SSC 101

Notes by Comrade Ola

(Faculty Of Law, Class Governor)
Compiled by Adeyemi
(Faculty Of Law, SSC101 Course Rep)

Course Title: Human and His Social Environments.

SSC 101 LECTURE

14/11/2023

You & Your Mental Health

Your mental health must be guided jealously

What is mental health?

Metal Health according to W.H.O, it’s a state of mental well being that enables people to cope with
the stress of life, realise their abilities, learn well and work well and contribute to their societies.
Mental health is necessary and it’s a right for every individual. Mental Health is not a direct opposite
of mental illness. Mental health exists on a complex continuum which is experienced differently from
one person to another. It varies in degrees of difficulties and distress and potentially very different in
social and clinical outcomes.

Mental Health Conditions or Mental Disorders: it’s a broader term covering mental disorders,
psychosocial disabilities, and other mental state associated with significant distress as described by
the international classification of diseases.

Anxiety Disorders: in 2019, it was said that over three hundred million people have it. 1 out of 8
persons will experience one form of disorder or the other. Mental Health is a respecter of no one.

Characteristics of Anxiety Disorder

• Excessive Worries
• Depression: Depression is typically manifest as sadness, irritable etc.
• Bipolar disorder
• Eating disorder
• Anti Social behaviour
Date: 20/11/2023

BEING HUMAN

In today’s SSC 101 lecture on “Being Human,” the lecturer just discussed rather than giving notes and
he delved into the paradox of human strength and sophistication. Despite being among the weaker
mammals, humans stand out as the most advanced. The lecturer explored philosophical arguments
surrounding the concept that humans are purposefully designed creations.

A significant focus was placed on human contributions through inventions, which have significantly
eased our lives. The discussion touched upon the evolutionary journey of humanity throughout
history, highlighting the transformative shifts from one era to another. Moreover, the lecturer
underscored the vital role of human interaction and its profound importance in shaping our
existence.

And he ended the class by telling us to research on what makes humans unique among other
mammals and the biological differences why we can not see another version on human.

04/12/23 Lanre Ikuteyijo

WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?

In exploring Sociology, profound lessons emerge:

1. Diversity of Human Society: Our social structure moulds human identity. Illustrated by two
students – one from the East with a Christian background, the other from the West with a Muslim
background. Their unique identities are products of their birthplaces.

2. Non-Judgmental Perspective: Sociology imparts the crucial lesson of refraining from judgment
based on factors such as colour, attire, race, language, or physical abilities.

3. Embracing Diversity: A core tenet of Sociology is fostering understanding and appreciation for the
richness of diverse backgrounds.
What Is Sociological Imagination?

Coined by C. Wright Mills in 1959, sociological imagination is the capacity to discern social patterns
influencing both individuals and groups. Mills advocates using Sociology to unveil how societal
context shapes our lives. Understanding a person’s experiences necessitates delving into their social
and historical context.

In essence, sociological imagination emphasizes comprehending individuals and their behaviours

through the lens of their social background.

Tools/Instruments of Sociologists

Sociology, centred on human society, employs specific tools for understanding human behaviour:

• Observation: Systematically paying attention to social phenomena for deeper

comprehension.
• Reasoning: Posing essential questions following careful observation.
• Logical Analysis: Unveiling the reasons behind the nature of societal phenomena.

12/12/23

ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology, a discipline integral to reasoning, finds its etymological roots in the Greek words
“Anthropos,” signifying human, and “logos,” denoting reasoning or study. The inception of
anthropology, explored through historical analysis, unfolded as Edward Tylor Burnett traversed the
globe, gathering diverse objects and recognizing their recurring presence in societies.

The seminal work “Origin of Species” is credited to Charles Orwell. Within the human context, we
identify ourselves as “homo sapiens sapienss.” Anthropology, extending its purview across space and
time, delves into understanding human life, behaviour, and society. It serves as an interdisciplinary
study, encompassing various disciplines to comprehensively explore the human experience.

Key Aspects of Anthropology:

1. Biological Anthropology: Also known as physical anthropology, this field centres on the
biological processes and attributes that set homo sapiens apart from other species.

2. Archaeology: Focused on the physical remnants of past cultures, archaeology examines

historical conditions and contemporary cultural landscapes.
 3. Linguistic Anthropology: Emphasizing the unique human capacity for communication
through articulate speech and diverse languages, this branch explores the intricacies of
human language.

