THE

 UNIVERSITY  OF  DODOMA  

 
INSTITUTE  OF  DEVELOPMENT  STUDIES  
 
 
 
DEVELOPMENT  PERSPECTIVES    
DS  102  
1  
  
(a)  IntroducAon  to  Development  
Studies    
 

2  
 Why  development  studies?  
² It  is  over  55  years  since  most  of  African  
countries  aNained  poliAcal  independence.    
 
² Since  then  African  poliAcal  leaders  and  the  
general  public    have  made  strenuous  
efforts  to  overcome  development  
problems  and  challenges,but  situaton  is  
sAll  worse  to  some  Countries.  

3  
  
   Development    Discourse  
 
² There  are    three  perspecAves   which  are  
considered    when  we  aNempt  to  define  
development.    
 
These  are;  
1.  Economic  perspecAve  (economists  views)  
² Look  at  indicators  of  development  such  as  
economic  growth  of  a  parAcular  naAon  like  
increasing  of  gross  naAonal  product  (GDP).    
  4  
 Development    Discourse  Cont…  

2.      Increasing  of  foreign  investments  into  

 acAviAes  such  mining,  industries,  
 infrastructure,  banking  etc.    
 
3.    High  level  of  technology  in  a  country  
   
4.    Increasing  income  among  the  household  

5  
 PoliAcal  perspecAve  
Involves;  
² Availability  of  democracy,  free  and  fair  
elecAon,  freedom  of  movement,  speech,  
assembling,  worshiping,  choosing  leaders,  
giving  opinions  etc.    

² Availability  of  human  rights  e.g.  right  to  work,  

marry,  to  educaAon,  right  to  an  adequate  
standard  of  living  like  having  appropriate  
food,  shelter,  water  medical  care  and    Low  
level  of  corrupAon  in  a  country.   6  
 Social  PerspecAve  
Involves;  
² Availability  of  social  services  e.g.  electricity,  
houses,  food,  educaAon  health,  infrastructure  
etc.    
 
² Increasing  of  life  expectancy  e.g.  in  developed  
countries  most  people  die  within  the  range  of  
80  years  and  above  ,  but  developing  countries  
most  of  the  people  dying  at  ages  below  45  
years.    
7  
 Social  PerspecAve  Cont…

² Lack  of  diseases  and  low  mortality  rate  

e.g.  for  infants,  low  rates  of  maternal  
mortality  rates  etc.    

² Thus  Development  is  a  mulA-­‐dimensional  

concept,  embracing  all  perspecAves:  
poliAcal,  social  and  economic  
perspecAves.    

8  
 Scholarly  perspecAves  
   Buller  and  Wright  (1990)  conceptualized  
development  as  an  ongoing  and  intervenAonal  
process  of  qualitaAve,  quanAtaAve  and/or  
distribuAonal  change  leading  to  some  degree  of  
beNerment  for  groups  of  people.  
 
 Mobugunje  (1989)  development  is  experienced  
when  poverty,  unemployment  and  inequality  
decline/alleviated  from  a  given  society.  

9  
 Development    (Cont…)  
Todaro-­‐  define  it    
² as  a  mulAdimensional  process,  

² involving  changes  in  structures,  actudes  

and  insAtuAons,  as  well  as  

² acceleraAon  of  economic  growth,  

eradicaAon  of  absolute  poverty  and  
reducAon  of  inequality.   10  
  
 Development  (cont…)  
 
 Classical  economists  including  Adam  Smith  and  
David  Ricardo;  
² Consider  development  as  rise  in  the:    
o per  capita  income,    
o Gross  DomesAc  Product  (GDP),    
o increase  in  the  level  of  investment,  and  
markets,    
 Thus,  economic  growth  is  the  key  indicator  of  
development.  
11  
 What  is  Development  (cont…)  
 
Development  and  Modernity    analysis;  
They  consider  development  in  terms  of,  
o producAon  with  a  large  amount  of  capital  
investment,    
o a  large  amount  of  machinery  and  
o using  advanced  techniques  
o human  &  other  resources  are  employed  to  
the  maximum;    
o consequently,  the  producAon  efficiency  is  
very  high  leading  to  high  per  capita  incomes.  
12  
 What  is  Development  (cont…)  
 
² Others  consider  development  as  a  process  of  
class  struggle.    
o Freedom  form  enslavement,    
o Freedom  from  lord  and  serf  system,    
o From  oppressor  and  oppressed  
   
 Thus,  stood  in  constant  opposiAon  to  one  
another  ended,  either  in  a  revoluAonary  
reconstrucAon  of  society  or  class  struggle.  

