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Unit 2 - Properties of Materials

The document covers the properties of materials, focusing on atomic structure, the periodic table, and the differences between compounds and mixtures. It explains trends in groups within the periodic table, reactions of elements, and the types of bonds (ionic and covalent) that form compounds. Additionally, it discusses simple and giant structures, including the properties of diamond, graphite, and silicon dioxide.

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Anay Bhandari
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6 views10 pages

Unit 2 - Properties of Materials

The document covers the properties of materials, focusing on atomic structure, the periodic table, and the differences between compounds and mixtures. It explains trends in groups within the periodic table, reactions of elements, and the types of bonds (ionic and covalent) that form compounds. Additionally, it discusses simple and giant structures, including the properties of diamond, graphite, and silicon dioxide.

Uploaded by

Anay Bhandari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 2: Properties of Materials

Unit 2.1: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table


Element:
 An element is a substance which is made up of only one kind of atom and
cannot be further divided.
Substances:

Two different elements


COMPOUND
bonded, chemically.
D
PURE
It contains only one type of
ELEMENT
atom, which is indivisible.
SUBSTANCES
Two or more atoms, elements, or
MIXTURE compounds are mixed and can be
physically separated.

The Periodic Table:


Notes on the Periodic Table:
 Atoms of elements increase in mass as you go from left to right.
 Atomic Number = Proton Number = Electron Number
 Mass Number = Proton Number + Neutron Number
 Neutron = Mass Number – Atomic Number
 Protons → Positive Charge
 Electrons → Negative Charge
 Neutrons → No Charge
 Atom has no charge, as electrons and protons are the same number and
cancel out.
Compounds and Mixtures:

Aspect Compounds Mixtures


Two different elements, Two or more atoms, elements, or
Definition chemically bonded. compounds are mixed and can be
physically separated.
Separatio Separated Chemically Separated Physically
n
Proportion Constituent elements Constituent elements are no in fixed
are in a fixed proportion. proportion.
Retention Do not retain properties. Retains properties.

Electronic Configuration:
 Electronic configuration/arrangement is the distribution of electrons in
different shells.
Ions:
 Ions are charged particles formed by the loss or gain of electrons.
Valency:
 Valency is the number of electrons exchanged ( loss or gain of electrons).
Symbolic Notation:
Neil Bohrs Model:

n 2n
2

K 1 2 ( 12 )=2 e−¿¿

L 2 2 ( 22 )=8 e−¿ ¿

M 3 2 ( 32 )=18 e−¿ ¿

N 4 2 ( 4 2 )=32 e−¿¿

Valence Shell:
 Last shell of an atom is its valence shell.
Shells and Ions:
 When an atom of an element has completely filled shells with electrons, it is
stable/inert. Hence, known as noble gas.
 Elements with 1,2, or, 3 electrons in the valence shell loose electrons.
 Elements with 5,6, or, 7 electrons in the valence shell gain electrons.
 Elements with 4 electrons in the valence shell share electrons.

Unit 2.2: Trends in Groups within the Periodic Table


Trends in Groups 1, 7, 8:
Criteria Group 1 - Alkali Group 7 - Halogens Group 8 – Noble Gas
Li 2, 1 F 2, 7 He 2
Na 2, 8, 1 Cl 2, 8, 7 Ne 2, 8
Elements K 2, 8, 8, 1 Br 2, 8, 18, 7 Ar 2, 8, 8
Rb 2, 8, 18, 8, 1
Cs 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1
Fr 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1
Size Increases Down the Group
Reactivity Increases down the Decreases down the Does not React.
group. group.
Melting Point Decreases down the group.
Boiling Point Decreases down the Increases down the group.
group.

Reaction of Group 1 Elements with Water:


 General Reaction -
o metal+ water →metal hydroxide +hydrogen gas
 Example –
o lithium+ water →lithium hydroxide+ hydrogen gas
Reaction of Group 1 Elements with Oxygen:
 General Reaction -
o metal+ oxygen →metal oxide
 Example –
o lithium+ oxygen →lithium oxide
Steps to Writing Chemical Formulae:
 Steps –
o Step 1 – Write the symbol of each element along with its configuration
and deduce its valency.

o Step 2 – Write the element symbol and its valency below it.

o Step 3 – Interchange the valencies.


