Lecture Notes 5

in
STRUCTURAL
THEORY 2
CE06
Second Semester
2021-2022
BSCE Curriculum 2018

Presented by: NENITA M. ABARADO, Ph.D., C.E.

College of Engineering and Architecture
Bohol Island State University-Main Campus

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 Lesson 5
Area Moment Method

Learning Objectives:

At the end of lesson, the students should be able to:

1. determine the geometrical area and centroid of the moment diagram by parts;
2. visualize the shape of a beam’s elastic curve;
3. find the change of slope and tangential deviation between points;
4. establish the relationship between the first and second theorems of area to the slope and
deflection of beam and
5. analyze determinate and indeterminate beam –deflection and slope by Area Moment
Method.

Time frame: 5 hours

Introduction

Otto Mohr developed the initial ideas for the two moment-area theorems, and Charles
E. Greene formally stated these later in 1873. These theorems include a semi-graphical
technique for calculating the slope of the elastic curve as well as its deflection due to bending.
They are particularly advantageous when used to solve problems involving beams, especially
those subjected to a series of concentrated loads or segments with different moments of inertia.

This method involves the area of the moment diagram.

 General Formulas for Geometrical area and centroid of the second degree curve.
Kindly refer to the reference book (Hibbeler 8th ed.)

Loading diagram
diagram

M/EI diagram

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Theorem I

The change in slope between the tangents drawn to the elastic curve at any two points A and
B is equal to the product of 1/EI multiplied by the area of the moment diagram between these
two points.
𝐵
𝑀
θB/A = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 𝐸𝐼

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or θAB = 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴𝐴𝐵
𝐸𝐼

 The notation θB/A is referred to as the angle of the tangent at B measured with
respect to the tangent at A.
 This angle is measured counterclockwise from tangent A to tangent B if the area of
the M/EI diagram is positive, if this area is negative, or below the x axis, the angle
θB/A is measured clockwise from tangent A to tangent B.
 Moreover, θB/A is measured in radians.

M/EI diagram

Elastic curve
diagram

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Theorem II.

 The vertical deviation of the tangent at a point (A) on the elastic curve with respect to
the tangent extended from another point (B) equals the “moment” of the area under the
M/EI diagram between the two points (A and B).
 This moment is computed about point A (the point on the elastic curve), where the
deviation tA/B is to be determined.
 This deviation is measured along a vertical line passing through point A. the vertical
deviation of the tangent at A with respect to the tangent at B can be found by integration,
𝐵
𝑀
t A/B = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 𝐸𝐼

Where:
𝑀 𝑀
∫ 𝑑𝑥 - area of the
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
diagram,

x - distance from the vertical axis through A to the centroid of the area
between A and B, as shown below.

 The moment of the positive M / EI area from A to B implies that the tangent at point A
is above the tangent at the curve extended from point B. Similarly, the negative M / EI
areas mean that the tangent at A is below the tangent extended from B.

 Note that in general t A/B is not equal t B/A

 The moment of the area under the M/EI diagram between A and B is computed about
point A to determine t A/B .

 It is computed about point B to determine t B/A .

 The deviation of any point B relative to the tangent drawn to the elastic curve at any
other point A, in a direction perpendicular to the original position of the beam, is equal
to the product of 1/EI multiplied by the moment of an area about B of that part of the
moment diagram between points A and B.

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t B/A = 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴𝐴𝐵 (𝑋𝐵 )
𝐸𝐼

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(8-15)

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Rules of Sign

Procedure to determine the displacement and slope at a point on the elastic curve of a beam
using the moment-area theorems.

M/EI Diagram

• Determine the support reactions and draw the beam’s M/EI diagram.

• If the beam is loaded with concentrated forces, the M/EI diagram will consist of a series of
straight line segments, and the areas and their moments required for the moment-
area theorems will be relatively easy to compute.

