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Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Electrification: A Review

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DOI: 10.11648/j.cssp.20190802.11

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Science Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing
2019; 8(2): 32-39
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/cssp
doi: 10.11648/j.cssp.20190802.11
ISSN: 2326-9065 (Print); ISSN: 2326-9073 (Online)

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Electrification: A

Review
Ibrahim Baba Kyari1, *, Jamilu Ya’u Muhammad2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Usman Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria

Email address:
*
Corresponding author

To cite this article:

Ibrahim Baba Kyari, Jamilu Ya’u Muhammad. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Electrification: A Review. Science Journal of Circuits,
Systems and Signal Processing. Vol. 8, No. 2, 2019, pp. 32-39. doi: 10.11648/j.cssp.20190802.11

Received: July 8, 2019; Accepted: July 29, 2019; Published: August 14, 2019

Abstract: Renewable energy systems are becoming widespread in the future due to adverse environmental friendly and
abundant in nature. Solar and wind energy resources are alternative to each other which will have the actual potential to satisfy the
energy demand. But wind energy system may not be technically viable at all sites because of low wind speeds and being more
unpredictable than solar energy. Due to this reason a combined utilization of these renewable energy sources are therefore
becoming increasingly attractive and are being widely used as alternative of oil-produced energy and this is called “Hybrid
Renewable Energy Systems. These hybrid energy systems are becoming popular in remote area power generation applications due
to advancements in renewable energy technologies and substantial rise in prices of fossil fuel. This paper presents an extensive
review on hybrid renewable energy systems configurations, mathematical modeling and control strategies of the system. This
Paper also highlights the optimization techniques which have the potential to increase the economic attractiveness of the system.
Keywords: Hybrid System, HOMER, MATLAB, Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS), Solar PV, Wind Turbine

solar cells that convert sunlight to D.C electricity. These solar

1. Introduction cells in solar PV module are made from semiconductor
With rapid growth on fossil fuel scarcity and materials. When light energy strikes the cell, electrons are
environmental concern such as global warming and pollution emitted. The electrical conductor attached to the positive and
in a world of today, the renewable energy such as solar, wind, negative scales of the material allow the electrons to be
biomass, and micro-hydro systems can be seen as suitable captured in the form of a D.C current. The generated
alternatives to conventional power due to their sustainable electricity can be used to power a load or can be stored in a
behaviour. Also, solar energy and wind energy studies are battery. Photovoltaic system is classified into two major
limited due to location and weather change, therefore a new types: the off-grid (stand-alone) systems and inter-tied
development was discovered that can generate electricity system. The off-grid (stand-alone) systems are mostly used
without limitation especially in a rural area, this new where there is no utility grid service. It is very economical in
development is hybrid system that consists of different providing electricity at remote locations especially rural
renewable sources integrated as one power plant. The solar banking, hospital and ICT in rural environments. Solar PV
PV and Wind energy sources have been proved as more systems generally can be much cheaper than installing power
promising, technically matured, and cost effective energy lines and step-down transformers especially to remote areas.
sources. They are being used in many places of world as a Solar modules produce electricity devoid of pollution,
single source is combined as hybrid power system [1-4]. without odor, combustion, noise and vibration. Hence,
The solar PV system is powered by the solar energy which unwanted nuisance is completely eliminated. Also, unlike the
is abundantly available in nature. The solar-generated other power supply systems which require professional
electricity is called Photovoltaic (or PV). Photovoltaic are training for installation expertise, there are no moving parts
or special repairs that require such expertise [5].
33 Ibrahim Baba Kyari and Jamilu Ya’u Muhammad: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Electrification: A Review

