Mathematics

Subject Code – 041

Classes XI-XII (2025 – 26)

The Syllabus in the subject of Mathematics has undergone changes from time to time in
accordance with growth of the subject and emerging needs of the society. Senior Secondary
stage is a launching stage from where the students go either for higher academic education
in Mathematics or for professional courses like Engineering, Physical and Biological
science, Commerce or Computer Applications. The present revised syllabus has been
designed in accordance with National Curriculum Framework 2005 and as per guidelines
given in Focus Group on Teaching of Mathematics 2005 which is to meet the emerging
needs of all categories of students. Motivating the topics from real life situations and other
subject areas, greater emphasis has been laid on application of various concepts.

Objectives

The broad objectives of teaching Mathematics at senior school stage intend to help the
students:

 to acquire knowledge and critical understanding, particularly by way of motivation

and visualization, of basic concepts, terms, principles, symbols and mastery of
underlying processes and skills.
 to feel the flow of reasons while proving a result or solving a problem.
 to apply the knowledge and skills acquired to solve problems and wherever
possible, by more than one method.
 to develop positive attitude to think, analyze and articulate logically.
 to develop interest in the subject by participating in related competitions.
 to acquaint students with different aspects of Mathematics used in daily life.
 to develop an interest in students to study Mathematics as a discipline.
 to develop awareness of the need for national integration, protection of
environment, observance of small family norms, removal of social barriers,
elimination of gender biases.
 to develop reverence and respect towards great Mathematicians for their
contributions to the field of Mathematics.
 COURSE STRUCTURE

CLASS XI (2025-26)

Three Hours Max Marks: 80

No. Units Marks

I. Sets and Functions 23
II. Algebra 25
III. Coordinate Geometry 12
IV. Calculus 08
V. Statistics and Probability 12
Total 80
Internal Assessment 20

*No chapter/unit-wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters.

Unit-I: Sets and Functions

1. Sets
Sets and their representations, Empty set, Finite and Infinite sets, Equal sets, Subsets,
Subsets of a set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations). Universal set. Venn
diagrams. Union and Intersection of sets. Difference of sets. Complement of a set.
Properties of Complement.

2. Relations & Functions

Ordered pairs. Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two
finite sets. Cartesian product of the set of reals with itself (up to R x R x R). Definition of
relation, pictorial diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation. Function as a special
type of relation. Pictorial representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range of a
function. Real valued functions, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity,
polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer
functions, with their graphs. Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions.

3. Trigonometric Functions

Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion
from one measure to another. Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle.
Truth of the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1, for all x. Signs of trigonometric functions. Domain
and range of trigonometric functions and their graphs. Expressing 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ± 𝑦) and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ±
𝑦) in terms of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 and their simple applications. Deducing identities like
the following:
 tan 𝑥±tan 𝑦 cot 𝑥∓cot 𝑦
tan(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 1∓tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 , cot(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cot 𝑦±cot 𝑥

1 1
sin 𝛼 ± sin 𝛽 = 2 sin 2 (𝛼 ± 𝛽) cos 2 (𝛼 ∓ 𝛽)
1 1
cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = 2 cos 2 (𝛼 + 𝛽) cos 2 (𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛽 = −2 sin 2 (𝛼 + 𝛽) sin 2 (𝛼 − 𝛽)
Identities related to sin 2𝑥 , cos 2𝑥 , tan 2𝑥 , sin 3𝑥 , cos 3𝑥 and tan 3𝑥.

Unit-II: Algebra

1. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Need for complex numbers, especially √−1, to be motivated by inability to solve some of
the quadratic equations. Algebraic properties of complex numbers. Argand plane.

2. Linear Inequalities

Linear inequalities. Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their
representation on the number line.

3. Permutations and Combinations

Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial n. (n!) Permutations and combinations, derivation

of Formulae for n Pr , n C r and their connections, simple applications.

4. Binomial Theorem

Historical perspective, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices.
Pascal’s triangle, simple applications.

5. Sequence and Series

Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) Geometric Progression (G.P.), general term of
a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P., infinite G.P. and its sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation
between A.M. and G.M

Unit-III: Coordinate Geometry

1. Straight Lines

Brief recall of two-dimensional geometry from earlier classes. Slope of a line and angle
between two lines. Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axis, point -slope form,
slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercept form. Distance of a point from a line.
2. Conic Sections

Sections of a cone: circles, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point, a straight line and a pair of
intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section. Standard equations and simple
properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. Standard equation of a circle.

3. Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry

Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions. Coordinates of a point.

Distance between two points.

