ETHICS

1) Value-
A value is defined as a principle that promotes well-being or prevents harm. OR our
guidelines for success OR paradigm of what’s acceptable.

2) Morals-
Set of welfare principles that are established by wise people based on their experience and
wisdom.

3) Morals Vs Ethics (Pi P A Ge)

MORALS ETHICS
Gives importance to judgment and Guidelines and education
punishment (Pi)
If there is a conflict between morals and <
ethics, first priority is given to morals
More concerned about result of a wrong right
action
More General Specific and descriptive

4) Types of values- (V Po Li Te R)
Right conduct- self help, social and ethical skills
Truth
Peace
Love Non-violence

Additional 3:
Perseverance (means to carry on, stick on etc. builds character), accuracy (free from errors),
discernment (knowing the difference between right and almost right)

5) Ethics
Ethics is the word that refers to morals, values, and beliefs of the individuals, family or the
society.
It used to mean morally correct.
Involves knowing the right and wrong in people’s beliefs and practicing the right in our life,
maximizing our happiness.

6) Integrity
Integrity is defined as the unity of thought, word and deed and open mindedness.

7) Work Ethics-
A set of attitudes concerned with the value of work, which forms the motivational
orientation (source of motivation)
3 main things: reliable, taking initiatives, learning new skills.

8) Why do we need work ethics?

Successful career, can stand out etc.
It promotes self-respect, self-esteem, and is : good for the family and obligation to the
society: and allows the world to prosper.
9) Problems or issues in industrial or business scenario- (code: BAPHIDS)
Bargain for salary
Alienation from employer
Need for privacy
Paid holiday
Need economic independence
Want to be treated with dignity
Need security of job.

10) Service Learning

A non paid service offered on volunteer basis to profitable, non-profitable institutions,
charitable organization etc.
Learn about something while experiencing it, also called experiential learning.
Main division:
 Connection to curriculum: Academic ties should be built upon existing disciplinary
skills.
 Learner’s voice: Beyond being actively engaged in the project, trainees have the
opportunity to select, design, implement, and evaluate their service activity.
 Reflection: trainee should be constantly aware of the impact of their work
 Partners in the community: Partnership with community agencies helps to get more
insights about the project.

11) Virtues
Positive and preferable values.

12) Civic Virtues

Moral duties and rights as a citizen of a village or country, or an integral part of the society
and environment.
Duties- clean surroundings, pay tax, obey traffic rules, don’t pollute…
Rights- right to caste vote, express opinion, accept or reject a project in their area.

13) Civic virtues classification-

 Civic knowledge- Citizens must understand what the Constitution says about how
the government is working, and what the government is supposed to do and what
not to do, responsibilities as citizens, besides duties and rights.
 Self restraint- For citizens to live in a free society with limited government each
citizen must be able to control or restrain himself; otherwise, we would need a
police state
 Self assertion- citizens must be proud of their rights, and have the courage to stand
up in public and defend their rights
 Self reliance- Self-reliant citizens are free citizens in the sense that they are not
dependent on others for their basic needs

14) Respect for others-

Recognize and accept the existence of other persons as human beings, because they have a
right to live, just as you have.
Respect others’ ideas (decisions), words, and labor
Show ‘goodwill’ on others. Love others. Allow others to grow.

15) Living peacefully-

 One should start installing peace within themselves, then they can spread it to their family
and then to society.
Nurture order in one’s life
Get good health/body.
Help the needy, absence of threat or tension.

16) Caring
process which exhibits the interest and support for the welfare of others with fairness,
impartiality and justice, among the employees, in the context of professional ethics.

17) Sharing
Sharing is a process that describes the transfer of knowledge, experience, commodities and
facilities with others.

18) Honesty
Truthfulness and trustworthiness
Truthfulness is to face the responsibilities upon telling truth. One should keep one’s word or
promise. By admitting one’s mistake committed.
Trustworthiness is maintaining integrity and taking responsibility for personal performance.
People abide by law and live by mutual trust.

19) Dishonest action (DELTIC)

Deliberate deception
Professional judgment based on external factors such as prejudice mind.
Lying
Not seeking truth
Withholding information
Not maintaining confidentiality

20) Courage
Courage is the tendency to accept and face risks and difficult tasks in rational ways
 Physical- physical fitness, strength
 Social- leadership quality
 Intellectual- inculcated in people through acquired knowledge and experience. Able
to speak about a particular topic for a long time.

21) Co-operation
It is a team-spirit present with every individual engaged in engineering
Factors that reduce cooperation:
(code: LICE)
 Lack of interest
 Ignorance
 Conflicts of interests
 Ego clash

22) Commitment
Commitment means alignment to goals and adherence to ethical principles during the
activities.

