DEVELOPMENT

STUDIES
[1] MODULE 1 NOTES:
Measuring & Investigating
Development

MATER SPEI COLLEGE SECONDARY SCHOOL

Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development What is development?

TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES - Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better
OBJECTIVES fed, richer and take part in decision making
Learners should be Learners should be able to:
able to: - Development is a process of change and growth in societies which improves
Development Explain the concept and - Explain the concept of
people’s quality of life.
practice of development development;
within the context of their
social, economic and - Explain the following - Development is when the economy grows, standards of living rise, quality of
political environment. divisions: First, Second and life improves, wealth is shared more fairly and more people take part in
Third world, Newly decision making
Industrialised Countries, North,
South, Least Developed THE ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
Countries and Developed
Countries;
Societies develop when various systems interact to cause change. These systems are
called aspects of life.
- Give reasons for the differences
in the development levels in - Economic aspect of development is when a country produces more or
different countries; enough for everyone and gets richer or wealthier. This is characterised by
more industries, better improved technology and higher income.
- Identify and discuss different
development indicators - Social aspect of development is when people’s basic needs are fully met. For
including Gross Domestic
example people will have better and more shelter, access to clean water.
Product (GDP), Gross National
Product (GNP), health, life
expectancy, education and - Political aspect of development is when people have more freedom and
energy consumption. justice in a country. This means that all the basic human rights are guaranteed
by law.
- Show why political aspects of
development are difficult to THE REASONS WHY IS IT DIFFICULT TO MEASURE POLITICAL
measure; ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT

- Describe the characteristics of - The political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are
the developed and developing intangible or immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor
countries; touched.

- Analyse and evaluate theories - Political aspect of development is difficult to measure because most countries
of development: modernisation, prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human rights violations.
dependency, sustainable
development and alternative
- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their rights.
strategies;
- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs,
for example, women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
 - The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political aspect of THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE
development because countries belief that they are independent therefore SOUTH ARE AS FOLLOWS:
nobody can tell them how to treat their citizens.
-The geographical location of countries of the South is that there are found in
- Political aspects of development are affected by different political systems, Central America, for example, Mexico.
for example, dictatorship prohibits human rights because they are no voting,
no freedom of speech. -The countries of the South are found in South America or Latin America, for
example, Brazil and Argentina.
DIVISION OF THE WORLD
-The countries of the South are mostly located in Africa, for example, Botswana,
The world can be divided into three groups based on the levels of development, Nigeria, Ethopia, Kenya, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia,
namely; Angola, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa and Cameroon.

1. Developed/ Industrialised countries/ Countries of the North -The countries of the South are found in South Asia, for example, India.

2. Newly Industrialised Countries (NIC’s) -The countries of the South are located in Far East, for example, Malaysia.

3. Less Developed Countries/ Countries of the South/ Developing Countries -The countries of the South are found in East Asia, for example, China.

A MAP WHICH SHOWS THE DIVISION OF THE WORLD INTO -The countries of the South are located in the Middle East, for example, Saudi
COUNTRIES OF THE NORTH AND COUNTRIES OF THE SOUTH Arabia.

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

They can be divided into two categories based on the ideology that they followed:

 First World Countries/ Capitalist Countries

 Second World Countries/ Communist Countries

These two categories are also known as Countries of the North or Industrialised
Countries or High income countries.

Today the second category is almost non-existent because the countries have either
ceased to be communist or they have embedded capitalism in their mode of
production, besides Capitalism has now become a world system.

Example are mostly found in Western Europe, United Kingdom, France, Germany,
Fig.1 Spain etc
North America: USA and Canada
Japan, Australia, New Zealand.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
THE ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE
Economic Characteristics Social Characteristics NORTH
 High industrialised  High standards of living
-The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that there is high use of
 High employment levels  High levels of literacy complex technology to produce goods.

-The countries of the North have high development of transport and

 High levels of income  Good and adequate social telecommunication networks or high infrastructural development.
facilities, for example, clinics/
hospitals and schools -The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that they dominate
 Highly developed international trade or they have high share of international trade.
infrastructure -The countries of the North have high income or high wages.
 High calorie intake or food
intake -The countries of the North have high energy consumption because people own
 High GNP/ GDP many electrical appliances such computers, televisions and refrigerators.