Wind Power is energy extracted from the wind, passing power suppliers are combined with other generating
through a machine known as the windmill. Electrical energy units/systems when large amount of energy is sought. The
can be generated from the wind energy. This is done by using added energy generating units are normally wind energy and
the energy from wind to run a windmill, which in turn drives diesel generator.
a generator to produce electricity [6]. The windmill in this
case is usually called a wind turbine. This turbine transforms 2.2. Series/Parallel Hybrid Power System
the wind energy to mechanical energy, which in a generator Hybrid power systems are also classified into two basic
is converted to electrical power. An integration of wind configurations based on how load is provided from
generator, wind turbine, aero generators is known as a wind renewable energy conversion systems and diesel generator
energy conversion system (WECS) [7]. [10]. Series hybrid and parallel hybrid power systems are the
two configurations and their detail discussions is given as
2. Hybrid Renewable Energy System and follows.
Their Classifications 2.2.1. Series Hybrid Power System
The power generated from all the energy generating
Hybrid power systems can be designed based on the components is supplied to charge the battery bank before
following technical topologies to extract the available sending to the individuals load demand. Each of the power
renewable energy sources and to meet the required load. This generating components is engaged with power converter.
can be arranged in different ways with the voltage and the Charge controller is used to prevent the overcharging and
load demand as the determinant factors. According to under-discharging of the battery. In series hybrid system, all
Sengprasong et al. [8] any power system configurations are the power generating units and storage system are connected
classified in the following grouped: to DC-bus. Furthermore it can also be named as centralized
2.1. AC/DC-Coupled Hybrid Power Systems DC-bus topology. The AC power producing components has
to be attached to the DC line using rectifier [9].
Hybrid power systems can be classified according to the
voltage and the load demand they are coupled with into four 2.2.2. Parallel Hybrid Power System
configurations. In the case of Parallel hybrid systems configuration, the AC
producing power components like wind turbine and diesel
2.1.1. AC-Coupled Hybrid Power Systems generator can provide part of the load directly to consumers. It
Here, all the energy generating components or units and has somehow complex design, but it has advantage as
the energy storage technologies are connected to the AC bus compared with series arrangement, optimal power generation
in line with the load or directly to the load. This type of can be met, maximized diesel efficiency, possible decrease in
power system setup could also subdivide into centralized and capacity of fuel and battery. The DC-coupling configuration
decentralized configuration systems. uses bi-directional inverter which can act as inverter for diesel
A. Centralized AC-coupled hybrid system: All the generator and rectifier for battery charging, this is in a sense
components are connected to the AC line. AC that renewable energy generating units are connected to DC
Electricity generating components could connect bus then supply AC load through the bi-directional inverter.
directly to AC line or may require AC/AC converter to The AC-coupled and DC-coupled configurations are the two
get stable component coupling topology. The master sub-configurations of the parallel hybrid power system. The
inverter helps to control the energy flow to the battery AC power from wind turbine should be converted to DC
and out of the battery to the load. Furthermore DC through AC/DC converters before sending to the battery bank.
electricity can be provided from battery if needed. The DC coupled hybrid power system can be improved via
B. Decentralized AC-coupled hybrid system: In this type, linking the renewable generators to the AC bus to form an AC
all the technologies are not connected to any of the bus; coupling configuration. The power from the generator set and
rather they individually connect to the load directly. By renewable energy can be provided in parallel to the consumers.
comparing the two configurations the centralized Bidirectional inverter is used for the sake of either the battery
system is better due to its controllability than the can be charged or supply the load depending upon the load and
distributed system [10]. the status of energy sources [9].
2.1.2. DC-Coupled Configuration
In the direct current (DC) combination all the energy 3. Modeling of Components of Hybrid
conversion systems are connected to the main DC bus before Renewable Energy System
connected to the AC load side. All AC power sources are
converted into DC power sources then connected to the AC The hybrid renewable energy system consists of solar
load consumer using a relevant converter. Such combinations array (PV) system, wind energy system and diesel generator
are used in solar PV home systems up to a certain size of kW and battery storage system as an integrated system. The block
[8]. Home system energy providers can be supported with diagram of the hybrid renewable energy system is illustrated
inverters to provide AC load as needed. Single home system in the figure 1 below:
 Science Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 2019; 8(2): 32-39 34

Figure 1. Block Diagram of Hybrid Renewable Energy System.

3.1. Modeling of PV Cell

3.2. Modeling of Wind Energy System
The photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly to
electricity without having any disastrous effect on our The mathematical modeling of wind energy conversion
environment. The basic segment of PV array is PV cell, process comprises wind turbine dynamics and generator
which is just a simple p-n junction device. Equivalent circuit modeling. Power generation through the wind turbine can be
has a current source (photocurrent), a diode parallel to it, a calculated by wind power equation. Bhave [12] estimates the
resistor in series describing an internal resistance to the flow generated output power and torque by the wind turbine by
of current and a shunt resistance which expresses a leakage giving the formula.