23) Empathy
Sensing other’s feelings without their open talk is the essence of empathy.
 OR it’s the ability to put oneself in the psychological framework or point of view of other
person.
To practice empathy, a leader must have following characteristics: (code: PSUDDo)
 Political awareness- ability to read political and social currents in an organization
 Service orientation- meeting needs of client/customer
 Understanding others- sensing other’s feelings and perspectives
 Developing others: Identifying their needs and boosting their abilities.
 Leveraging diversity- opportunities for diverse people.

24) Self confidence

Certainty in one’s own capabilities, values, and goals, is self-confidence
Characteristics of self confident person- (code: Tai Le R S)
 Frank to speak truth
 Willing to LISTEN and LEARN from others and adopt
 Respect other’s effort and give due credit
 A self-assured standing

25) Factors that’ll help be a self confident person: (code: FaITH)

Friendship
Influence of superiors or role models
Training in the organization
Heredity and family envt

26) Approach of engg ethics

Micro ethics- deals with problems of individual, professionals and companies
Macro- deals with societal, regional/national level problems.

27) Senses of Engg Ethics

Normative- understanding moral values that guides engg profession, resolving moral issues,
justifying moral judgments
Descriptive- without justifying beliefs and actions

28) Moral Issues

Resource crunch- technology decay, lack of time and resources.
Opportunity- double stand behavior of employee, emphasize on results and gain at the
expenses of employee, mgmt projecting their own interest over employees.
Attitude- poor attitude of employees: Absence of grievance redressal mechanism, poor
working envt, lack of promotion or career devpt, absence of recognition

29) Inquiries
 Normative- It seeks to identify and justify the morally-desirable norms or standards
that should guide individuals and groups eg: quest like “how far obligations of
engineers extend to the public, when should engg blow whistle when employee
does harmful activity”..etc
 Conceptual- clarify ideas expressed by someone
“What is meant by safety?” “What is a bribe?”
 Factual- aimed to obtain facts needed for understanding and resolving value issues
“How were the benefits assessed?” “What are procedures followed in risk
assessment?”

30) Moral Dillemma

 Dilemmas are situations in which moral reasons come into conflict, or in which the
application of moral values are problems, and one is not clear of the immediate choice or
solution of the problems.
Due to:
 The problem of vagueness: One is unable to distinguish between good and bad
principle.
 The problem of conflicting reasons: One is unable to choose between two good
moral solutions.
 The problem of disagreement: There may be two or more solutions and none of
them mandatory. These solutions may be better or worse in some respects but not
in all aspects

31) Steps to solve moral dilemma (W PIC)

 Write down all alternative solutions
 Prioritize, rank the options
 Identify the moral reasons and factors
 Collect details, infos and facts.

32) Moral Autonomy

Moral autonomy is defined as, decisions and actions exercised on the basis of moral concern
for other people and recognition of good moral reasons.
engineering skills related to moral autonomy are: (CODE: V TRICAR) V-viewpoint, tolerate,
Integrity, Comprehend, Alternate, Recognizing
 Proficiency in recognizing moral problems in engineering and ability to distinguish as
well as relate them to problems in law, economics, and religion,
 comprehending, clarifying, and critically-assessing arguments on different aspects of
moral issues
 form consistent and comprehensive view points based on facts
 Awareness of alternate responses to the issues
 Maintaining moral integrity
 willingness to undergo and tolerate some uncertainty while making decisions
 Using rational dialogue in resolving moral conflicts

33) Kohlberg Theory

Kohlberg suggested there are three levels of moral development, namely pre-conventional,
conventional, and post-conventional
 pre-conventional level, right conduct for an individual is regarded as whatever
directly benefits oneself. At this level, individuals are motivated by obedience or the
desire to avoid punishment or by the influence by power on them
 conventional level, people respect the law and authority. Rules and norms of one’s
family or group or society is accepted, as the standard of morality. Individuals in this
level want to please or satisfy, and get approval by others and to meet the
expectations of the society
 post-conventional level, people are called autonomous. They think originally and
want to live by universally good principles and welfare of others. They have no self-
interest. They live by principled conscience. They follow the golden rule, ‘Do unto
others as you would have them do unto you’.

34) Gilligan’s Theory

Gilligan found that Kohlberg’s theory had a strong male bias. According to Gilligan’s studies,
men had a tendency to solve problems by by choosing the most important moral rule,
 overriding other rules. In contrast, women gave importance to preserve personal
relationships with all the people involved.
 pre-conventional level, which is same as that of Kohlberg’s first one,
 conventional level, the importance is on not hurting others, and willing to sacrifice
one’s own interest and help others. This is the characteristic feature of women.
 post-conventional level, a reasoned balance is found between caring about others
and pursuing the self-interest.

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