5

(c) Study Fig. 3, which shows some population data for Bangladesh in 1970 and 2002.

1970 2002

Birth rate (per 1000) 49 29

Death rate (per 1000) 28 8

Infant mortality rate (per 1000) 140 51

Life expectancy (years) 45 61

Fig. 3

(i) Calculate the natural population increase per 1000 for 1970 and 2002. [2]

(ii) Describe the population trends shown in Fig. 3. [4]

(d) Improved health care is one of the factors that has led to the changes shown in Fig.3.

How has health care for the people been delivered and how effective has this delivery been?

[8]

[Total: 25]

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 10

5 (a) Study Fig. 9, which shows some development indicators for Bangladesh.

2000 2002

GNP per capita (US$) 240 360

Life expectancy (years) 56 61

Population per doctor 12 500 5 000

Fig. 9

(i) Describe the changes in development between 2000 and 2002 as shown in Fig. 9. [3]

(ii) What do the development indicators in Fig. 9 show about the level of development of

Bangladesh? [6]

(b) In 2000, the calorie intake per person per day was 2085. The Government aims to increase

this calorie intake.

Why is this proving difficult to achieve? [3]

(c) Fig. 10 shows the percentage enrolment rate of the relevant age groups at the three stages

of education in Bangladesh in 2002.

100

% enrolment rate 50

0
primary secondary tertiary

Fig. 10

(i) What does Fig.10 show about the general pattern of enrolment across the three stages

of education? [3]

(ii) Describe the attempts to increase enrolment at primary schools, both by the public and

private sectors. [5]

(iii) What, in your opinion, are the successes and failures of the measures described in (c)

(ii)? [5]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2007 7094/02/M/J/07

 7

(b) Study Fig. 6, which shows how Bangladeshi children aged under 10 are being educated.

10% Educated by NGOs

14% Educated in private schools which are

partly funded by the government

25% Educated in private schools

40% Educated in government-funded schools

11% Not in education.

Fig. 6

(i) What percentage of Bangladeshi children have their education paid for at least in part by

the government? [1]

(ii) What is an NGO and what is the role of an NGO in educating children? [3]

(iii) The adult literacy rates for Bangladesh in 2005 were:

Male 49%

Female 30%

Use Fig. 6 to suggest why the adult literacy rates will be much higher by 2015. [2]

(c) Study the two statements below:

A. ‘The only way to improve education is to increase the role of the private sector.’

B. ‘The only way that education can be improved is by a major government-funded

campaign.’

(i) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A. [1]

(ii) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B. [1]

(iii) What do you think is the best way to improve education? Give reasons for your answer.

[4]

[Total: 25]

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 8

5 (a) Study Fig. 8, which shows changes in the infant mortality rate (IMR) between 1990 and 2008.
It also shows predicted changes up to 2015.

actual predicted
100
Pakis
90 ta n
Ba
ng
lad
80 esh
India
70
number of children
dying before their 60
first birthday
per 100 000 births 50
(IMR)
40

30

20

10

0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2015
predicted

Fig. 8

(i) How did Bangladesh’s infant mortality rate change between 1990 and 2008? [1]
(ii) Compare the changes in Bangladesh with those in Pakistan and India between 1990 and
2015. [4]
(iii) Suggest two reasons for the predicted changes to Bangladesh’s infant mortality rate
between 2008 and 2015. [2]
(iv) Infant mortality rate is an example of a ‘human development indicator’.
Name two other examples of human development indicators. [2]

(b) (i) Describe how Bangladesh’s public health system has helped to improve the infant
mortality rate up to 2008. [4]
(ii) Describe the role of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in providing health care
in Bangladesh. [4]

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 9

(c) Study Fig. 9, which shows percentages of people in Bangladesh with access to safe drinking
water and improved sanitation facilities.

Access to safe drinking water Access to improved sanitation

facilities
100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
% %
50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008
Key:
rural urban
areas areas

Fig. 9

For both drinking water and sanitation, how did access change in:

(i) urban areas?

(ii) rural areas?
[3]

(d) Study the two statements below:

A. ‘The best way to improve the health of people in Bangladesh is to improve clean
water supplies and sanitation facilities.’

B. ‘The best way to improve the health of people in Bangladesh is to increase the
number of good health care centres.’

(i) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A. [1]

(ii) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B. [1]
(iii) What do you think is the best way to improve people’s health? Give reasons for your
answer. [3]

[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2010 7094/02/M/J/10
 20

(c) (i) Study Fig. 11, which shows the percentage of children at secondary school in three For
countries in 1973 and 2003. Examiner’s
Use

% % Key
50 50
1973

40 40 2003

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
sh

n
di

ta
de

In

kis
la

Pa
ng
Ba

Fig. 11

Using Fig. 11, describe how the percentage of children in secondary schools in
Bangladesh changed compared to India and Pakistan.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) In Bangladesh, the percentage of children in primary schools is 95%. Why is there
such a decrease when children go to secondary school?