Unit-IV: Calculus

1. Limits and Derivatives

Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically.
Intuitive idea of limit. Limits of polynomials and rational functions trigonometric, exponential
and logarithmic functions. Definition of derivative relate it to scope of tangent of the curve,
derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions of polynomial and
trigonometric functions.

Unit-V Statistics and Probability

1. Statistics

Measures of Dispersion: Range, Mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of

ungrouped/grouped data.

2. Probability

Events; occurrence of events, ‘not’, ‘and’ and ‘or’ events, exhaustive events, mutually
exclusive events, Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability, connections with other theories of
earlier classes. Probability of an event, probability of ‘not’, ‘and’ and ‘or’ events.
 MATHEMATICS QUESTION PAPER DESIGN

CLASS – XI (2025-26)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 80

%
S. Typology of Questions Total Weight
No. Marks age

Remembering: Exhibit memory of previously learned material

by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers.
1 55
44
Understanding: Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas
by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving
descriptions, and stating main ideas

Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying

2 20 25
acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different
way.

Analysing:
Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives
or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support
generalizations

Evaluating:
3 Present and defend opinions by making judgments about 16 20
information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set
of criteria.

Creating:
Compile information together in a different way by combining
elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions

Total 80 100

1. No chapter wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters

2. Suitable internal variations may be made for generating various templates keeping the
overall weightage to different form of questions and typology of questions same.
Choice(s):
There will be no overall choice in the question paper. However, 33% internal choices will be
given in all the sections

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 20 MARKS

Periodic Tests (Best 2 out of 3 tests conducted) 10 Marks
Mathematics Activities 10 Marks

Note: Please refer the guidelines given under XII Mathematics Syllabus.
 CLASS – XI (2025-26)
The following topics are included in the syllabus but will be assessed only formatively to reinforce
understanding without adding to summative assessments. This reduces academic stress while
ensuring meaningful learning. Schools can integrate these with existing chapters as they align well.
Relevant NCERT textual material is enclosed for reference.

S.No. Content
Unit-I: Sets and Functions
1. Sets
Practical problems on Union and Intersection of two sets.
2. Relations and Functions
Composition of Functions
3. Trigonometric Functions
General solution of trigonometric equations of the type sin 𝑦 = sin 𝑎 , cos 𝑦 = cos 𝑎 and
tan 𝑦 = tan 𝑎.
Unit-II: Algebra
1. Principle of Mathematical Induction
Process of the proof by induction, motivating the application of the method by looking at
natural numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers. The principle of
mathematical induction and simple applications.
2. (Complex Numbers and) Quadratic Equations
Polar representation of complex numbers. Statement of Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra, solution of quadratic equations (with real coefficients) in the complex number
system.
3. Linear Inequalities
Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables. Graphical method of finding a
solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables.
4. Binomial Theorem
General and middle term in binomial expansion.
5. Sequence and Series
Formulae for the following special sums
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑘 , ∑ 𝑘2 , ∑ 𝑘3
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
Unit-III: Coordinate Geometry
1. Straight Lines
Normal form. General equation of a line.
2. Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry
Section formula.
Unit-IV: Calculus
1. Limits and Derivatives
Derivatives of composite functions (Chain rule).
Unit-V Statistics and Probability
1. Probability
Random experiments; outcomes, sample space (set representation).
 COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS – XII
(2025-26)
One Paper Max. Marks: 80
No. Units Marks
I. Relations and Functions 08
II. Algebra
10
III. Calculus
35
IV. Vectors and Three - Dimensional Geometry
14
V. Linear Programming 05
VI. Probability
08
Total
80
Internal Assessment
20

Unit-I: Relations and Functions

1. Relations and Functions

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and
onto functions.

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.

Unit-II: Algebra

1. Matrices
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a
matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operations on matrices: Addition and
multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and
scalar multiplication. Non- commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-
zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2).
Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will
have real entries).
2. Determinants
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of
determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix.
Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by
examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution)
using inverse of a matrix.
Unit-III: Calculus

1. Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability, chain rule, derivative of composite functions, derivatives of

inverse trigonometric functions like sin−1 𝑥, cos−1 𝑥 and tan−1 𝑥, derivative of implicit functions.
Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential
functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms.
Second order derivatives.

2. Applications of Derivatives

Applications of derivatives: rate of change of quantities, increasing/decreasing functions,

maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test
given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding
of the subject as well as real- life situations).

3. Integrals

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by

substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following
types and problems based on them.

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒑𝒙+𝒒
∫ 𝒙𝟐 ±𝒂𝟐 , ∫ √ ,∫ ,∫
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
,∫ ,∫
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝒅𝒙,
𝒙𝟐 ±𝒂𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 √𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝒑𝒙+𝒒
∫√ 𝒅𝒙, ∫ √𝒂𝟐 ± 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 , ∫ √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 , ∫ √𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and
evaluation of definite integrals.

