SECOND TERM DATA

PROCESSING NOTE FOR

SSS 1
Scheme of work

(1) Revision/Welcome Test/Introduction To ICT

(2) ICT application in everyday life
(3) Information Processing I
(4) Information Processing II
(5) Process Of Information Transmission I
(6) Process Of Information Transmission II
(7) Project/ Mid Term Break
(8) Software I
(9) Software II
(10) Operating System I
(11) Operating System II
(12) Revision
 ICT
ICT is an acronym that stands for Information and Communication Technology, ICT
covers all forms of computer and communication equipment and software used to
create, design, transmit, analyze, retrieve, manipulate, store, process and gather
information.

Types of ICT

(1) Broadcasting

(2) Telecommunication

(3) Data network

(4) Information systems

(5) Satellite communications

Importance or benefits of ICT

(1) It makes communication easier

(2) Timely, better, and cheaper access to knowledge and information

(3) Provide employment opportunities to people

(4) It makes work easier

(5) ICT has brought about innovative ways of interaction

(6) Speed up transactions and processes

ICT application in everyday life

EDUCATION
(1) Teachers use computers to research for teaching materials, participate in online
forums and online conference as well as to aid their teaching.
(2) Students use computers as reference tool. They use computers to browse the
internet to look for information.
(3) Researchers use computers to collect and process data.
 (4) School administrators use computers for administrative purposes to make sure
that the entire operation runs smoothly.
BANKING
(1) Customers can make any transactions at the 24 hours service centers or via
online
(2) Businessmen can save their time by using the online services offered by banks
(3) Bank Administrators can oversee the entire banking activities such as
reconciliations, inter-branch transactions (IBT), telegraphic transfer and others
by referring to the banking system

INDUSTRY
(1) Computers are used to facilitate production planning and control systems, to
support chain management and help in product design in the industrial sector
(2) Workers uses machine that are connected to computers to operate. In some
productions, robots are used to take over jobs that are dangerous to the
workers
(3) Administrators use computers to oversee the entire operations in the plant or
factory to detect specific errors or errors that occurred in the process.

Impact of ICT on the Society

(1) Faster Communication speed
(2) Lower communication cost
(3) Reliable Mode of communication
(4) Effective sharing of information
(5) Paperless environment
(6) Borderless communication
(7) Social problems
(8) Health problems
 INFORMATION PROCESSING

Information Processing is the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display

and dissemination of information.
Procedure for information processing
(1) Collation of information
(ii) Organization of information
(iii) Analysis of information
(iv) Interpretation of information

(I) Collation of information: This is to gather information together, examine it

carefully, and compare it with other information to find any differences.
(II) Organization of information: This refers to the standard protocols by which
information is arranged.

Ways of organising information

(1) Category
(2) Location
(3) Time
(4) Alphabet
(5) Continuum

(III) Analysis of information: This is the process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming,

and modeling data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting
conclusions and supporting decision making.
(IV) Interpretation of information: This is process through which organizations make
sense of new information that they have acquired and disseminated.

Advantages of using Computer for Information processing are:

1. Efficiency
2. Automation
3. Reliability
4. Volume/Storage
5. High speed
6. Accuracy
7. Security
8. Sharing of Information/Sharing of Resources
9. Economical
10. Lower overall cost
11. Versatility
12. Service Improvement
13. Easy retrieval

Disadvantages of using Computers for Information processing

1. High initial investment cost

2. Loss of jobs due to Computerization
3. Requires specialized personnel
4. Extra cost of retraining of staff
5. Virus/Hackers susceptibility
6. Face-to-Face Interaction among staff may be reduced
7. Prone to unauthorized access
8. Overwriting/Loss of Data
9. Power dependent
10. System failure/ system malfunctioning
Data Processing
Data Processing is the processing of collecting data item from a source and manipulating
the data into information for making decision.

It can also be define as the process of gathering data items from a source, performing
required operation on them and converting them into information.

Types of Data processing

(1) Manual
(2) Mechanical
(3) Electro mechanical
(4) Electronic Data Processing (EDP)

(1) Manual: This is the use of human hands and brain for processing data.
For example: A teacher calculating student result without using any calculating
machine.

(2) Mechanical: This is the use of mechanical devices that do not use electricity for
processing data.
For example: a typist using manual typewriter to type student result etc.

(3) Electro mechanical: This involves the use of mechanical device that use electricity
for processing data, but not computers. Examples are:
(i) A typist using electric type writer to type student result.
(ii) A secretary using a photocopier machine to make copies of document.
(iii) A sale officer using cash register machine in the super market.
(iv) A bank cashier using counting machine to count money etc.

(4) Electronic Data Processing (EDP): This is the use of computer for data processing.
Example are: A computer operator entering student score into computer for processing,
A teacher using computer to process student result, An employee using computer to
produce sales invoice etc.

Stages in data processing

(i) Data collection or gathering stage
(ii) Data collation or preparation stage
(iii) Input stage
(iv) Processing stage
(v) Storage stage
(vi) Output stage

(i) Data collection or gathering stage: This is the stage at which data is collected or
put together from sources.
(ii) Data collation or preparation stage: At this stage, the data from source document
required editing, verification or validation to provide data consistency or accuracy.
(iii) Input stage: This is the stage at which data to be processed are entered into the
computer for processing.
(iv) Processing stage:
(v) Storage stage: This stage is meant for keeping data awaiting processing and
processed data(information)
(vi) Output stage:This is the stage at which the result of processed data called
information are obtained. These output are usually in form of report, graphics, analysis,
summaries, steps, table etc

INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
Information transmission refers to the sharing or transfer of information from one
location to another.
Examples are writing and talking, non-verbal expression such as facial expression, body
language or gestures.
Information transmission is the process of sending and receiving information from
one place to another at a particular point.
Information transmission requires a sender, message and intended recipients.
Therefore information transmission can be described as a way of passing information or
knowledge from one place to another or from one generation to another.