13  
 What  is  Development  (cont…)  
 
² Others-­‐development  in  terms  of  poliAcs:  
Democracy  and  freedom  of  the  individual  to  
parAcipate  in  poliAcs    
o As  a  fundamental  cornerstone  of  
development    
 
² Others-­‐  emphasize  the  social  aspect  of  
development,  view  the  process  of  
development  as  a  process  of  human  
development/progress.   14  
 What  is  Development  (cont…)  
 
² Development  is  a  mulA-­‐dimensional  concept.  
² One  has  to  deal  with  development  in  a  wider  
sense,  including;      
o economic  
o social    
o cultural    
o environment    
o security  and    
o poliAcal  aspects      
15  
 INDICATORS  OF  DEVELOPMENT  

i) Income  (Income  per  capital  &  GDP,  GNP);  

 
² GDP  –The  sum  total  of  the  market  value  of  
all  goods  and  services  produced  within  the  
geographical  boundary  of  the  naAon  in  a  
given  year  
 
         
16  
 INDICATORS  OF  DEVELOPMENT  (CONT…)  

² GNP-­‐  market  value  of  all  goods  and  

services  produced  by  the  country  ciAzens  
irrespecAve  of  geographical  locaAon    

  (Excluding   the   income   earned   by   foreign  

ciJzens  and  companies  within  the  country)  

17  
 INDICATORS  OF  DEVELOPMENT  (CONT…)  
ii)  Food  security,    
iii)    health  services,    
iv)    educaAon  services,    
v)    social  dimensions  (gender  equality  and  
equity),    
vi)    poliAcal  (democracy  and  good  governance),  
(vii)  life  expectancy,    
viii)  water  supply,    
(ix)    adequate  infrastructures  etc.  
18  
 Sustainable  development  
 Meets  the  needs  of  the  present    generaAon  without    
affecAng  the  ability  of  future  generaAons  to  meet    
their  own  needs.  
Needs  
         Referred  to  the  social  and  economic  services    
Development  
             Not  only  confined  to  quanDtaDve  expansion  of  the  
economic  system,  but  also  to  qualitaDve  
improvement  of  cultural,  social  and  economic  
seIngs    
² Future/New    Genera5ons  
       Are  the  world  inhabitants  who  have  the  same  
rights  to  obtain  sufficient  life  supporDng  systems    
19  
 Economic  Growth  
 
Economic  growth  is  the  increase  in  the  capital  
stock,  advances  in  technology,  and  
improvement  in  the  quality  and  level  of  literacy  
are  considered  to  be  the  principal  causes  of  
economic  growth    
 
StaAsAcians  convenAonally  measure  such  
growth  as  the  percent  rate  of  increase  in  real  
gross  domesAc  product,  or  real  GDP.  
  20  
 Human  Development  
 
Human  Development  is  the  process  characterized  
by  the  variaAon  of  the  material  condiAons  that  
most  influence  the  possibiliAes  of  saAsfying  needs  
and  desires  and  to  explore  and  realize  the  physical  
and  psychic,  biological  and  cultural,  individual  and  
social  potenAals  of  each  person.    
 

21  
 Development  studies  
² Development  studies  are  a  mulAdisciplinary  
branch  of  social  science  which  addresses  
issues  of  concern  to  developing  countries.    
 
² It  has  historically  placed  a  parAcular  focus  on  
issues  related  to  social  an  economic  
development,  and    

² Its  relevance  extended  to  communiAes  and  

regions  outside  of  the  developing  world.    
22  
 Development  studies  (cont…)  
² Addresses  the  numerous  global  challenges  
that  are  faced  in  the  developing  world  and  
idenAfies  the  possible  soluAons  
Useful  for:    
o the  policy  makers  and  the  strategic  managers  
o personnel  officers  in  the  private  and  the  public    
sectors  at  local,  provincial  and  naAonal  levels  
o create  "new  professionalism”  
o give  context  and  understanding  for  the  person    
not  directly  involved  in  development   23  
  
Who  benefit  from  Development  Studies?  
 

² Graduates  typically  find  work    

o in  NGOs,  charitable  insAtuAons,  
o local  or  internaAonal  government,    
o research,  teaching  and    
o various  advisory  organizaAons.  

24  
 The  boundaries  of  Development  Studies  
 
² Has  a  shared  interest  in   mulA-­‐disciplinarily  
concern.  
² Teaching  and  research  since  the  late  1970s,  
parAcular  since  the  1990,  UNDP  emphasized  
the  wide  range  of  disciplinary  perspecAves  
involving;  
   development  issues,  theories,  across  economics,  
sociology,  anthropology,  ethics,  poliJcs,  
geography,  etc.  

25  
 The  history  of  Development  Studies  
 
² Emerged  as  an  academic  discipline  in  the  second  
half  of  the  20th  century  due  to  increasing  concern  
about  economic  prospects  for  the  third  world  
amer  decolonizaAon.  
 
² By  the  1960s,  number  of  development  
economists  felt  that  economics  alone  could  not  
fully  address  issues  e.g.  poliAcal  effecAveness  
and  educaAonal  provision  

² Development   studies   arose   as   a   to   integrate  

ideas  of  poliAcs  and  economics  
  26  
    The  history  of  Development  Studies  
(cont..)  

