EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Coherence

• Coherence signifies the convergence of

Definition: The term "emerging technology" can be previously separate research areas and
interpreted differently. technologies.
• Businessdictionary.com defines it as • It's about these technologies coming
new technologies in development that together and forming a unified whole,
will significantly impact the business giving them a distinct identity and
and social environment within the next momentum.
5-10 years. • Example: Cloud computing, AI,
• Others view it as innovations or creative data analytics, and robotics are
uses of existing technologies. increasingly interconnected and
used together for various
Example: Artificial intelligence (AI), though developed in applications.
the 1950s, is still considered an emerging technology
due to its ongoing development and research. Prominent Impact
• Emerging technologies have a
• Characteristics: Emerging technologies can be significant influence on various sectors,
identified by specific characteristics and how such as:
technologies emerge, according to Rotolo, • Businesses: Transforming
Hicks, and Martin (2015). industries and creating new
markets.
Five Characteristics of Emerging Technologies • Healthcare: Improving
diagnostics, treatment, and
drug discovery.
Radical Novelty • Society: Changing how we live,
• a term used to describe new work, and interact.
technologies that are innovative and • This impact goes beyond economic
use new principles to solve problems. benefits and affects the entire socio-
• Emerging technologies can be novel in economic system.
two ways:
• Progressing existing technology Uncertainty and Ambiguity
to new uses: Like applying AI to • Emerging technologies are inherently
different fields for various uncertain and ambiguous due to:
results. • Unknown future impact: It's
• Using a different fundamental hard to predict the full extent
principle: Creating technologies and consequences of their
that achieve the same function development.
but with a completely new • Malleable applications: Their
underlying concept. uses are constantly evolving and
Relatively Fast Growth may change over time.
• Emerging technologies exhibit rapid • Incomplete knowledge: Our
growth in various aspects, including understanding of their potential
• Actors involved: More and limitations is still
companies, universities, and developing.
individuals are getting involved.
• Funding: Increased public and
private investment.
• Knowledge outputs: A surge in
research papers, prototypes,
and products.
 Emerging Technology Areas First Industrial Revolutions (Industry 1.0)

Augmented Reality • Began in 18th Century

• AR overlays computer-generated • An Introduction of Mechanical Production Using
elements onto the real world. : Hydroelectric and Steam-powered Equipment.
• Applications: Examples include
in-car navigation, games like Second Industrial Revolutions (Industry 2.0)
Pokemon Go, and furniture
visualization. • Began in 19th Century
• Impact: AR is set to become • New Technology that uses Electricity
more sophisticated and
prevalent, playing a crucial role Third Industrial Revolutions (Industry 3.0)
in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution. • Began the first computer era
• An integration of Electronic and Information
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology to Automate a production process
• AI simulates human intelligence further.
processes like learning and reasoning. • It uses internet access, connectivity, and
• Machine Learning: A subset of renewable energy.
AI that enables machines to
learn from experience. Fourth Industrial Revolutions (Industry 4.0)
• Applications: Machine learning
is used in various fields, • The current and developing environment
including healthcare, finance, • An application of IoT (Internet of Things),
and marketing. robotics, AR, VR, and AI

Quantum Computers Building Blocs of Industry 4.0

• Computers that leverage quantum
mechanics to perform calculations more Big Data Analytics
efficiently than traditional computers. • A process of collecting, organizing, and
• Quantum Bits (Qubits): The analyzing large sets of data from different
basic unit of computation in sources to discover patterns and other useful
quantum computers, capable of information.
representing both 0 and 1
simultaneously. Internet of Things (IoT)
• Development: Leading • A computing concepts that describes the idea of
organizations like IBM, Google, everyday physical objects being connected to
and Rigetti Computing are the internet and being able to communicate and
developing quantum computers interact with other devices.
and software.
• Potential: Future quantum Cloud Computing
computers could simulate • This is the general term for anything that
nature and revolutionize fields involves delivering hosted services over the
like materials science. internet.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution Augmented Reality

• A technology that adds digital elements to the
real world using a digital device such as
smartphones, tablet, or AR Glasses. It enhances
what you see by overlaying images, animations,
or information on top of real-world objects.
 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND MODELING ⚬ Describe how the system will be
implemented.
REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION

Systems Development: Functional Requirements:

A systematic process of defining, designing, ⚬ Directly related to the processes
testing, and implementing new applications. a system must perform or the
data it needs to contain.
Fundamental Phases: ⚬ Examples:
Planning, Analysis, Design, and Implementation. ￭ Ability to search for
available products.
Analysis Phase: ￭ Report actual and
Requires systems analysts or requirements budgeted expenses.
engineers to:
￭ Generate financial
⚬ Gather requirements. statements.
⚬ Analyze gathered requirements. ⚬ Lead to the creation of
⚬ Model user needs. functional, structural, and
⚬ Create system blueprints. behavioral models.

Systems Analyst: Non-Functional Requirements:

The first priority is to determine user ⚬ Pertain to the behavioral
requirements and refine them into a detailed properties of the system.
requirements definition. ⚬ Define how a system should
perform or its inherent
Purpose of Requirements Determination: properties.
Convert high-level user requirements into a
detailed list (requirements definition report). TYPES OF NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Requirements Definition Report: Operational Requirements:

Used as an input for creating models (e.g.,
⚬ Specify the operating
functional model).
environment(s) in which the
system must function.
Requirements:
⚬ Include details about interacting
A statement of what the system must do or
systems, software, and
what characteristics it must possess.
hardware.
TYPES OF REQUIREMENTS ⚬ Address the physical
environment where the system
User Requirements: will be installed.
⚬ Determined through discussions ⚬ Examples:
with the client to understand ￭ The System must work
their actual needs. over a web
⚬ Focus on the user's perspective environment with web
and needs. browsers.
￭ The System must be
System Requirements: compatible with Linux,
Windows, and Mac OS.
⚬ Refined from user requirements
during the design phase.
Performance Requirements:
⚬ State the functional and non-
⚬ Address performance-related
functional requirements of the
aspects like response time,
system.
capacity, and reliability.
Examples:
￭ Database must be
updated in real time.
￭ System must process
and store data for 5,000
customers (2MB of
data).

Security Requirements:
⚬ Focus on access control, data
protection, and preventing
disruptions or data loss.
Examples:
￭ Only managers can
change inventory within
their department.
￭ System data will be
encrypted.
￭ Files will be scanned for
viruses.
Cultural Requirements:
⚬ Address cultural, political, and
legal factors impacting the
system.
Examples:
￭ System should not use
offensive terms or
icons.
￭ System should use
English only.
￭ Customer data cannot
be transferred outside
the country.
￭ Adherence to company
rules.

IMPORTANCE OF REQUIREMENTS
Non-Functional Requirements in Design:
⚬ Primarily used during the design
phase for decisions about
￭ Database
￭ User Interface
￭ Hardware and Software
￭ System Architecture
Overall Significance
⚬ Requirements define client/user
needs and expectations from
the software/system.
⚬ Crucial for understanding how
the final system will function.