabia and Turkey.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES

Economic Characteristics Social Characteristics

 NIC’s have fast growing industrial  NIC’s have rapid urbanisation
sector  They have improving standard of
 NIC’s have greater dependence on living.
exports of manufactured goods.  NIC’s are having higher levels of
 They have rapidly commercialised education therefore high literacy.
agricultural sector, for example,  They have improved provision of
Fig.2 from subsistence to commercial social services
agriculture.  NIC’s have rising life expectancy.
 NIC’s have raising income levels.  They have falling birth and
 They have emergence of new Trans population growth rate.
National Companies, for example,
Samsung, Daewoo, Kia, all from
South Korea.

THE REASONS WHY THE NIC’s DEVELOPED SO FAST

 The NIC’s have heavy investment in science and technology education.

 They have large scale foreign direct investment, for example, Multi-National
Companies/ Trans National Companies.

 Export Oriented Industrialisation based on the production of consumer goods for

the world market.

 Foreign Aid from the developed western countries in an attempt to stop the spread
of communism, for example, South East Asia.
Fig.3

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
  NIC’s got loans from international financial institution, for example, World Bank SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: 1.1.1.2 Learners should be able to give reasons for the
and International Monetary Fund. differences in the development levels in different countries

 NIC’s have technology transfer from the Western countries

THE DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT LEVELS IN DIFFERENT
 They have cheap labour costs that helped to attract foreign investment. COUNTRIES

 NIC’s had agricultural and land reform that helped to modernize and improve DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
productivity.
- export raw materials - export finished goods
 They have heavy investment in modern infrastructure. - have brain drain/ less skilled manpower - have skilled manpower
- have less control over world trade - dominate or control world trade
THE CHALLENGES WHICH ARE FACED BY THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALISING
- have huge debts - have many Multinational companies
COUNTRIES
which contribute towards government
revenue by paying tax
- The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high inflation
rates/ weak currencies/ high fuel prices. - political instabilities/ civil wars/ civil strife - There is peace
- use simple technology - use advanced technology
- The Newly Industrialising Countries faces the challenge of having foreign debt or - corruption - less corruption
debt crisis. - policies directed toward poverty and fighting - have policies directed towards
diseases improvement of infrastructure
- The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of the wide gap
between the rich and the poor or huge disparities of wealth. The differences in the levels of development between developed and developing countries.
- The Newly Industrialised Countries are faced with the challenge of dominance of the - The differences in levels of development between developed and developing countries
industrial process by Multi-National Companies who move their investment of the is that developed countries export finished goods whereas developing countries export
country. raw materials.
- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of depletion of their - The developed countries have skilled manpower because they have many educational
natural resources or damage to the environment. institutions and developing countries have brain drain because most of skilled people
prefer working in developed countries.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of fast growth of the
private sector which makes it difficult to be controlled by the government. - The difference in levels of development between developed countries and developing
countries is that developed countries dominate or control world trade whereas
- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of exploitation of developing countries have less control over world trade.
workers by the employer.
- The developed countries have many Multinational companies which contribute
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of declining exports towards government revenue by paying tax and developing countries have huge debts
because of tough competition from the mostly developed countries or in the world because they have only few companies that export finished goods.
market.
- There is peace in developed countries whereas developing countries are involved in
- The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high expenditure political instabilities caused by wars and civil strife.
on imports and less on exports.
- The developed countries policies are directed to high infrastructural development
- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of declining real income. while developing countries policies are directed towards poverty and disease
eradication.
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of corruption.
- The difference in levels of development between developed countries and developing
- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of urban poverty. countries is that developed countries use advanced technology to produce goods
whereas developing countries use simple technology to produce goods.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
 CLASS EXERCISE 2
- Developed countries have high skilled manpower whereas developing countries have
shortage of skilled manpower.

- Developed countries have created dependency syndrome in developing countries by

giving them aid or assistance, for example, foreign aid in the form of grants and loans.

THE FACTORS THAT SLOW DOWN DEVELOPMENT IN THE DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES

- The factor that slows down development in the developing countries is lack of funds. (a)(i) Describe any two aspects of development other than social development

- The developing countries have slow down development because of use of poor (ii) Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana is promoting social development
technology to produce goods and services.
(b)(i) Describe economic characteristics of developed countries.
- The slowdown in development of developing countries is caused by lack of skilled
labour because of poor education. (ii) Suggest why development is slow in most Southern African Countries.

- The factor that slow down development in developing countries is caused by wars and CLASS EXERCISE 3
conflicts. 1. Study Fig. 1, which shows the division of the world into countries of the North and
- The developing countries have slow down development because they have high Countries of the South.
populations.

- The slowdown in development in developing countries is caused by corruption and

mismanagement of public funds by most of the leaders for their own personal benefit.

- Developing countries have slowdown in development due to brain drain because

many skilled people in developing countries prefer working in developed countries.

- The factor that slows down development in developing countries is dependency

syndrome. This means developing depend on developed countries in order for them to
develop.

- Developing countries are involved in foreign debts which slow down their
development, for example, they get loans from financial institutions such as the World
Bank, International Monetary Fund and developed countries.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

CLASS EXERCISE 1
1. What is development?

2. Identify and define three aspect of development

3. What is meant by political development?

4. Give three reasons why political aspects of development are difficult to measure.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
 CLASS EXERCISE 4 CLASS EXERCISE 5

1. Study Fig. 2, which shows the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs), and answer 1. Study Fig. 1, which shows the Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs), and answer
questions (a)(i) and (ii). questions (a)(i) and (ii).

Fig.2

(a)(i) Describe the location of the Newly Industrialised Countries.

(ii) Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialised Countries.

(b)(i) Describe social characteristics of Newly Industrialised Countries.

(ii) Suggest actions that Less Developed countries (LDCs) could copy from Newly
Industrialised Countries (NICs) to speed up development.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development