+ = 1-2 ./0 10 23 % 4
current. The current supplied to the load can be given by
(4)
Sandeep [11].
Where: PT is an output power; Cp is a power coefficient; λp
= − −1 − (1) is a tip speed ratio; A is a frontal area of the wind turbine and
V is a wind speed.
Where: IPV is photocurrent; Io is a diode’s reverse Torque developed by wind turbine given as
saturation current; V is a voltage across the diode; Rs is a
series resistance; a is an ideality factor; VT is a thermal = (5)
56
voltage and Rp is a shunt resistance.
PV cell photocurrent, which depends on the radiation and Where: TT is a torque developed by wind turbine and ω is
temperature, can be expressed as: a turbine rotor speed
And the tip speed ratio of the wind turbine can be obtained
"
= + ∆ ! (2) using equation:
"# $
5
Where: IPV-STC is a light generated current under standard 10 = (6)
test condition; KI is a cell’s short circuit current temperature
coefficient; ∆T is a change in temperature; G is a solar Where: R is a radius of the turbine blade
irradiation and GSTC is a nominal solar irradiation. CP can be expressed as the function of the tip-speed ratio
The reverse saturation current varies as a cubic function of (λ)

/0 = 1-2
**7 *7.?
− 0.4= − 5
temperature, which is represented as:
(7)
89 89
&'( * *
= !
# $ %
− (3)
) # $ Where:
Where: Io-STC is a nominal saturation current; q is a charge
*
of electron; TSTC is a saturation temperature and Eg is an 1* = @ 9 C.CFG I (8)
energy band gap of semi-conductor. ABC.CDE HF B9
35 Ibrahim Baba Kyari and Jamilu Ya’u Muhammad: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Electrification: A Review

4. Controls of Hybrid Renewable Energy conditions, when there is no output power from the wind or
photovoltaic sources, the fuel cell will operate at its rated
System power of 10 kW. They proposed a simple and economic
Since the hybrid renewable energy system combined control method with DC–DC converter is used for maximum
different renewable energy sources, it is difficult to the power point tracking and hence maximum power extraction
system to be efficient and reliable without applying any from the wind turbine and photovoltaic array. The individual
proper control strategy [13]. The objectives of the control of DC–DC converters are in turn connected to a single PWM
a hybrid renewable energy system are to maintain the state of voltage source inverter, which holds the output voltages of all
charge of the battery bank to prevent blackout; to extend the the converters at a fixed value by balancing input and output
life of the batteries and to satisfy the changeable load power power of the DC links. All the energy sources are modeled
demand. For these reasons, different researchers present their using PSIM software tool to analyze their dynamic behavior.
views in different locations and some are discussed as The complete hybrid system is simulated for different
follows: operating conditions of the energy sources.
Hancock et al. [14] presents a method for optimizing and Bansal et al. [21] discussed an automatic reactive-power
controlling the operation of stand-alone hybrid power control of an isolated wind–diesel hybrid power system
systems with consists of solar PV, generator and storage having an induction generator (IG) for a wind-energy
battery. The authors developed and analyzed a method for conversion system and synchronous generator (SG) for a
optimizing the operation of hybrid remote area power supply diesel generator (DG) set.
(RAP) systems. The wind turbine was controlled by a pitch angle
A control strategy for a wind energy conversion scheme controller and a solar PV electricity generation unit was
using induction generators was designed by Abdin and Xu controlled by a maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
[15]. The scheme consists of a three-phase induction controller as the control strategy for a hybrid renewable
generator driven by a horizontal axis wind turbine and energy system; furthermore, dynamic models have been used
interfaced to the utility through a double overhead for all the components of the system [22].
transmission line. A static VAR compensator was connected Li et al. [23] introduces the hardware realization of the
at the induction generator terminals to regulate its voltage. energy management and control subsystem of a grid-
The mechanical power input was controlled using the blade connected wind/solar hybrid power system. The system is
pitch-angle. Both state and output feedback controllers are composed of several modules: programmable logic controller
designed using MATLAB software to regulate the generator (FBs-40MAT from FATEK), AC multi-function electric
output. The results revealed that the response of closed loop power meters, Grid-connection control module, human-
system exhibited a good damping and fast recovery under machine interface (HMI), DC electric power meters, and
different type of large disturbances. RS485/TCP converter to control and manage the operation of
El-Shater et al. [16] discussed the Energy flow and multi-source.
management of a hybrid wind/PV/fuel. The energy system
combined solar PV, wind and fuel cells and each of the three 5. Optimization Techniques of Hybrid
energy sources is controlled so as to deliver energy at
optimum efficiency. Fuzzy logic control technique was Renewable Energy System
employed to achieve maximum power tracking for both PV The accurate sizing of every system component is critical
and wind energies and to deliver this maximum power to a for the techno-economic assessment of the whole system.
fixed DC voltage bus. Various optimization techniques such as linear programming,
A solution to the short term generation scheduling problem dynamic programming, probabilistic approach, iterative
in a hybrid energy system was developed by Fung et al. [17] technique, and multi-objective genetic algorithm were used
used in remote area power supply (RAPS). Instead of by researchers to design hybrid energy system in a most cost
extending the main electricity grid, RAPS systems are effective way.
economical alternatives for the supply of electrical energy to Barton and Infield [24] have considered the possibility of
consumers in remote areas. They proposed a new approach increasing renewable generation and energy storage on weak
based on fuzzy-logic (FL) and genetic algorithm (GA) electricity grids. Specifically, the investment criterion in their
techniques for the scheduling of the battery and the diesel model was based on capital deferral for transmission lines.
generator of a RAPS system [18]. They also have developed They found that storage options over long periods (i.e.
two methods. One was based on a pure genetic algorithm 24hours) with redox flow cells were able to allow 25% more
(PGA) approach, and the other was based on a combined of the wind energy to be absorbed without grid reinforcement
fuzzy-logic and genetic algorithm (FGA). Park et al. [19] but were not economically viable. Conversely, short term
presented the power compensation system for controlling storage using flywheels allowed 10% more of the wind
energy flow through hybrid energy system according to load energy to be absorbed and provided significant economic
demand. benefits to the electricity system.
Das et al. [20] proposes modeling of solar PV/wind/fuel Zoulias and Lymberopoulos [25] have provided a techno-
cell hybrid energy system. In worst environmental
 Science Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 2019; 8(2): 32-39 36

