Unit

Genetic and
15
Medicine
UNIT 15 Genetic and Medicine

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the unit, students will be able to

 Conduct research on a specific topic related to genetics and medicine.

 Demonstrate comprehension and synthesis of scientific information through a group
presentation.
 Utilize appropriate scientific writing verbs in creating and presenting their research
findings.
 Collaborate effectively with group members to develop and deliver a comprehensive
PowerPoint presentation.

VOCABULARY

 Genetics / Genética
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) / ADN (Ácido Desoxirribonucleico)
 Gene / Gen
 Chromosome / Cromosoma
 Inheritance / Herencia
 Trait / Rasgo
 Mutation / Mutación
 Genome / Genoma
 Genotype / Genotipo
 Phenotype / Fenotipo
 Genetic Variation / Variación Genética
 Allele / Alelo
 Heredity / Heredabilidad
 Genetic Disorder / Trastorno Genético
 Chromatid / Cromátida
 Nucleus / Núcleo
 Genetic Material / Material Genético
 Crossbreeding / Cruza
 Dominant Gene / Gen Dominante
 Recessive Gene / Gen Recesivo
 Mendelian Inheritance / Herencia Mendeliana
GRAMMAR

Action Verbs
 analyze
 investigate
 measure
 compare
 examine
 demonstrate
 explore
 assess
 evaluate
 describe
State Verbs
 be
 seem
 appear
 exist
 remain
 become
 look
 sound
 feel
 stay
Opinion Verbs
 argue
 claim
 believe
 suggest
 propose
 assert
 contend
 maintain
 opine
 conclude
Modal Verbs
 can
 could
 may
 might
 must
 should
 would
 will
 shall
 ought to
Evidence Verbs
 show
 indicate
  reveal
 illustrate
 report
 suggest
 demonstrate
 prove
 confirm
 verify
Cause and Effect Verbs
 cause
 lead to
 result in
 bring about
 contribute to
 produce
 create
 generate
 trigger
 prompt
Evaluation Verbs
 evaluate
 assess
 critique
 judge
 consider
 appraise
 review
 estimate
 rate
 analyze
SUMMARY
By the end of the unit, students will conduct research on a specific topic related to genetics and
medicine, demonstrating their skills in comprehension, synthesis, and writing through a group
presentation in PowerPoint. They will use appropriate scientific writing verbs, with each group
member participating actively.
PREPARATION TASK: Reading Comprehension
Read the following text and answer each question:
Development of Genetics
Genetics is the branch of biology that studies genes, genetic variation, and heredity in
organisms. The development of genetics has evolved significantly from its early beginnings
to the sophisticated field it is today.
Early Discoveries
The foundation of modern genetics was laid in the 19th century with the work of Gregor
Mendel, an Austrian monk known as the father of genetics. Mendel's experiments with pea
plants led to the formulation of the fundamental laws of inheritance. He identified how
traits are passed from one generation to the next through discrete units of heredity, now
known as genes.
The Discovery of DNA
In the early 20th century, the discovery of the structure of DNA was a pivotal moment in
genetics. James Watson and Francis Crick, with the help of Rosalind Franklin's X-ray
diffraction images, uncovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953. This discovery
revealed how genetic information is encoded and transmitted in living organisms.
Advances in Genetic Technology
With the understanding of DNA structure, genetic research advanced rapidly. The
development of techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allowed scientists to
amplify small amounts of DNA, making it easier to study genetic material. The sequencing
of the human genome, completed in 2003 through the Human Genome Project, provided a
comprehensive map of all the genes in human DNA, significantly enhancing our
understanding of genetic disorders and variations.
Applications and Implications
Modern genetics has numerous applications, from medical diagnostics to forensic science.
Genetic testing can identify genetic disorders, predict susceptibility to certain diseases,
and guide personalized medicine approaches. Additionally, advances in genetic
engineering, such as CRISPR-Cas9, have enabled precise editing of the genome, opening
new possibilities for treating genetic diseases and improving agricultural practices.
Ethical Considerations
As genetics continues to advance, it raises important ethical questions. Issues such as
genetic privacy, gene editing, and the potential for genetic discrimination require careful
consideration and regulation to ensure that genetic technologies are used responsibly and
equitably.
QUESTIONS – ANSWER
1. Who is known as the father of genetics, and what was his contribution to the
field?

2. What significant discovery did Watson and Crick make in 1953?

3. How did the development of PCR technology impact genetic research?

4. What was the primary goal of the Human Genome Project, and when was it
completed?
5. What are some modern applications of genetics mentioned in the text?