• If the loading consists of a series of concentrated forces and distributed loads, it may be
simpler to compute the required M/EI areas and their moments by drawing the M/EI
diagram in parts, using the method of superposition as discussed in Sec. 4–5. In any
case, the M/EI diagram will consist of parabolic or perhaps higher-order curves, and it
is suggested that the table on the inside back cover be used to locate the area and
centroid under each curve. Elastic Curve

• Draw an exaggerated view of the beam’s elastic curve. Recall that points of zero
slope occur at fixed supports and zero displacement occurs at all fixed, pin,
and roller supports.

• If it becomes difficult to draw the general shape of the elastic curve, use the
moment (or M/EI) diagram. Realize that when the beam is subjected to a
positive moment the beam bends concave up, whereas negative moment
bends the beam concave down. Furthermore, an inflection point or change in
curvature occurs where the moment in the beam (or M/EI) is zero.

• The displacement and slope to be determined should be indicated on the curve.

Since the moment-area theorems apply only between two tangents, attention
should be given as to which tangents should be constructed so that the angles
or deviations between them will lead to the solution of the problem. In this

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 regard, the tangents at the points of unknown slope and displacement and at
the supports should be considered, since the beam usually has zero
displacement and/or zero slope at the supports. Moment-Area Theorems

• Apply Theorem 1 to determine the angle between two tangents, and Theorem 2 to
determine vertical deviations between these tangents.

• Realize that Theorem 2 in general will not yield the displacement of a point on the elastic
curve. When applied properly, it will only give the vertical distance or deviation of a
tangent at point A on the elastic curve from the tangent at B.

• After applying either Theorem 1 or Theorem 2, the algebraic sign of the answer can be
verified from the angle or deviation as indicated on the elastic curve.

Examples:

1. Determine the slope at points B and C of the beam shown in Fig. 8–16a. Take E =
2911032 ksi and I = 600 in4.

SOLUTION

M/EI Diagram.

Elastic Curve.

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  Moment-Area Theorem

3 𝑘 𝑓𝑡 1 60 𝑘 𝑓𝑡 30 𝑘 𝑓𝑡 675 𝑘 𝑓𝑡 2
θ𝐵 = θ𝐵 = − ( ) (15 𝑓𝑡) − ( − ) (15 𝑓𝑡)= −
𝐴
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

−675 𝑘 𝑓𝑡 2 (144𝑖𝑛2 /1 𝑓𝑡 2 )
θ𝐵 = = −0.00559 𝑟𝑎𝑑
29(103 )𝑘/𝑖𝑛2 (600 𝑖𝑛4 )

The negative sign indicates that the angle is measured clockwise from A, Fig. c.

The area under the M/EI diagram between points A and C equals θ C/A.

1 60 𝑘 𝑓𝑡 900 𝑘 𝑓𝑡 2
θ𝐶 = θ𝐶 = 2 (− ) (30 𝑓𝑡)=
𝐴
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

−900 𝑘 𝑓𝑡 2 (144𝑖𝑛2 /1 𝑓𝑡 2 )
θ𝐶 = = −0.00745 𝑟𝑎𝑑
29(103 )𝑘/𝑖𝑛2 (600 𝑖𝑛4 )

2. Determine the slope at point C of the beam in Fig. A. E = 200 GPa, I = 6(106) mm4.

M/EI Diagram.

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Elastic Curve.

The tangent at D is horizontal, the angle θ D/C between tan C and tan D is equal to θ𝐶 ;

θ C = θ D/C

Moment-Area Theorem

Theorem 1: θ D/C is equal to the shaded area under the M/EI diagram between points C and
D.