 Low birth rates and low -The countries of the North have high industrialization or mass production or high
manufacturing of goods.
 High energy consumption population growth rate
-The economic characteristic of the North is that they export finished goods and they
import raw materials.
 High levels of urbanisation
-The countries of the North have low percentage population depending on
THE REASONS WHY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ARE HIGHLY
agriculture because few people practise commercial agriculture.
DEVELOPED
-The countries of the North have high GNP because they have many industries that
 Developed countries use advanced technology to produce goods and produce goods and services.
services.
- The countries of the North have high GNP per capita.
 Developed countries have long history of urbanisation.
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that they have high GDP.
 Colonialism is the other reason why developed countries are highly
developed.

 Developed countries are highly developed because of importation of raw

materials at cheap rates from Less Developed Countries.

 Developed countries are selling or exporting expensive manufactured

goods
 In developed countries, there are highly skilled and productive work
forces.

 Developed countries have control and domination of the World Trade.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THE REASONS WHY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE
UNDERDEVELOPMENT
Also known as;
 Less Developed Countries  The slave trade which depleted Africa’s human resources.
 Third World Countries
 Countries of the South  Colonialism /imperialism that exploited Africa, for example, took raw
 Least Developed Countries materials.
 Under Developed Countries
 Middle income or low income Countries
 Developing countries use backward or poor technology.
Example: Most African countries, for example, Botswana, Malawi, Zambia etc

South American countries such as Peru, Colombia, Nicaragua, Chile, Bolivia etc.  Developing countries depend on cheap raw materials for export.

Asian countries such as Iran, Iraq , Bangladesh etc.

 Developed countries set unfair international trading terms that
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES disadvantage developing countries.

Economic Characteristics Social Characteristics

 Developing countries depend  Developed countries have low  Developing countries have unskilled and less productive labour force.
on raw materials for export, standards of living.
for example, crop and  They have high levels of
minerals. illiteracy or low education  Huge foreign debts.
 Developing countries have levels.
low levels of industrialisation.  Developed countries have
 They have high levels of poor and inadequate social  Neo-colonialism, for example, domination of the economies by developed
unemployment facilities, for example, school countries through Trans National Companies.
 Developed countries have low and hospitals.
incomes and widespread  Developed countries have low
poverty. life expectancy..
 Developed countries have  They have low urbanisation
poorly developed levels, for example, most
infrastructure. people live in the rural areas.
 They have low GNP/GDP  Developed countries have few
 Developed countries have stable democracies.
dependence on subsistence  Oppression of women.
agriculture.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
 NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES THE LOCATION OF THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALISING COUNTRIES IS
AS FOLLOWS:
These are countries that have achieved industrialisation in the last thirty years.They
used to be less developed. - The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in Southern Africa, for
example, South Africa.
For example, Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, India, Brazil, Indonesia,
Mexico etc. - Newly Industrialising Countries are located in the Far East countries such as
Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, South Korea and China.
THE MAPS WHICH SHOWS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS OF NEWLY
INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES (NICs) - The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in South of North America, for
example, Mexico.

- Newly Industrialising Countries are found in Northeast of South America, for

example, Brazil.

- The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in South Asia, for example,
India.

- Newly Industrialising Countries are located in the Middle East, for example,
Saudi Arabia and Turkey.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES

Economic Characteristics Social Characteristics

 NIC’s have fast growing industrial  NIC’s have rapid urbanisation
sector  They have improving standard of
 NIC’s have greater dependence on living.
Fig.2 exports of manufactured goods.  NIC’s are having higher levels of
 They have rapidly commercialised education therefore high literacy.
agricultural sector, for example,  They have improved provision of
from subsistence to commercial social services
agriculture.  NIC’s have rising life expectancy.
 NIC’s have raising income levels.  They have falling birth and
 They have emergence of new population growth rate.
Trans National Companies, for
example, Samsung, Daewoo, Kia,
all from South Korea.

Fig.3

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
 THE REASONS WHY THE NIC’s DEVELOPED SO FAST - The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of fast growth
of the private sector which makes it difficult to be controlled by the
 The NIC’s have heavy investment in science and technology education. government.

 They have large scale foreign direct investment, for example, Multi- - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of exploitation
National Companies/ Trans National Companies. of workers by the employer.