Information transmission simple diagram

Information transmission is the process of sending Information from one point to

another through a channel.

Methods of transmitting information

Basically there are two(2) methods of information transmission. These are:
(i) Ancient method
(ii) Modern method

(i) Ancient method: These are old method by our ancestor for disseminating
information.
These include:
(1) Letter writing
(2) Oral method
(3) Drum beating
(4) Fire lighting
(5) Town criers
(6) Whistling
(7) Drawing diagram
(8) Bird
(9) Smoke
(10) Metal gong
(11) Making presentation
(12) Lanterns
(13) Flags or flashing light
(14) Story telling

(1) Letter writing: Writing is one of the major means of communication. Most
languages do have a written form. It can be written down and someone else may read
it and understand.
(2) Oral method: This is the method through which information is passed by the word
of mouth from one place to another.
(3) Drum beating: This is the method through which information is passed by beating
of drums. the drum emits certain sound that can be translated by the people for whom
the information meant.
(4) Fire lighting: This method, fire would be lit particularly on the high land and the
smoke glare would communicate the intended message.
(5) Town criers: This is a method used by chief or chiefs in the council to transmit the
decision taken by the council on any issue concerning the community. The town crier
would go round the community with a bell to alert member of the community. He would
then announce the message from the chief or the council.
(6) Whistling: Whistling was a common means of transmitting message between
sailors, boy's scout, girls guide, boys and girls brigade and armed forces.
(7) Drawing diagram: This method was common with the early cavemen. They draw
pictures on the wall of caves as a means of keeping records as well as communicating
with their fellow cavemen.
(8) Making presentation: This is used in the form of symbol to represent the message
that is communicated to the receiver.
(8) Bird: Birds carried messages through a long distance. The message was attached to
a foot of pigeon or a falcon who flew home with the message.

Modern method: These are method of information transmission in modern era.

These include:
(1) Printing
(2) Telephone
(3) Telex
(4) Radio
(5) Television
(6) Fax
(7) Satellite
(8) GSM
(9) Internet
(10) Telegraph
(11) Photograph

(1) Printing: This is the act of making pictorial images or letter that can be linked into
paper.
(2) Telephone: This is the device that transmits the human voice over wire. it convert
sound over electrical signal that can be transmitted over distance and then convert the
received signal back into sounds.
(3) Telex: This is a system where by a message is sent from one destination to another.
The message is printed out at the other end with device called teleprinter.
(4) Radio: This is a device that can transmit information such as sound through a
distance with the use of electromagnetic waves.
(5) Television: This is used to transmit both visual and audio messages to large adience
over a far distance with the use of electromagnetic wave.
(6) Fax: Fax stands for facsimile transmission. it is a means of transmitting a document
from one fax machine to another in a different location over a telephone line. The
document is reproduce in the same way photocopying machine reproduce a document.
(7) Satellite: This is a specialized wireless receiver/transmitter that is launched by a
rocket and place in orbit around the earth. They are used for such diverse purpose in
weather forecasting, television, broadcast, radio communications, internet
communication and the Global Positioning System (GPS)
(8) GSM: GSM which stands for Global System for Mobile Communication is a phone
system that allows users to talk and send text messages across the globe.
(9) Internet: This is an international connection of large number of computers for the
purpose of sharing information.
(10) Telegraph: The logistics of telegraphic communication involve the sending of electro
statically generated signals through a wire.
(11) Photograph: A picture is worth 1000 words, or so the saying goes. Unlike other
forms of communication.
A picture can be interpreted a million different ways by a million different individual,
whereas other forms of communication tend to be intent on conveying one message.

TYPES OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION MEDIUM

There are three types of information transmission medium, namely;
(1) Satellite
(ii) Wireless
(iii) Cable

(i) Satellite: In satellite communication, signal transmission between the sender and
receiver is done with the help of satellite. In this process, the signal which is basically a
beam of modulated microwaves is sent towards the satellite. Then the satellite amplifies
the signal and sent it back to the receiver’s antenna present on earth's surface.
(ii) Wireless: Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a
distance without help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors. The
transmitted distance can anywhere between a few meters. For example, a television's
remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
(iii) Cable: information transmission is done with the use of fiber-optics, also called
optical fiber, is a technology that allows light to travel along thin glass or plastic wires.

Types of cable
(1) Twisted pair
(ii) Coaxial cable
(iii) Optical fiber
(iv) Telephone cable

CLASSIFICATION OF MEANS OF TRANSMITING INFORMATION

(1) Electronic
(ii) Non-electronic

(i) Electronic: Electronic means of transmitting information deals with the transmission
of information through gadgets or devices that require electricity as a source of energy.
The information is transmitted from one destination to another through wired or wireless
system.
Example: fax machine, Telephone, Television, Telegraph, Satellite, Radio etc.

(ii) Non-electronic: Non electronics transmission of information does not require the
use of electrical means for the transfer of information. Most ancient method of
information transmission used non electronic means.
Example: Oral transmission, drum beating, fire lighting, whistling, metal gong, sign,
drawing etc.

Modes of receiving information

The three basic mode of receiving information are:
(1) Audio
(2) Visual
(3) Audio-visual