economic comparison of an existing hybrid stand-alone were used to determine the best power configuration of
power system and hydrogen based power system. They found generators, including costs and emissions as objective
that, while it is technically feasible to replace fossil fuel functions.
based generator sets with hydrogen-based systems, it requires Tsung-Ying [32] proposed a multi-pass iteration particle
a 50% cost reduction on electrolysers and 40% on hydrogen swarm optimization algorithm (MIPSO) to determine the
tanks to be economical. They also stressed the importance of optimal dispatch power of a battery storage system and wind
sizing and found that generator sets and battery banks can be turbine generators for a time-of-use rate industrial user.
replaced with fuel cells by oversizing the renewable energy Weibull probability density functions were generated with the
system (PV array in this study). software HOMER to assess wind speed probability. As a
Abbey et al. [26] proposed an analysis of stand-alone result, they suggested that higher profits can be generated by
power systems with wind generation and energy storage. accounting for load uncertainties.
They found that, at current storage prices, there is an Lee and Chen [33] have applied the evolutionary particle
economic benefit to install energy storage when the wind swarm optimization (EPSO) technique to investigate the
penetration reaches 60 to 80% of the power demand, and the optimal contract capacities and installed capacities of a wind
economic benefit starts decreasing beyond 80%. and PV generation system for time-of-use rate industrial user.
Nottrott et al. [27] have used LP under MATLAB to model The program HOMER was used to generate wind speed
the optimal storage dispatch schedules for peak load probabilities using a Weibull distribution. They suggested
management and demand charge minimization in a grid- that the most critical influencing factor of the benefit-cost
connected system combining battery and PV. They found that ratio was the energy cost while the capital cost had the
the net present values (NPV) of the battery system and greatest influence on the optimal installed capacity.
battery lifetime were significantly improved with the Li et al. [34] have explored a novel hybrid system
forecasting of time of use (ToU) prices. However, their including hydrogen fuel cell for long-term storage and
results ultimately showed that Lithium-Ion batteries are a battery banks for short-term storage. Based on DP, they
financially viable option - in demand side applications at an have determined the optimal system configuration with
installed cost of $400 - $500 per kWh of capacity, which regard to system costs and system efficiency. On the
represented around 40-50% of 2011’s price level. economic side, they measured the cost/benefit potential of
Mohammad et al. [28] have developed the numerical the different systems, including fixed costs, variables costs,
power pinch analysis in order to consider the energy losses of and levelized cost of electricity. On the engineering side,
hybrid power systems. The authors argued that different the study applied three different efficiency metrics,
types of appliances use different type of power; for instance, including total system efficiency, loss efficiency (i.e. dump
some appliances are AC and others are DC. As a result, they load), and used efficiency (i.e. actual efficiency). Their
proposed that the application of their methodology can avoid results suggested that coupling hydrogen and battery
unnecessary power conversion and reduce the optimal storage enables higher system efficiencies and lower costs
storage capacity in hybrid power systems. than traditional off-grid systems.
Kazempour et al. [29] have developed a self-scheduling Korpaas et al. [35] have applied a DP algorithm for the
approach under GAMS for the operation of NaS batteries and scheduling and operation of energy storage for wind power
pumped storage plants with considerations for the non- plants. Wind forecasting was used to determine the next day
linearity of maintenance cost and storage efficiency. They storage capacity. As a result, they suggested that energy
found that the internal rate of return (IRR) was 29% for storage can increase financial revenues by taking advantage
pumped-hydro, and 17% for NaS battery plants. of price fluctuations. However, electrochemical energy
Kongnam et al. [30] have used mixed integer nonlinear storage was found to be more expensive than grid
programming to determine the optimum generation capacity reinforcement. It was also proposed that energy storage can
of wind farms, with the aim of maximizing profit-to-cost and be more advantageous where grid extensions would lead to
profit-to-area ratios. The optimization problem was adverse consequences on the local environment.
formulated in order to select the optimal technological type Kaldellis et al. [36] have used a similar iterative approach
and size with regard to operation costs, maintenance costs, to assess the payback of stand-alone hybrid energy systems,
and available area. Nonlinear elements of wind turbine including solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage. As
operations such as cut-in and cut-out wind speed were expected, they found that local solar conditions are a
considered in the model. Weibull and Ryleigh distributions remarkable influencing factor of life cycle costs.
were used to model the wind speed uncertainty, using hourly Interestingly, they proposed that battery storage exceeded
data at Phuket wind station in Thailand. As a result, they 27% of their system costs, which emphasized the difference
found that the NPV of wind turbines was associated with between stand-alone and grid-connected systems.
both investment capacity and turbine sizes. According to the study conducted by Himri et al. [37]
Wang and Singh [31] have applied a fuzzified multi- which was devoted to the study of techno-economic aspects
objective particle swarm optimization algorithm to of hybrid (wind and diesel generator) schemes for a rural
investigate the optimal generation dispatch in electric power community in Algeria. The study was conducted to add a
systems. Both aggregated function and Pareto-based methods wind turbine to existing diesel power plant systems to reduce
37 Ibrahim Baba Kyari and Jamilu Ya’u Muhammad: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Electrification: A Review