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

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 21

(iii) Why is secondary education important? For

Examiner’s
.................................................................................................................................. Use

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) ‘Developing occupational skills is more important than university qualifications for the
economic development of Bangladesh.’

How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer and examples
where possible.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2013 7094/02/M/J/13

 19

(ii) Study Fig. 12 which shows the infant mortality rate between 1980 and 2010 for
Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.

140

120

100
infant mortality rate

80
per 1000

60 Pakistan

India
40 Bangladesh

20

0
1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010
year

Fig. 12

How has the infant mortality rate for Bangladesh changed in comparison to India and
Pakistan between 1980 and 2010?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2014 7094/02/M/J/14 [Turn over

 20

(iii) Explain how the health care system has brought about the changes in the infant mortality
rate and birth rate in Bangladesh.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) (i) Explain what is meant by ‘a non-governmental organisation (NGO)’.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe the type of work done by NGOs, such as BRAC and Proshika, in Bangladesh.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [4]

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 21

(d) Study the two statements below.

A ‘The health care system is vital to improving the quality of life of the poor in Bangladesh.’
B ‘Improving nutrition will enhance the quality of life of the poor in Bangladesh.’

(i) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Which opinion do you agree with the most? Give reasons for your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 25 marks]

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 19

(iii) Explain how Bangladesh has achieved such a change in its population growth rate.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(c) (i) Describe two differences between the public sector and the private sector.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Explain the advantages and the disadvantages of the private sector in delivering either
health care or education.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2015 7094/02/M/J/15 [Turn over

 20

(d) Study the two statements below.

A ‘The main educational challenge for Bangladesh is to improve the literacy rate.’
B ‘The main educational challenge for Bangladesh is to improve the quality of higher (tertiary)
education.’

(i) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Which statement do you agree with the most? Give reasons for your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 25 marks]

© UCLES 2015 7094/02/M/J/15

 20

(b) (i) Fig. 12 shows how the percentage of children attending secondary schools has varied
between 2006 and 2012 in three countries.

60

50
Key
Bangladesh
Myanmar
40 Pakistan

children
attending
secondary 30
school
%

20

10

0
2006 2008 2010 2012

Fig. 12

Complete Fig. 12 for Bangladesh using the following figures.

• 2010 – 46%
• 2012 – 48% [2]

(ii) Describe how the percentage of children attending secondary school in Bangladesh has
changed compared to Pakistan and Myanmar.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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 21

(iii) In Bangladesh the percentage of children in primary school is 95%. Suggest reasons
why a smaller percentage attend secondary school.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iv) The adult literacy rate in Bangladesh in 2013 was 60%. How can the Government
improve the adult literacy rate in Bangladesh further?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2017 7094/02/M/J/17 [Turn over

 22

(c) Study the statements below.

A ‘Improvements to tertiary education are vital to improve the economy of Bangladesh.’

B ‘Occupational and professional skills are key to improving the economy of Bangladesh.’

(i) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Which statement do you agree with most? Give reasons for your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 25 marks]

© UCLES 2017 7094/02/M/J/17

 11

(b) Explain two ways in which Bangladesh is continuing to improve education within the country.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(c) Study Fig. 3.1, a graph which shows the detection rate of tuberculosis (TB) in Bangladesh
from 2005 to 2015.

60

50

40
tuberculosis (TB)
detection 30
rate
(%) 20 Key
Bangladesh
10

0
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
year

Fig. 3.1

(i) Describe the main changes in the detection rate from 2005 to 2015.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2018 7094/02/M/J/18 [Turn over

 20

(e) Study the two statements below.

A ‘Job creation is Bangladesh’s top development priority.’

B ‘Improving education is Bangladesh’s top development priority.’

(i) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Which statement do you agree with the most? Give reasons for your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 25]

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 24

(d) Study Fig. 5.3, which shows enrolment rates at secondary schools in Bangladesh, Myanmar
and India between 1980 and 2018.

Secondary school enrolment in Bangladesh, Myanmar and India between 1980 and 2018

80

70

60

50
school
enrolment 40
(%)
30

20

10

0
Bangladesh Myanmar India

country
Key

1980
2000
2018

Fig. 5.3

(i) Compare the change in secondary school enrolment in Bangladesh with enrolment in
Myanmar and India between 1980 and 2018. Use data from Fig. 5.3 to support your
answer.

Bangladesh compared to Myanmar ..................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Bangladesh compared to India .........................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
© UCLES 2022 7094/02/M/J/22
 25

(ii) Explain how Bangladesh has increased enrolment in secondary education in the last
20 years.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(iii) State two educational challenges for Bangladesh.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

Question 5(e) is on the next page.

© UCLES 2022 7094/02/M/J/22 [Turn over

 26

(e) Study the statement below.

‘Developing education is more important than improving healthcare for the economic
development of Bangladesh.’

(i) Give one argument why developing education is more important for the economic
development of Bangladesh.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give one argument why improving healthcare is more important for the economic
development of Bangladesh.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Do you agree with the statement that developing education is more important than
improving healthcare for the economic development of Bangladesh? Give reasons for
your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2022 7094/02/M/J/22