4. Social Anthropology: Also termed cultural anthropology, social anthropologists are social
scientists who concentrate on the socio-cultural dimensions of human life. They explore the
dynamics that shape human societies and culture.

13/12/2023

5. Applied anthropology: it is the practical aspect; these are people who adopt and apply
anthropological theories or methods to solve issues or problems.

Anthropologists work with many other disciplines.

• Ethnocentrism: is when you believe your cultures and beliefs is superior to other cultures or
beliefs.
• Xeno centrism: It is when you believe others cultures and beliefs are superior and higher to
your cultures.

Methods used in Anthropology

The methods differ;

In biology anthropology:

- Scientific research which includes laboratory work

- Data analysis

For Archaeologists:

- Excavation: to recover fossils/artifacts.

- Geophysical survey.
- Geotechnical survey.
- Carbon dating.

For social anthropologists:

- Ethnography
- Participant observation
- Case study
- Genealogy
- Survey
 - interview
- play
- Games
- Discussions.

For Linguistic anthropology: They use part of social scientists.

Prominent people in Anthropology

Edward Burnett Tylor: He lived between 1832 and 1917, part of his contributions to the
development is that he gave us the evolutionary idea through which he offered an explanation of the
evolution, he published a book titled ‘Early history of mankind and the development of mankind’ in
1865, he published a more prominent one in 1871 titled ‘Primitive culture ‘ , he gave what people
give as the most important definition of culture, he defined culture as a complex home which
includes knowledge, beliefs, heart, morals, love, customs and any other capabilities acquired by man
as a member of the society.

Lewis Morgan: He lived between 1818 and 1881, he did what we called ethnography of Iroquois, he
understudied the culture and one of the contributions was the study of family and kinship. He gave
classificatory decent system and descriptive decent system. He also contributed to the development
of culture, be gave us the revolutionary definition of society, he said the earliest stage of society is
Savagery, at this time, the people were wanderers, scavengers etc. they have three stages; lower
savagery, middle savagery and higher savagery, the barbaric stage which also have 3 stages, lower
barbaric, middle barbaric and higher barbaric and the last stage is civilization.

James George Frazer: He lived between 1854 and 1941, he was influenced by the book published by
Tylor in 1871, his research focused on magic and religion, he also authorized the book titled ‘the
Golden bough’, he taught many iconic universities including Liverpool.

Bronislaw Malinowski: He lived between 1884 and 1942, he is considered the father of modern
anthropology, he began what some regarded as scientific ethnography. He carried out his fieldwork
among the Trobriand Islander and he also gave us the idea of functionalist theory.

Franz Boaz: He lived between 1858 and 1942, he is considered the father of American anthropology,
his most significant contribution is cultural relativism.

Margaret Mead: She lived between 1901 and 1978, her work focused more on gender, she
contributed to the understating of how culture shape the idea of gender (gender identity) she
studied the people of Samoa and she authorized a book titled ‘Coming of age in Samoa ‘.
Ruth Benedict: She was also an American anthropologist who lived between 1887 and 1948, her
major contribution to the discipline is culture and personality.

Questions considered with Anthropology

1. What is culture?

2. What does it mean to be a person?

3. How and why are we the same?

4. How and why are we different from one another?

5. To what extent can we know?

6. Issues of race, ethnicity, gender, inequalities

7. Colonization and decolonization.

8. Health disparities

9. Environmental change.

Credits: Ige Favour (Philosophy, Assistant Class Governor)

18/12/23

Deviance & Social Control

Ok any human society, there are norms and values that are held in high esteem by the members of
society. These members are expected to obey what these norms and values say. Norms and values
are the building blocks of any society. Norms means rules and regulations that guide members of the
society. One of the ways to destroy any society is to adulterate the values and norms. For instance, in
Yoruba culture, hard work is encouraged but to destroy Yoruba society is to encourage other means
to wealth besides hard work. Any society must endure should therefore cherish their norms.

DEVIANCE
Deviance means to deviate, violate established rules and regulations in the society. It can be defined
as any behaviour or activities that breaks the generally shared social norms of the society. It ranges
from simple act that violate social norms to serious criminal act that are clearly illegal. When
deviance is called delinquency (when a child violates the norms in the society).

Crimes are defined as violation if coded laws.

How do we measure deviance?