6. What ethical considerations are associated with advances in genetics?

VOCABULARY TASK 1: DNA READING COMPREHENSION
Read this text and mark the correct answer for each question:
DNA
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in
growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and
many viruses. DNA is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
Each cell in an organism contains the complete set of DNA instructions necessary to build
and maintain that organism.
Structure of DNA
DNA is composed of two long strands forming a double helix structure. These strands are
made up of simpler molecules called nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base. The four types of nitrogenous bases are adenine (A),
thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The two strands are held together by hydrogen
bonds between the bases: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
Function of DNA
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins, which perform most of the functions in a
cell. These instructions are encoded in the sequence of the nitrogenous bases. Genes are
specific sequences of DNA that encode instructions for making proteins. Each gene
carries the information needed to produce a particular protein or to regulate the activity of
other genes.
DNA Replication
Before a cell divides, it must replicate its DNA so that each new cell receives an identical
copy of the genetic material. DNA replication is a highly accurate process that involves the
unwinding of the double helix, the separation of the two strands, and the synthesis of two
new complementary strands using the original strands as templates. This process ensures
that genetic information is passed accurately from one generation to the next.
Applications of DNA Technology
Understanding DNA has led to numerous technological advancements, including genetic
testing, which can identify genetic disorders and predict the risk of diseases. DNA
technology is also used in forensic science to solve crimes and in agriculture to develop
genetically modified crops with desirable traits.
QUESTIONS – MARK THE CORRECT ANSWER
1. What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

o To store and transmit genetic information

o To provide energy for cellular processes
o To regulate cell division
o To protect cells from external damage

2. Describe the structure of DNA.

o A single strand with ribonucleic acids

o Two long strands forming a double helix, with nucleotides including sugar,
phosphate, and nitrogenous bases
o A triple helix with proteins and lipids
o A single strand with amino acids

3. What is the role of genes in DNA?

o To store energy for cells

o To encode instructions for making proteins
o To control the cell’s structure
o To protect the DNA from damage

4. How does DNA replication ensure that genetic information is accurately

passed on?

o By using enzymes to repair damaged DNA

o By unwinding the double helix and synthesizing new strands using the
original strands as templates
o By separating the chromosomes into different cells
o By encoding information into RNA

5. What are some applications of DNA technology mentioned in the text?

o Genetic testing, forensic science, and agriculture

o Energy production and waste management
o Climate control and pollution reduction
o Space exploration and robotics
VOCABULARY TASK 2: Chromosomes and Inheritance
Read this text and mark the correct answer for each question:
Chromosomes and Inheritance
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant
cells. They are made up of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Each chromosome contains many genes, which are the instructions for making proteins. In
humans, each cell typically contains 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. One
chromosome of each pair comes from each parent.
Chromosome Structure
Chromosomes are composed of chromatin, which is a complex of DNA and proteins. When
a cell prepares to divide, the chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes. Each
chromosome has a centromere, which is the region where the two chromatids (sister
chromatids) are joined. The ends of chromosomes are called telomeres, and they protect the
chromosome from deterioration.
Inheritance of Chromosomes
Inheritance refers to the process by which genetic information is passed from parents to
their offspring. Each parent contributes one chromosome to each pair in the offspring. The
specific combination of chromosomes determines the genetic makeup of the offspring.
This process of inheritance is governed by Mendelian genetics, which includes principles
such as segregation and independent assortment.
1. Segregation: During the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells), the two
chromosomes of each pair separate so that each gamete receives only one
chromosome from each pair. This ensures that when the gametes fuse during
fertilization, the resulting offspring will have the correct number of chromosomes.

2. Independent Assortment: The distribution of one pair of chromosomes into

gametes is independent of the distribution of other chromosome pairs. This means
that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait.
Genetic Disorders
Sometimes, errors occur during the formation of gametes or early in embryonic
development, leading to genetic disorders. For example, Down syndrome is caused by the
presence of an extra chromosome 21, a condition known as trisomy 21. Chromosomal
abnormalities can result in a variety of genetic disorders, which can affect physical
development, intellectual ability, and overall health.
QUESTIONS – MARK THE CORRECT ANSWER

1. What are chromosomes made of and where are they located?

o DNA and proteins; located in the nucleus of cells

o RNA and lipids; located in the cytoplasm of cells
o Proteins and carbohydrates; located in the cell membrane
o DNA and carbohydrates; located in mitochondria