 Example –
o Step 1 –
Mg Configuration - 2, 8, 2
Mg Valency - 2
Cl Configuration – 2, 8, 7
Cl Valency – 1

o Steps 2 and 3–
Mg Cl

2 1

o MgCl 2
 By following these steps, you can write the chemical formulae for each
compound.
 The next step to this is the balancing of equations, using these formulae.

Unit 2.3: Why Elements React to Form Compounds


Compounds:

COMPOUND Two or more elements, bonded chemically.

Example
Exchange of Electron
IONIC BOND Table Salt
(gain or loss of electron)
( Sodium Chloride or NaCl )

Example
H 2 0 – Water
Sharing of Electrons
COVALENT BOND 02 – Oxygen
by non-metals
N 2 – Nitrogen

Ionic Bonding Examples:


 NaCl – Sodium atom gives one electron to chlorine atom because of which it
will be written as NaCl.

 Mg Cl 2 – The magnesium gives two electrons two the two chlorine atoms.
Covalent Bonding Examples:
 Hydrogen

 Water

 Carbon Dioxide
Difference between Ionic and Covalent Bonds:
Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds
They are formed by the complete Covalent compounds are formed by the
transfer of electrons. sharing of electrons between two
atoms.
They exist in solid state. They exist in all three states – solid,
liquid and gas.
They have a high melting and boiling They have a low melting and boiling
point. point.
They are soluble in water. They are generally insoluble in water.
They are good conductors of electricity They are insulators i.e. they do not
in the molten state as well as in the conduct electricity in the molten state
aqueous solutions. as well as in the aqueous solutions.

Unit 2.4: Simple and Giant Structures


Types of Structures:
Giant Ionic Structure Simple Covalent Structure Giant Covalent Structure

Regular 3D arrangement of Isolated molecules with Repeating 3D structure


positive and negative ions. weak forces between with strong bonds between
molecules. atoms.
Strong electrostatic
attraction between positive Strong bond between atoms and electrons are shared.
and negative ions.
High melting points, always Low melting points, gases High melting points, always
solid at room temperature. and liquids at room solid at room temperature.
temperature.
Conduct electricity when Do not conduct electricity. Conduct heat.
molten and in solution.
Eg: Sodium Chloride, Eg: Water, Carbon dioxide, Eg: Diamond, Graphite,
Magnesium Chloride, etc. Methane etc. Silicon Dioxide etc.

Bonding in Diamond, Graphite and Silicon Dioxide:


Diamond Graphite Silicon Dioxide

Each carbon atom forms four Each carbon forms three covalent Sometimes called silica,
covalent bonds in a very rigid giant bonds to create layers of hexagons. this is what sand is made
covalent structure. Each carbon atom also has one of. Each grain of sand is
delocalized (free) electron. one giant structure of
silicon and oxygen.

Properties of Silica (Silicon Dioxide):


 It has a high melting point because all the atoms are linked to all other atoms
by strong covalent bonds. It takes a lot of energy to break these bonds and
melt silica.
Properties of Diamond (Carbon):
 It has a high melting point because the carbon atoms are linked by 4 strong
covalent bonds. It takes a lot of energy to break these bonds to melt diamond.
 It is hard because there are 4 very strong covalent bonds holding each atom of
carbon to others so they do not break off without a large force.
 It does not conduct electricity because there are no delocalized electrons to
carry the current.
Properties of Graphite (Carbon):
 It has a high melting point because the carbon atoms are linked by 3 strong
covalent bonds. It takes a lot of energy to break these bonds to melt graphite.
 It is soft and slippery because the 3 very strong covalent bonds hold the atoms
of carbon in a layered structure. The 4th electron is delocalized (free to move)
between the layers of carbon atoms and allows the layers to slide over each
other easily.
 It is a very good conductor of heat and electricity because the 4 th electron
from each carbon atom is delocalized (free to move) between the layers of
carbon atoms and it flows to carry a current or move around (diffuses) to
transfer heat energy.
Allotropes:
 Different forms of the same element.
Allotropes of Carbon:
 Graphene

 Nanotube

 Fullerene

 Diamond
`
 Graphite

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