They are two:

- The statistical measure: this measure of deviance is the measure that conceives deviance as
a kind of departure from a statistical average. By this concept, we are talking what most
people do as a representative of the norms.

- Absolute measure: it can be measure in absolute term when we use objective, absolute and
identifiable behaviours to measure deviance.

While laymen believe that deviance is not good, Sociologists believe it’s normal. Emile Durkheim
believes that deviance performs some functions in the society. He believes a normal society must
have deviant acts. Durkheim is of the view that acts of deviance reinforce social cohesion. Durkheim
also argued that deviance allows to draw the line between actions that are allowed and the
disallowed actions in our society. Hence, we can not say deviance is always negative, sometimes, it’s
positive too. Prominent people in history become prominent because of deviance.

19/12/23

Deviance Cont’d
As taught in the last class, somebody who deviates is called deviant. Deviance is any infraction of
deviation from the laid down rules and regulations in society. Durkheim argues that deviance is
positive and helps to achieve the functionalists’ aims in the society. He himself is a functionalist.

To every norm, there are sanctions and these sanctions to the norms. And a sanction is any form of
reaction from other members of society meant to ensure a person or group complies with a given
norm. Mindless conformity is when one does something because the public or majority are doing it.
Sanctions can be negative or positive. While negative sanctions come in form of punishment in order
to deter people from doing the same thing, positive sanction is otherwise known as reinforcement,
when an action is rewarded which shows the action is wanted in the society. The basic essence of
section is to achieve conformity.

Sanction can be formal or inform. Formal sanction is always applied by the official or formal agencies
of government. On the other hand, informal is when you are sanctioned by unofficial person like
your dad or friend or someone. In modern societies, formal sanctions are coordinated by formal
justice system. Police are considered to be the gate keepers of formal justice system.

Not all acts of deviance are criminal but all criminal acts.
THEORIES OF DEVIANCE

• The functionalist’s explanation

• Interactionists explanation
• Conflicts explanation.

20/12/23

HOW SOCIETY REACTS TO DEVIANCE

There are two ways society reacts to deviance...

1) Criminalization:

When negative sanctions follow deviance, it is called criminalization of deviance. Society criminalizes
deviance to serve as a deterrent to other members of society.

Here society believes the individual acted of freewill and conscious thought, thus should be
penalized

Two types of deterrence:

i) general deterrence: when the deterrence is aimed as serving as a means to deter

others. E.g. The Nigerian government’s decision to parade and shoot robbers in their
local government

ii) specific deterrence: sanctions aimed at a specific individual to prevent repetition of an

act.

2) Medicalization:

When a deviant act is considered as a sickness. Society medicalizes deviance when it believes it’s a
result of a sick state of the mind, and that the solution is not through punishment but curative
methods — therapy, psychosocial support, etc
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE

1) functionalist theories of deviance:

This is a sociological perspective that all parts of society are contributing to all of society, even those
parts that are dysfunctional.

(remember sociologists such as Emilie Durckheim who believe deviance is beneficial to society as it
encourages social cohesion)

1. Structural strength theory

This theory was propounded by Robert Merton and traces deviance to the tensions caused by the
gap between cultural groups and the available means.

It is believed that in every society exists culture and social structure, however despite these
structures, the available means plays an important part.

Thus, there exists a dichotomy between goals and the means to achieve these goals. Goals include -
conformity,

2) Conflict theories of deviance:

The conflict theory of deviance, often associated with the work of Karl Marx, proposes that laws and
norms reflect the interests of powerful members of society. According to this theory, those in power
create laws to protect their own interests, while punishing those who threaten these interests.

In the context of deviance, conflict theory suggests that the less powerful are more likely to be
labelled as deviant or criminal because they pose a threat to the powerful. This theory emphasizes
social inequality and suggests that far-reaching social change is needed to achieve a just society.

3) Interactionist theories of deviance:

The interactive theory of deviance, or labelling theory, views deviance as a social construct. It posits
that deviance isn’t inherent but arises when majorities label minorities as deviant. This process
involves social interaction and decision-making. The theory suggests that individuals become deviant
when this identity is forced upon them and they adopt it, influencing their self-identity and
behaviour.

_Olayinka U. OKUNOLA, _

Comrade Ola’
08/01/24

How People Adapt to Structural Imbalance in Society

• Innovations: Innovators accept the cultural goals but they reject the means of achieving the
goals. For instance, Yahoo boys

• Conformists: These are who accept the cultural goals and accept the means.

