Université d’Ottawa University of Ottawa

Faculté de genie Faculty of Engineering

École de science informatique School of Electrical Engineering

et de génie électrique and Computer Science

ELG 3316 Electric Machines & Power Systems

Mid-Term Examination Date: 28 Feb 2024 Time: 11:30 - 12:45 (80 Minutes)
 Closed book examination. The only information sheets allowed are those included with the examination
question paper.
 Calculators are allowed.
 There are three questions with unequal weights, totaling 100 marks. You should attempt all questions.
 It is strongly recommended that you write down your solutions step by step. This is the only way it is possible
for you to earn marks step by step.
 Units must be given with all final numerical answers. Marks will be subtracted if units are omitted.
 Some questions require explanations rather than numerical calculations. Use the number of assigned marks
as an indication of what is required. If such a question is worth 3 marks, then the answer must contain three
independent pieces of information to earn all 3 marks.
 Read the questions carefully. This will prevent you from providing answers to questions that were not asked.
 Cheating will be treated in accordance with University of Ottawa regulations.

1- The following three-phase AC supply at 400 V and 60 Hz is powering a delta-connected load. Each
phase of the load consists of a resistance of 25 Ω, an inductance of 0.15 H, and a capacitor of 120 μF
in series.
i. Determine the phase and line current (6 pnts)
ii. Determine power factor, active and reactive
powers. (6 pnts)
iii. Determine the equivalent Y (star) model. (4 pnts)
iv. Sketch the three-phase voltage and current phasor
diagram. (6 pnts).

Impedance per phase

𝑟𝑟 + 𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 − 𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶
𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 = 2𝜋𝜋 × 60 × 0.15 = 56.54 𝛺𝛺 1
106
𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 = = 22.1 𝛺𝛺 1
2𝜋𝜋 × 60 × 120
25
cos 𝜑𝜑 = = 0.587 1
42.55
Lagging, since inductive reactance is dominating.
Phase Current:

ELG3316 Page 1 of 5
 400 2
Iph = = 9.4∠0.587
25 − j26.52 + 𝑗𝑗47.1
Line Current:
1
IL = √3𝐼𝐼ph = √3 × 9.4 = 16.28 A

Since the power factor is 0.587 lagging, then total three−phase active power:
𝑃𝑃 = √3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝜑𝜑
= √3 × 400 × 16.28 × 0.587 = 6.62 kW 3
Total three−phase apparent power:
P 6.62
S= = = 11.28 kVA 1
cos 𝜑𝜑 0.587
Total three−phase reactive power:
Q = �𝑆𝑆 2 − 𝑃𝑃2 = �11.282 − 6.622 = 13.08 2
𝑄𝑄 = 13.08 kVAR lagging.

𝑍𝑍Δ 42.55∠54.1
𝑍𝑍𝑦𝑦 = = = 14.28∠54.1
3 3

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐

𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎
𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 54° 6

𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏

2- Find the mechanical force (𝑓𝑓fld ) for a magnetic field transducer, where its flux linkage is given by
𝜆𝜆 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. (8 pnts)

Using the co-energy approach

𝑖𝑖0 𝑖𝑖0
𝑊𝑊fld (𝑖𝑖0 , 𝑥𝑥) = � 𝜆𝜆 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 0
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 4 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 3 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 2 𝑖𝑖0 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖04 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖03 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖02 5
= + + | = + +
4 3 2 0 4 3 2
∂𝑊𝑊fld (𝑖𝑖0 , 𝑥𝑥) 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖04 3
𝑓𝑓fld (𝑖𝑖0 , 𝑥𝑥) = = [𝑁𝑁]
∂𝑥𝑥 4
ELG3316 Page 2 of 5
3- A rectangular iron core with a mean length of the
magnetic path of 100 cm, a cross-section of (2×2
cm), and a relative permeability of 1400 has an air-
gap of 5 mm cut in the core. Three coils carried by
the core have the number of turns 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎 = 335, 𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏 =
600, and 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 = 600, with respective currents of 1.6
A, 4 A, and 3 A. The directions of the currents are
as shown.

a) Show the equivalent electrical model. (10 pnts)

b) Determine the flux in the air-gap. (20 pnts)