2. Describe the structure of a chromosome.

o Composed of chromatin, with a centromere and telomeres

o Composed of a single strand of RNA with a central nucleus
o Composed of proteins and lipids with a central ribosome
o Composed of two single strands of DNA with no distinct regions

3. How is genetic information inherited from parents to offspring?

o Each parent contributes one chromosome to each pair, determining the

offspring's genetic makeup
o Each parent contributes a random assortment of traits without regard to
chromosomes
o Only one parent contributes genetic material while the other contributes
environmental factors
o Genetic information is passed only through the mother's chromosomes

4. Explain the principles of segregation and independent assortment.

o Segregation: Chromosomes separate into gametes, ensuring correct

chromosome number. Independent Assortment: Distribution of
chromosome pairs into gametes is independent of others.
o Segregation: Chromosomes are duplicated in each gamete. Independent
Assortment: Traits are inherited in linked pairs.
o Segregation: Traits mix randomly in offspring. Independent Assortment:
Chromosomes do not separate in gametes.
o Segregation: Chromosomes recombine with each cell division.
Independent Assortment: Chromosomes do not assort independently.

5. What is a genetic disorder caused by a chromosomal abnormality, and what

is the specific abnormality in Down syndrome?

o Down syndrome, caused by an extra chromosome 21 (trisomy 21)

o Hemophilia, caused by a missing chromosome 7
o Cystic fibrosis, caused by an extra chromosome 15
o Sickle cell anemia, caused by a missing chromosome 5
GRAMMAR TASK: Identifying and Using Verbs
Complete the exercises below to practice identifying and using different types of verbs
related to scientific and medical contexts. For each exercise, choose the correct type of
verb based on the given context and complete the sentences as instructed.

1. Action Verbs
Action verbs describe activities or actions. Identify and underline the action verbs in the
sentences below.
1. The researchers analyzed the data to compare the efficacy of the new drug with
existing treatments.
2. The team examined the results and demonstrated that the new approach was
effective.
3. Scientists investigate the genetic factors that affect disease progression.

2. State Verbs
State verbs describe a state or condition rather than an action. Circle the state verbs in
the sentences below.
1. The new gene therapy seems to offer promising results.
2. The condition of the patient remains stable after the treatment.
3. The genetic mutation exists in a significant portion of the population.

3. Opinion Verbs
Opinion verbs express personal thoughts or beliefs. Fill in the blanks with appropriate
opinion verbs from the list: (argue, claim, believe, suggest, propose, assert, contend,
maintain, opine, conclude).
1. Many researchers ________ that the new drug could revolutionize treatment for
rare diseases.
2. The study authors ________ that their findings support a new model for disease
progression.
3. Some experts ________ that more clinical trials are needed to confirm the results.

4. Modal Verbs
Modal verbs express necessity, possibility, or other conditions. Choose the correct modal
verb from the options provided to complete each sentence.
1. The new treatment could (can, should) provide relief for patients with chronic
conditions.
2. Researchers must (may, would) follow ethical guidelines during clinical trials.
3. The results of the experiment might (will, shall) lead to new insights in
pharmacology.

5. Cause and Effect Verbs

Cause and effect verbs show a cause-and-effect relationship. Match the verbs with their
correct usage by filling in the blanks.
1. The introduction of the new vaccine ________ a decrease in infection rates.
(cause, result in, lead to)
2. The lack of adherence to the treatment ________ a worsening of the patient's
condition. (trigger, contribute to, bring about)
3. The new research findings ________ significant changes in treatment protocols.
(create, generate, result in)

6. Evidence Verbs
Evidence verbs are used to describe how evidence is presented or interpreted. Underline
the evidence verbs in the sentences below.
1. The data indicate a strong correlation between the gene and the disease.
2. The study results reveal that the new method is more effective.
3. The research confirms the hypothesis that early intervention improves outcomes.

7. Evaluation Verbs
Evaluation verbs are used to assess or judge the quality or significance of something. Fill
in the blanks with appropriate evaluation verbs from the list: (evaluate, assess, critique,
judge, consider, appraise, review, estimate, rate, analyze).
1. The committee will ________ the effectiveness of the new treatment based on trial
data.
2. The expert panel ________ the methodologies used in the study.
3. Researchers ________ the potential benefits and risks associated with the new
drug.
ACTIVITY
WORK GROUP
A written article on a specific topic of the unit and a PPT presentation which will be the
evaluation of written and oral skills.