• Ritualists: They accept the means but they reject the goals

• Retreatists: They reject both the means and goals. They are in society but they are not of the
society. For instance, drunks, drug addicts

• Rebels: They also reject the means. They however invent their own unlike the retreatists. For
instance, Malians.

Comrade Ola’

09/01/24

Misconceptions of culture
Some equate or believe that culture is synonymous or equal to civilization. This is wrong because no
one lacks culture, it’s not about where one lives, it’s however about how people live.

Some believe some cultures are superior and real cultures while some are inferior or less cultures
and this is absolutely wrong and it’s a major misconception about culture.

Culture as a concept

Culture is a concept that’s commonly used by different people to mean different things.
Etymologically, it comes from a Latin word, ‘colere’ which literally means ‘to inhabit’ or ‘to inculcate’.

Culture has similarities in the way people think and behave. It’s also shared way of thinking and
behaving by a certain group of people. Culture is also man made. It’s also shared way of thinking and
seeing the world.
Culture had been severally defined. For some, they believe that culture is about inter personal
relationship. Edward Tylor, considered one of the founding figures in anthropology, defined culture as
“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” Culture is basically created by
human.

Types of culture

• Tangible Culture/Material
• Non-Tangible culture

Elements of culture

• Language
• Games
• Holidays
• Symbols

Characteristics

• It’s dynamic: it’s not static but changing

• It can be universal: when we talk about its universality, we are saying that it’s found all over
the world. For instance, family, Language and co. However, there manifestation is relative.

Comrade Ola’

10/12/24

Continuation of Culture

Characteristics of culture

• It’s worthy to note that, as said in the last class, no culture is superior to another. Yoruba
culture, Hausa culture and others are the same, none is superior.

• Culture is man made: culture is human creation that shapes individuals in society.
 • Culture is also shared and learned: Individuals acquire knowledge about their culture
through socialization.

• Culture is adaptive: when we say culture is adaptive, we try to talk about how humans
respond to social changes, technological advancement and changes of social environments.
Humans adapt

• Culture is symbolic: it’s based on use of symbols. Symbols are anything we use to represent
another thing. Culture creates and uses symbols. Symbols are attached meaning to and they
are used as means of communication.

• Culture is transmitted: Culture is transmitted from one generation to another generation. It

can be through oral tradition.

There were two scholars who wanted to know how many definitions of culture were in existence as
of 1952. They were Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn. The title of their book is ‘CULTURE: A
CRITICAL REVIEW OF CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS’. Some see culture as the way of thinking, some
view it as storehouse of learning and so on.

Essence of culture:

Humans developed culture because of two things:

1. For survival

2. For development

Humans coming together is a necessity and having culture is absolutely necessary. We need one
another as humans to be able to develop and survive.

Concepts that are related to the discussion of culture

• Culture Shock: When someone experience something that’s very strange to his or her
culture.

• Enculturation: Process of learning about one’s culture

• Acculturation: It’s a process of learning about people’s culture.

• Cultural lag: the difference between material and non material culture.
 • Cultural attenuation: it refers to a process where customs, values lose their significance and
strength over time.

• Sub-culture: the smaller unit within culture.

• Counter-culture: When a sub-culture is against the dominant culture of a place.

• Cultural relativism: it’s a process of viewing a cultural trait using a perspective of that culture.

• Cultural assimilation: it’s a process in which an external cultural element is assimilated into
our own culture.

Olayinka U. Okunola,

(Comrade Ola’)

15/01/24

Human Society
Society is a group of people who lives in a specific community and share the same cultural
components.

On a broader scale, society consists of people and the institutions around us, our shared belief and
cultural ideas.

Social Institutions

Society is like a body and social Institutions are like parts of the body that have different functions.

Social Institutions are established patterns of beliefs, behaviours and relationships that organize
social lives.

Social Institutions are also called social organisms

Why we need social institutions

For:
-Interaction

-Orderliness

-Cohesion

-People

-Economic activities

-Cooperation

-Government and co.

Characteristics of Social Institutions

- In society, social institutions are deliberate i.e. it’s not accidental just like every part of our
body. They are deliberately developed and strategically placed. Never a mistake.