 Export Oriented Industrialisation based on the production of consumer - The Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of declining
goods for the world market. exports because of tough competition from the mostly developed countries or
in the world market.
 Foreign Aid from the developed western countries in an attempt to stop
the spread of communism, for example, South East Asia. - The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high
expenditure on imports and less on exports.
 NIC’s got loans from international financial institution, for example,
World Bank and International Monetary Fund. - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of declining real
income.
 NIC’s have technology transfer from the Western countries
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
corruption.
 They have cheap labour costs that helped to attract foreign investment.
- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of urban
 NIC’s had agricultural and land reform that helped to modernize and
poverty.
improve productivity.
THE REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT
 They have heavy investment in modern infrastructure. LEVELS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
THE CHALLENGES WHICH ARE FACED BY THE NEWLY
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
INDUSTRIALISING COUNTRIES
- export raw materials - export finished goods
- The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high - have brain drain/ less skilled manpower - have skilled manpower
inflation rates/ weak currencies/ high fuel prices. - have less control over world trade - dominate or control world trade
- have huge debts - have many Multinational companies
- The Newly Industrialising Countries faces the challenge of having foreign which contribute towards government
debt or debt crisis. revenue by paying tax
- political instabilities/ civil wars/ civil strife - There is peace
- The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of the wide - use simple technology - use advanced technology
gap between the rich and the poor or huge disparities of wealth. -corruption -less corruption
-policies directed toward poverty and -have policies directed towards
- The Newly Industrialised Countries are faced with the challenge of fighting diseases improvement of infrastructure
dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National Companies who move
their investment of the country.

- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of depletion of

their natural resources or damage to the environment.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
Explain why there are differences in the levels of development between THE FACTORS THAT SLOW DOWN DEVELOPMENT IN THE
developed and developing countries. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

- The differences in levels of development between developed and developing - The factor that slows down development in the developing countries is lack of
countries is that developed countries export finished goods whereas funds.
developing countries export raw materials.
- The developing countries have slow down development because of use of
- Developed countries have skilled manpower because they have many poor technology to produce goods and services.
educational institutions and developing countries have brain drain because
most of skilled people prefer working in developed countries. - The slowdown in development of developing countries is caused by lack of
skilled labour because of poor education.
- The difference in levels of development between developed countries and
developing countries is that developed countries dominate or control world - The factor that slow down development in developing countries is caused by
trade whereas developing countries have less control over world trade. wars and conflicts.

- Developed countries have many Multinational companies which contribute - Developing countries have slow down development because they have high
towards government revenue by paying tax and developed countries have populations.
huge debts because they have only few companies that export finished goods.
- The slowdown in development in developing countries is caused by
- There is peace in developed countries whereas developing countries are corruption and mismanagement of public funds by most of the leaders for
involved in political instabilities caused by wars and civil strife. their own personal benefit.

- Developed countries policies are directed to high infrastructural development - Developing countries have slow down in development due to brain drain
while developing countries policies are directed towards poverty and disease because many skilled people in developing countries prefer working in
eradication. developed countries.

- The difference in levels of development between developed countries and - The factor that slows down development in developing countries is
developing countries is that developed countries use advanced technology to dependency syndrome. This means developing depend on developed
produce goods whereas developing countries use simple technology to countries in order for them to develop.
produce goods.
- Developing countries are involved in foreign debts which slow down their
- Developed countries have high skilled manpower whereas developing development, for example, they get loans from financial institutions such as
countries have shortage of skilled manpower. the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and developed countries.

- Developed countries have created dependency syndrome in developing

countries by giving them aid or assistance, for example, foreign aid in the
form of grants and loans.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Section A

1. What is development?

2. Identify and define three aspect of development

3. What is meant by political development?

4. Give three reasons why political aspects of development are

difficult to measure.

Section B

(a)(i) Describe any two aspects of development other than social development

(ii) Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana is promoting social

development

(b)(i) Describe economic characteristics of developed countries.

(ii) Suggest why development is slow in most Southern African Countries.

2. Study Fig. 1, which shows the division of the world into countries of the North
and Countries of the South.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development
3.Study Fig. 3, which shows the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs), and answer
questions (a)(i) and (ii).

Fig.3

(a)(i) Describe the location of the Newly Industrialised Countries.

(ii) Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialised Countries.

(b)(i) Describe social characteristics of Newly Industrialised Countries.

(ii) Suggest actions that Less Developed countries (LDCs) could copy from Newly
Industrialised Countries (NICs) to speed up development.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Notes MODULE ONE: Investigating & Measuring Development