By applying the Right-Hand Thumb rule, it is found that fluxes produced by the current 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 and 𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏
are directed in the clockwise direction through the iron core whereas that produced by current 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 is
directed in the non-clockwise direction through the core.
Total mmf = 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 + 𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏 − 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 5
𝑅𝑅𝑔𝑔 𝑅𝑅core
= 335 × 1.6 + 600 × 4 − 600 × 3
= 1136 AT
ℓ 10
ℛ= 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏
𝜇𝜇0 𝜇𝜇𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝐴
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐
5 × 10−3
ℛ𝑔𝑔 = −7 −4
= 9.946 × 106 AT/Wb 4
4𝜋𝜋 × 10 × 4 × 10
Reluctance of the iron path
100 × 10−2
ℛcore = 4
4𝜋𝜋 × 10−7 × 1400 × 4 × 10−4
= 1.414 × 106 AT/Wb

ℛtotal = (9.946 + 1.414) × 106 = 11.36 × 106 AT/Wb

3
The flux in the airgap is the same as in the iron core.
1136 4
Air-gap flux = 𝜑𝜑𝑔𝑔 = = 100 × 10−6 Wb = 100 𝜇𝜇Wb
11.36×106

ELG3316 Page 3 of 5
4- For a 200/400-V, 60-Hz, 1-phase transformer from the following test data:
• Open Circuit test: 200 V, 0.7 A, 70 W – on LV side
• Short Circuit test: 15 V, 10 A, 85 W – on HV side

i. Calculated the corresponding transformer parameters (𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 , 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 , 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 , 𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚 , 𝑅𝑅1 , 𝑅𝑅2 , 𝑋𝑋1 , and 𝑋𝑋2 ) (20 pnts)
ii. Draw the transformer equivalent circuit. (8 pnts)
iii. Calculate the secondary voltage when delivering 5 kW at 0.8 p.f. leading, the primary voltage
being 200V. (12 pnts)

From O.C. Test:

𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼oc cos𝜙𝜙oc = 𝑊𝑊oc
∴ 200 × 0.7 × cos𝜙𝜙oc = 70 1
so
cos 𝜙𝜙oc = 0.5 and sin𝜙𝜙oc = 0.866
therefore
1
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = 𝐼𝐼oc cos 𝜑𝜑 = 0.7 × 0.5 = 0.35 A
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 = 𝐼𝐼oc sin 𝜑𝜑 = 0.7 × 0.866 = 0.606 A 2
𝑉𝑉1 200
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 = = = 571.4 𝛺𝛺
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 0.35 2
𝑉𝑉1 200
𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚 = = = 330 𝛺𝛺 2
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 0.606
Note that it is at the LV side, so let’s take it as the reference side
From S.C. Test on the HV side (secondary side):
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 15
𝑍𝑍2 = = = 1.5 𝛺𝛺 2
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 10
N1 200
a= = = 0.5 2
𝑁𝑁2 400
1.5
𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑎𝑎2 𝑍𝑍2 = = 0.375 𝛺𝛺 2
4
2
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑅2 = 𝑊𝑊
85
𝑅𝑅2 = = 0.85 𝛺𝛺 2
100
0.85
𝑅𝑅1 = 𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅2 = = 0.21 𝛺𝛺
4 2
𝑋𝑋1 = �𝑍𝑍12 − 𝑅𝑅12 = �0.3752 − 0.212 = 0.31 𝛺𝛺
2

2 2

ELG3316 Page 4 of 5
Output kVA
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑆𝑆 cos 𝜑𝜑
5
𝑆𝑆 = = 6.25 1
0.8
2Output current
5000 2
𝐼𝐼2 = = 15.6 A
0.8 × 400
This value of 𝐼𝐼2 is approximate because 𝑉𝑉2 (which is to be calculated as yet) has been taken equal to
400 V (which, in fact, is equal to 𝐸𝐸2 ).
Now,
𝑍𝑍2 = 1.5 𝛺𝛺 1

𝑅𝑅2 = 0.85 𝛺𝛺 1

∴ 𝑋𝑋2 = �1.52 − 0.852 = 1.24 𝛺𝛺 1

Total transformer drop as referred to secondary:

Δ𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝐼2 (𝑅𝑅2 cos 𝜑𝜑 − 𝑋𝑋2 sin 𝜑𝜑) = 15.6(0.85 × 0.8 − 1.24 × 0.6) = −0.1 V 4

∴ 𝑉𝑉2 = 400 + 0.1 = 400.1 V 2

ELG3316 Page 5 of 5