- Its purposive i.e. social institutions have their purpose hence they are created

- Interrelatedness: all social institutions are joined together i.e. they work hands in hands. For
instance,

- It’s enduring and traditional.

Functions of Social Institutions

- provision of orderliness and stability

- it helps in transmission of culture and traditions inter and intra generationally.
- it helps in making social interaction possible
- regulation of human behaviours
- it helps us to allocate appropriately and manage our resources.
- it helps in addressing social problems and conflicts appropriately.

Olayinka Okunola (Comrade Ola’)

16/01/24

Social Institutions

For society to keep existing, societal needs must be met. Social Institutions take care of the needs.
All Social Institutions have what we call, Manifest Function and Latent Function.

- Manifest function: They are the apparent and intended function. They’re seen and they can
be felt.
- Latent Culture: They are unintended functions. They are felt, they are seen and they can be
felt but they are unintended.

For example: The microphone helps amplify the lecturers voice (That’s a manifest Function. It’s
primarily created for it)

Imagine someone approaching the lecturer and tries to fight him, the he uses the microphone as a
weapon of self-defence. That is a latent function.

Social institution include:

• Family
• Government
• Economy
• Religion,
• Health Care.

1. Family

Family exists in all society and they are part of what makes us human. What differentiates us from
other animals is Culture and Family. However, societies around the world demonstrates tremendous
variations in cultural understanding of family. Having a family is cultural universal bit forming a family
is culturally specific.

A family is formally understood as a group of individuals related by blood relation and affinity. Family
can be defined as two or more people in adaptable social alliance that involves kinship whether
perceived through blood, marriage or other permanent or semi permanent arrangements. Family is
frequently but not always involving reproduction and the care of offspring and co residence within
the same locale.

Family varies greatly across culture and also adapts to changing social and economic needs. Family is
adapting. Family varies, therefore it’s a SOCIAL CONSTRUCT OR SOCIAL CULTURAL CONSTRUCT.
Family is found everywhere but may not necessarily be the same everywhere.
Family had the primary function it performs in the society (Manifest function). Family involves
Partnering. Such as living in households, raising children.

1. For procreation. It is not just to give birth or replace the dead in the Society. It’s also, a process of
socialization. It serves a crucial role in defining society, interaction and Functions.

2. It plays a crucial role in identity formation and the upbringing of offsprings.

3. It teaches you about associations.

4. It teaches their offspring to be proper members of the society by observing the Norms.

5. It gives rights and obligations.

6. Social Status and Social role.

Social status: The position that’s culturally made available to a person. E.g. being a child,
father, grand mother.

Social roles: To each social status, there is an attached social role. Being a father is a social
status, Being the bread winner, the provider of the family is the social role. Etc.

Social Status is a brain child of Ralph Linton. He invented that terminology.

Roles: Any set of expected behaviour that’d attached to the social status.

7. Teaching Religion Is part of latent function of the family. E.g., Your dad is not a clergy, but he led
you to your Religion. Teaching too is a latent function. Health related Function is a latent function.

22/01/24

Social Interaction & Human Society

Many years ago, social interaction could not take place until person meet in person. But in the
contemporary time, we can now interact without seeing ourselves physically.

Social interaction is a process of reciprocal influence individuals exchange over one another during a
social encounter. It’s also a social exchange by two or more individuals communicating in person or
virtually, acting and reacting to one another.

When do you we interact?

In human society, we interact when there is mutual exchange of information, it can either be physical
or virtual.
In Sociology, there are two ways we study human society and they are:

• Macro Analysis: It’s talking about the bird’s view perspective. It’s structural perspective, it’s
when we talk about the structure of the society. The global perspective.
• Micro Analysis: The means taking closer look at the society i.e. looking at individuals, genders
and interpersonal relationships.

In Sociology, we deal with the micro analysis. Sociologists believe that group(s) determines a lot
about the personality of individual. Studying of society in groups. Group can be religious group,
ethnic group etc. A group, in Sociology, is a collection of individuals who share the following
characteristics:

- they interact and communicate with each other.

- they share goals and norms.

- they have a subjective awareness of themselves as we i.e. they see themselves as a distinct social
unit.

Why Do We Study Social Interaction?

From cradle to grave, when learn to interact with others and the way we build relationships has a
major influence on our personal life, it also impacts our physical and social lives and our mental and
emotional health.