4. Application of the Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/ parabolas/ellipses
(in standard form only)

5. Differential Equations

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Solution
of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous
differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the
type:
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑞, where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are functions of 𝑥 or constants.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑞, where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are functions of 𝑦 or constants.
𝑑𝑦
Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-dimensional Geometry

1. Vectors

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios
of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of
a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a
vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition,
Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector
(cross) product of vectors.

2. Three-dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector
equation of a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Angle between two lines.

Unit-V: Linear Programming Problem

1. Linear Programming
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, graphical
method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded or
unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial
constraints).

Unit-VI: Probability

1. Probability

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total

probability, Bayes’ theorem.
 MATHEMATICS (Code No. – 041)
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
CLASS – XII (2025-26)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 80

S. %
Typology of Questions Total
No. Weightage
Marks
Remembering: Exhibit memory of previously learned
material by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts, and
44 55
answers.
1
Understanding: Demonstrate understanding of facts and
ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting,
giving descriptions, and stating main ideas

Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying

2 20 25
acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a
different way.
Analysing :
Examine and break information into parts by identifying
motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to
support generalizations
Evaluating:
3 Present and defend opinions by making judgments about 16 20
information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a
set of criteria.
Creating:
Compile information together in a different way by
combining elements in a new pattern or proposing
alternative solutions
Total 80 100

1. No chapter wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters

2. Suitable internal variations may be made for generating various templates keeping the
overall weightage to different form of questions and typology of questions same.

Choice(s):
There will be no overall choice in the question paper. However, 33% internal choices will be given
in all the sections

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 20 MARKS

Periodic Tests (Best 2 out of 3 tests conducted) 10 Marks
Mathematics Activities 10 Marks

Note: For activities NCERT Lab Manual may be referred.

Conduct of Periodic Tests:

Periodic Test is a Pen and Paper assessment which is to be conducted by the

respective subject teacher. The format of periodic test must have questions items with
a balance mix, such as, very short answer (VSA), short answer (SA) and long answer
(LA) to effectively assess the knowledge, understanding, application, skills, analysis,
evaluation and synthesis. Depending on the nature of subject, the subject teacher will
have the liberty of incorporating any other types of questions too. The modalities of
the PT are as follows:

a) Mode: The periodic test is to be taken in the form of pen-paper test.

b) Schedule: In the entire Academic Year, three Periodic Tests in each subject
may be conducted as follows:

Test Pre-Mid-term (PT-I) Mid-Term (PT-II) Post Mid-Term (PT-III)

Tentative Month July-August November December-January

This is only a suggestive schedule and schools may conduct periodic tests as per their
convenience. The winter bound schools would develop their own schedule with similar
time gaps between two consecutive tests.

c) Average of Marks: Once schools complete the conduct of all the three periodic
tests, they will convert the weightage of each of the three tests into ten marks each
for identifying best two tests. The best two will be taken into consideration and the
average of the two shall be taken as the final marks for PT.
d) The school will ensure simple documentation to keep a record of performance as
suggested in detail circular no. Acad-05/2017.

e) Sharing of Feedback/Performance: The students’ achievement in each test must

be shared with the students and their parents to give them an overview of the level of
learning that has taken place during different periods. Feedback will help parents
formulate interventions (conducive ambience, support materials, motivation and
morale-boosting) to further enhance learning. A teacher, while sharing the feedback
with student or parent, should be empathetic, non- judgmental and motivating. It is
recommended that the teacher share best examples/performances of IA with the
class to motivate all learners
Assessment of Activity Work:

Throughout the year any 10 activities shall be performed by the student from the
activities given in the NCERT Laboratory Manual for the respective class (XI or
XII) which is available on the link:
http://www.ncert.nic.in/exemplar/labmanuals.html a record of the same may be
kept by the student. An year end test on the activity may be conducted

The weightage are as under:

 The activities performed by the student throughout the year and record
keeping: 5 marks
 Assessment of the activity performed during the year end test: 3 marks
 Viva-voce: 2 marks

Prescribed Books:

1) Mathematics Textbook for Class XI, NCERT Publications

2) Mathematics Part I - Textbook for Class XII, NCERT Publication
3) Mathematics Part II - Textbook for Class XII, NCERT Publication
4) Mathematics Exemplar Problem for Class XI, Published by NCERT
5) Mathematics Exemplar Problem for Class XII, Published by NCERT
6) Mathematics Lab Manual class XI, published by NCERT
7) Mathematics Lab Manual class XII, published by NCERT