30 𝑘𝑛 𝑚 1 60 𝑘𝑛 𝑚 30 𝑘𝑛 𝑚 135 𝑘𝑁 𝑚2
θ𝐶 = θ𝐷 = 3𝑚 ( ) + 2 (3𝑚) ( − )=
𝐶
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

135 𝑘𝑁 𝑚2
θ𝐶 = = 0.112 𝑟𝑎𝑑
200(106 )𝑘𝑁 6 )(10−12 )𝑚4 ]
[ ] [6(10
𝑚2

3 .Find the value of the deflection under each load of the beam shown.
a. using area-moment method
b. double-integration method

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Solution:

a. area-moment method

∑MA = 0 + ↻

200 (3) + 400 (7) – DY (8)= 0

DY = 425 lb

∑FY = 0 +↑

AY + DY – 200 – 400 = 0

AY = 175 lb

1 2 1 11 1
[ (425)(1)( )]+ [425(4)(3)]+[ (100)(4)( )]+ [ (525)(3)(18)]
2 3 2 3 2
𝑡𝐷 =
𝐴 𝐸𝐼

10700 𝑙𝑏.𝑓𝑡 3
𝑡𝐷 =
𝐴 𝐸𝐼

1 8 1
[425(4)(2)]+[ (100)(4)( )]+ [ (525)(3)(5)]
2 3 2
𝑡𝐶 =
𝐴 𝐸𝐼

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 47225
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
6
𝑡𝐶 =
𝐴 𝐸𝐼

1
[ (525)(3)(1)]
2
𝑡𝐵 =
𝐴 𝐸𝐼

787.5
𝑡𝐵 =
𝐴 𝐸𝐼

By r.a.p.
𝑡𝐷 ∆ 𝐵 + 𝑡𝐵
𝐴 𝐴
=
8 3

3𝑡𝐷 = 8∆𝐵 + 8 𝑡𝐵
𝐴 𝐴

10700 𝑙𝑏.𝑓𝑡 3 787.5

8∆𝐵 = 3( )-8( )
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

3225 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
∆𝐵 =
𝐸𝐼

𝑡𝐷 ∆𝐶 + 𝑡 𝐶
𝐴 𝐴
=
8 7

7𝑡𝐷 = 8∆𝐶 + 8 𝑡𝐶
𝐴 𝐴

47225
10700 𝑙𝑏.𝑓𝑡 3 6
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
8∆𝐶 = 7( )-8( )
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

1491.67 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
∆𝐶 =
𝐸𝐼

 Check by using *double-integration method

∑MX = 0 + ↻

MX = 175x -200 (x-3) – 400 (x-7)

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EIy” = 175 (x) – 200 <x – 3> - 400 <x – 7>

𝑥2 200<𝑥−3>2 400<𝑥−7>2
EIy’= 87.5 ( 2 ) – - + C1
2 2

𝑥3 100<𝑥−3>3 200<𝑥−7>3
EIy = 87.5 ( ) – - + C 1 x + C2
3 3 3

when: x = 0, y =0; C2 = 0

when: x = 8, y’ =0 ; C1 = -1337.5

at load 200lb: x= 3ft

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EIy= 87.5 ( ) -1337.5 (3)
3

3225 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
y200lb = ∆𝐵 = 𝐸𝐼

at load 400lb: x =7 ft

73 100(4)3
EIy = 87.5 ( ) – - 1337.5 (7)
3 3

1491.67 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
y400lb = ∆𝐶 =
𝐸𝐼

Exercises
Plate No. 5

Problems
Solve the following problems as indicated by the area-moment method and check your
solutions using the double integration method.

1. Determine the slope at the roller B of the double overhang beam shown in figure
below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 18(106) mm4.

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 2. Determine the slope at point C of the beam in Fig. 8–19a. E = 29(103) ksi,
I = 600 in4.

3. Determine the deflection at point C of the beam shown in item #2. . E = 200 GPa,
I = 250(106) mm4.

Note: If you have any questions about the given problems, simply contact your
instructor through gchat.

References:

Aslam Kassimali ,STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 4e , p. 240

R.C Hibbeler STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ,6e, 8e, p.318
https://calcresource.com/statics-deflections-moment-area.html

Suggested links:
https://youtu.be/WLS051uQyno
https://youtu.be/jkwPzvWsqIY

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