Framework of Social Interaction

Social status: it’s a recognized social position which an individual occupies. It’s also an established
position in a social structure that carries with it a degree of social rank or value. Individuals in society
also occupy many statuses. These statuses are roles. Roles are expectations attract to every status.
We have different types of statuses are:

• Achieved Status: it’s a position that one earns based on merit or choice, it’s also voluntary
status which a person attained e.g. lecturer, student etc.
• Ascribed Status: It’s involuntary, it’s not gotten by choice or merit. It’s inherent e.g. one’s age,
tribe, skin colour and co.
• Master Status: A person overriding public identity. It’s the status that is most influential in
shaping the person’s life at a given time. It’s the position that is the primary identifying
characteristics of an individual e.g. a student, a child, a girl etc.

Comrade Ola’
24/01/24

Gender and Social Environment

It's a social construct that distinguishes between the roles, behaviors, and expectations society
attributes to individuals based on their perceived femininity or masculinity. While gender is a societal
creation, sex is a biological attribute determined by nature.

Gender's Impact on Ambitions

The way individuals are brought up significantly shapes their aspirations and ambitions. From
childhood, societal expectations tied to gender influence one's self-perception and, subsequently,
career choices and life goals.

Important Concepts in Gender

Gender Equity

Gender equity is a crucial concept advocating for fairness and impartiality in opportunities,
resources, and treatment, irrespective of an individual's gender. Achieving gender equity involves
dismantling barriers that limit access and progression based on gender.

Gender Roles

Gender roles are societal expectations and norms assigned to individuals based on their perceived
gender. These roles dictate behaviors, responsibilities, and opportunities, creating distinct
expectations for males and females. Understanding and challenging traditional gender roles is vital
for fostering a more inclusive and diverse society.

Check the gender material for further reading on the topic.

Olayinka U Okunola

Comrade Ola'

__________________

EBOLA
Ebola was first introduced to Nigeria in 2014 by a Liberian government worker named Patrick Sawyer.
He traveled to Nigeria while infected with the virus and died shortly after arriving in Lagos. The
incident occurred on 20th of July, 2014. There were a total of 20 confirmed cases and 8 deaths. The
country responded quickly to contain the spread of the virus, and the World Health Organization
declared Nigeria Ebola-free in October 2014.

COVID-19
The first confirmed case in Nigeria was announced on 27 February 2020, when an Italian national in
Lagos tested positive for the virus.[4][5] On 9 March 2020, a second case of the virus was reported in
Ewekoro, Ogun State, a Nigerian citizen who came into contact with the Italian national. Nigeria had
267, 173 total confirmed cases, 207, 254 recovered, 3, 155 deaths.

Olayinka U Okunola

Comrade Ola'

_________________

30/01/24

Migration/JAPA
In theory migration is regarded as the Sub-discipline of sociology which focuses on the understanding
of friends, patterns or dynamics of human mobility. In practice, migration is define as the movement
of people or mobility of people or group of people from a location to another with an intention.

Determinant of human mobility varies on a general note, individual may decide to change location as
a result of war, unemployment, natural disasters, violence, health challenge, family crashes and so
on.

It should however be noted that determinants of migration provides the foundation for
understanding typologies of migration.

Typologies of migration includes:

1) internal migration

2)cross boarder/regional migration e.g. Liberia to Nigeria (countries in the same region)

3) international migration

The typologies could also be explode in terms of the nature of migration i.e migration could be
voluntary or forced
Understanding the nature of migration.

Migration could be connected or related to social processes:

1) migration and culture: some social group could be nationally imply to migrating exposition.

2) migration and economics: a good example is unemployment.

3) migration and health: a good example is medical tourism and management of diseases.

4) migration and development: there's relationship between household and national development
and the major factor is remittance.

5) migration and crime: it has been established that some criminal activities are directly connected to
migration, two major components has been identified in this regard

i) trafficking in persons (TIP)

ii) smuggling of migrants (SOM)

TIP involves the facilitation of human mobility without the consent of the migrant usually done for
exploitation.

SOM involves the facilitation or movement of individuals with their consent and likely for
exploitation.

Olayinka U Okunola

Comrade Ola'

This is everything for the semester, I have done part, wish you the very best in the upcoming exam,
Comrade Ola' cares. This material can be kept for freshers that will come after us for them to read ahead.

COMPILED BY ADEYEMI MUHAMMED BABATUNDE.

Edited by Gifted Hands