fuel consumption. The author concluded for wind speed Shahirinail, et al. (2006) compared results of two
below 5 m/s the existing diesel operated plant with 0.05- optimization techniques based on simplex and other algorithm
0.179 $/liter is cost efficient than the hybrid system. The for hybrid PV/wind energy system. They presented a method
feasibility of the hybrid system assured at wind speed of 5.48 for assessment on the basis of loss of load probability (LOLP)
m/s, maximum annual capacity shortage 0%, minimum to decide an optimal proportion of solar photovoltaic (PV) and
renewable fraction 0% and $0.162/liter fuel price. wind generator capacities in hybrid solar PV/wind energy
A research carried by Boneya [38] described the design system; optimal system combination was selected on the basis
information of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine of capital cost and annual autonomy level.
hybrid power generation system to provide electricity to a
model community of 100 households and health clinic and 6. Conclusions
elementary school. The optimal simulation result showed
that PV/wind turbine/diesel generator/battery and convertor After reviewing different work done in hybrid energy
configured system. For this configuration the total NPC and system, the following conclusion remarks were drawn-out:
COE is $103,914 and 0.302 $/kWh respectively, for a a) The hybrid energy systems are recognized as a viable
renewable fraction of 84%, and diesel fuel consumed is alternative to grid supply or conventional, fuel-based,
1,955 liters per annum accordingly it runs for 633 hours per remote area power supplies all over the world.
year. b) Some authors have suggested that heuristic methods can
According to Nfah, et al. [39] simulation of a standalone offer shorter computational time than dynamic
electricity production for the remote settlements in Cameron programming especially when stochastic parameters are
was conducted. The study also presented the energy included [32].
requirement in rural villages is basically for lighting, radio c) There is a need for further research and development
and television entertainments. They simulated and modeled (R&D) improvements in solar photovoltaic (PV) and
four different system configurations such as; (hydro-LPG wind technologies that can reduce the cost of hybrid
generator-battery), (solar-LPG generator-battery), (micro system.
hydro-diesel generator-battery), (solar-diesel-battery). From d) Since there is abundant wind energy source in an island,
the simulation result the cost of energy for different therefore, there is need for combining wind/solar hybrid
renewable energy option was found to be 0.296 €/kWh for system with hydro power generation system.
micro hydro hybrid system generated from a 14 kW micro e) There is a need to carry out transient analysis of the
hydro generator, 15 kW LPG generator and 36 kWh of system for varying constraint like solar radiation, wind
battery storage. Furthermore, the second simulation for PV velocity, load demand.
hybrid system was accounted for 18 kW PV generator, 15
kW LPG generator and 72 kWh of battery storage, the cost of
energy was obtained as 0.576 €/kWh for remote petrol price References
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