Chapter -7

Linux Operating System

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W.C. Deshapriya
Learning Outcomes

• After completing this lesson, student will be able to Identify Linux

environment .
History of Linux
Distributions of Linux OS
Linux File System
Set of basic Unix Commands

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What is Linux ?

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What is Linux ?

• Linux is a open-source operating systems based on the Linux kernel.

• Support for Multi-user, Multitask, Multiprocessor
• Include with the GUI and CLI
• Runs on multiple platforms
• Includes the Source Code also

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The Linux is free
• Anyone can download and compile the source code.
• The source code can be modified by anyone, and the modifications can
released to the public.

• Linux is a UNIX clone

• It can run on 32 bit and 64 bit hardware.
• Supported up to 64 GB of RAM

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History of Linux
• Linus Torvalds is a Software engineer student at the University of Helsinki.
• He started to develop new OS similar to the MINIX,UNIX operating systems.
• As a result he develop Linux OS in 1990.
• He posted the first version of Linux OS on 1991.

• Develop many version of Linux OS as Linux 1.0, 1.1, 2.1…

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Linux Today
• Linux has been used for many computing platforms in today
PC, PDA, Supercomputer,…
• Today Linux OS used on 7-10 million computers with 1000’s of
programmers.
• Now also developing and improving it.

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The Kernel
Linux is not an Operating System
• Linux is a kernel

What is kernel ?

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The Kernel
• A kernel is a program that allocates and controls hardware resources in a
system.
• Linux OS use the Linux kernel together with the GNU packages.

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GNU packages
• GNU package is a collection of free software, ensuring that the source
codes will be free for copy, study and to change.
• It can be used as an operating system or parts of other operating systems.

• GNU has basic software as follows:

GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)
GNU C library (glibc)
GNU Core Utilities (coreutils)
Applications softwares

Reference : https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU

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The Linux GNU package
Desktop applications
o Word processing (OpenOffice, Koffice)
o Programming (C, C++, Perl, Python, Java, PHP)
o Graphics (GIMP)
o Web browsers (Mozilla Firefox)
o Email (Evolution, Mozilla, KMail)
o Audio (amarok)

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Linux Operating system

Linux operating system = Linux kernel + GNU package

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The Linux OS structure

Application User’s Interface AUI Applications: Compilers, word processors, X-based GUI

Language libraries LINUX Shell

Application Programming API System call interface
Interface

Memory File Process

Kernel management management Management

BIOS Device Drives

Computer Hardware

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The Linux OS structure
AUI- Application User’s Interface:
• Interface between the kernel and user
• Allow user to make commands to the system

API- Application Programming Interface (System call interface)

• Include a set of functions that can be used by the applications to use the
services provided by the kernel.

Kernel- The part of an OS where the real work is done (manage all)

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Linux Operating system

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Distributions of Linux
• The programmers can edit, modify, and redistribute the source code of Linux.
• The programmers improve the Linus and fix the bugs.
 Finally created many Linux base operating systems.
• Ubuntu
• Lubuntu
• Fedora
• Linux Mint
• OpenSUSE
• Debian
• Sabayon
• Gentoo
• PCLinuxOS

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Ubuntu
• Ubuntu is one of the Linux distributions available for public.

• You can download Ubuntu OS to your computer from this link.

https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop

• You can see Ubuntu installing steps from this video.

https://youtu.be/ybHxztXXE-4

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Linux File System
• Linux files are stored in a single rooted, as hierarchical file system.
• Data files are stored in directories (folders)
• Directories may be nested as deep as needed

root / directories

bin lib lost+found mnt opt root sbin var

boot dev etc proc home tmp usr

file
… dlun guest bin lib local
fd hd hd group passwd

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Standard Files
Every LINUX system should contain a set of standard files and directories.
/ -The root directory - Top of the file system
/bin - Contain the binary (executable code) of Linux commands, e.g. bash, cat,
cp,ls, etc.
/boot - Contain all the files needed to boot the Linux system
/dev - Contain the special files for devices
/etc - Contain user files and directories

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User Files
/home/davis - home directory of the user (name as davis)
/bin/bash - the location of the shell the user is using
/hom -Contain the home directories of every user in the system, e.g. dlun,
guest, etc
/lib -Store all essential libraries for different language compilers.
/lost+found -Contain all the files on the system not connected to any
directory.

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Linux File Access Privilege
• Linux is a multiuser system, the files of all users are stored in a single root
directory.
• Administrator can give the access permission to each user to access or restrict
directories.
• The term “access permission” refers to
• read permission
• write permission
• execute permission

The file access permission can be seen by using the

command ls –l or ls -al
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The Features of Linux
• Supported to Multi-tasking
• Supported to Multi-users
• Supported to Multi-level file management
• High level of security
• Virus free
• Programming support for many languages
• GUI support

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List the advantages and disadvantages of Linux

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Linux Shell
• Shell interprets the command and request service from kernel
• Similar to DOS but DOS has only one set of interface while Linux can select
different shell
• Bourne Again shell (Bash), TC shell (Tcsh), Z shell (Zsh)

whoami
ls pwd
• Different shell has similar but different
Bash, Tcsh, Zsh
functionality.
• Bash is the default for Linux Kernel
• Graphical user interface of Linux is in fact an
application program work on the shell

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Linux Shell
Online shell interface :
• https://copy.sh/v86/?profile=linux26&ref=itsfoss.com

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/linux_terminal_online.php

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Shell Command
Frequently used commands available in most shells:
• ls : to show the names of the file in the current directory
You can see all the hidden files by using the command “ls -a”.

• pwd: To know which directory you are in; use “pwd” to get path that
starts from the root.

• cd : change directory,
cd / change to the root directory
cd downloads -go to the downloads folder
cd .. change to the parent of that directory
cd~ My home directory
cd. The current directory
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Shell Command
• touch : to create a new file. It can be anything, from an empty txt
file or an empty zip file.
touch abc.txt

• echo 'This is a test’ > abc.txt the data write in abc.txt.

echo “Overwriting the existing text in the file” > abc.txt

• cp : copy one file to another

cp abc.txt xyz.txt copy abc.txt to xyz.txt

• cat : to show the content of a text file

cat abc.txt show the content of abc.txt

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Shell Command
• mv: to move files.
mv abc.txt xyz.txt

• mkdir : mkdir command to create a directory.

mkdir abc1

• rm : remove a file
rm abc.txt remove a abc.txt file

• rmdir: remove a folder

rm abc1 remove a abc folder

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Shell Command
• man : ask for the manual (or help) of a command
man cd - ask for the manual of the command cd

• sudo: A widely used as "Super User Do".

• df: to see the available disk space in each of the partitions in your
system.

• du: to get the disk usage of a file in your system

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Shell Command

• zip, unzip: Use zip to compress files into a zip archive, and unzip to
extract files from a zip archive.

• Ps: List your processes on the system.

• rm : remove a file
rm abc.txt remove a abc.txt file

• grep: It user to search through all the text in a given file.

grep blue abc.txt

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Shell Command

• ping: check your network connectivity status to a server.

ping google.com

• top: top command will display a list of running processes and how
much use CPU in each process uses.

• history : history command is particularly useful if you want to review

the commands you’ve entered before

• hostname : show the name of your host/network. Adding a -i to the end will
display the IP address of your network.

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Shell Command

• Calc: Mathematical cal command

calc 2+3 ;
calc 2*25/6 ;

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Thanks!

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