² Since  1960s,  it  has  become  an  increasingly  

inter-­‐  and  mulA-­‐disciplinary  subject,  
encompassing  a  variety  of  social  scienAfic  
fields    by  taking  an  interest  in  lessons  of  past  
development  experiences  of  Western  
countries  

27  
 The  history  of  DS(cont..)  
² Recently,  emergence  of  human  security  -­‐  a  
new,  people-­‐oriented  approach  to  
understanding  and  addressing  global  security  
threats    
o has  led  to  a  growing  recogniAon  of  a  
relaAonship  between  security  and  
development.  
o inequaliAes  and  insecurity  in  one  state  or  
region  have  consequences  for  global  
security  
28  
 The  history  of  DS  in  Tanzania  
 
² When  Government  decided  to  introduce  
naAonal  service,  to  prepare  educated  
youths  to  serve  the  naAon  in  1966,    
o The  intenAon  was  to  build  a  socialist  
state,  ujamaa  .  
o At  the  beginning  the  course  had  no  
defined  structures  

29  
 The  history  of  DS  in  Tanzania  (cont..)  

² 1970-­‐  DS  was  introduced  in  the  faculty  of  

Social  Sciences  
² It  was  structured    in  the  two-­‐year  compulsory    
course.  
² 1973  the  InsAtute  of  Development  Studies  
was  established    
² Then,  one  year  compulsory  DS    course  was  
implemented  

30  
 Relevance  of  DS  in  Tanzania  
i. Studying  DS    give  you  the  necessary    background  
for  a  large  range  of  high-­‐level  career  

ii.  Understanding  challenges  of  development  of  

third  world  countries  before  and  amer  
independence  

iii.  Understanding  our  road  map    to  development  

iv.  Students  of  these  subjects    learn  about  topics  

that  can  be  applied  to  many  careers  ahead.     31  
 The  criAques  of  Development  Studies  
² Recent  years  have  seen  numerous  aNacks  on  Development  
Studies  ,  of  which  three  stand  out  to  be  the  most  serious:  

1. A  ‘delivery’  criAque:  Development  Studies    is  irrelevant  since  

much  of  the  ‘Third  World’  is  no  beNer  off  than  in  1950s  or  
even  before.  

2. The   neo-­‐colonial  or   post-­‐development  criAque:  

Development  Studies  is  a  neocolonial  discourse  which  
frames,  shapes,  and  controls  the   Third  World .  

3. The  ‘depoliAcisaAon’  criAque:  Development  Studies    is  a  

poliAcal,  or  even  that  it  is  a  vehicle  for  depoliAcisaAon,  
through  the  expansion  of  Development  Studies    as  a  
poliAcally  neutral  technocraAc  applicaAon.  
  32  
 In  summary  

² We  need  to  develop  a  clear  understanding  

of  the  development  process  in  order  
formulate  concrete  policies  and  strategies  
that  will  address  the  above  situaAon  and  
propel  these  countries  towards  sustainable  
development.  

33  
  
Problems  of  Development  in  Africa  
 
“Human-­‐made  problems”  
o wars,  refugees,  and  displaced  people,    
o poverty,  unemployment,  the  brain  drain,  
o external  debt,  corrupAon  and  fraud,    
o greed  and  selfishness,    
o tribalism  and  ethnocentrism,  
o Are  historical,  structural,  and  ideological  
reasons  contributed  to  the  current  state  of  
”maldevelopment"  in  Africa  
34  
 Africa  is   underdeveloped’  due  to  
o tribalism    
o supersAAon    
o gender  inequality    
o Poor  educaAon  system    
o poverty    
o lack  of  self-­‐confidence    
o economic  dependence    
o corrupt  leadership,  disease  and  lack  of  health  
care,  misappropriaAon  of  public  funds  
35  
Africa  is   underdeveloped”  due  to  (Cont…)  
o MisappropriaAon  of  public  funds  
o colonialism  and  neo-­‐colonialism    
o religion    
o selfishness    
o Genocide  and  wars,  arms  and  militarism  
o ethnic  cleansing      
o lack  of  idenAty    
o inferiority  complex  
    36  
 Overview  and  Remarks    
² There  is  no  way  that  whoever  deals  with  DS  
can  not  shy  from  understanding  what  
poverty  and  development  and    theories  of  
development  are  and  their  dynamics  

² Development  in  the  Third  World  Countries  

remains  problemaAc  as  many  of  these  
countries  making  liNle  or  no  progress  
towards  improving  the  quality  of  life.  
37  
  
DS  102    
TheoreAcal  perspecAves    of  
development  and  
underdevelopment  
 

38  
Meaning  of  the  word   Theory  

² A  theory  can  be  said  to  be  a  statement  or  

group  of  statements  established  by  
reasoned  argument  intended  to  explain  a  
parAcular  fact  or  event.    
 
² It  is  a  formal  idea  or  set  of  ideas  that  
intended  to  explain  something.  

39  
  
Why  do  we  need  theories?  
Theory  provides;  
 
 
² Concepts/proposiAons/assumpAons/beliefs  
that  are  used  by  professionals  to  understand  
and  interpret  issues  around  them.  
² Each  theory  has  a  historical  background,  
insAtuAonal  and  structural  context  for    
seeking  to  understand  a  context-­‐specific  
problem/phenomenon.  
² There  are  no  universal  truths  of  all  social  
theories.  
40  
 Why  do  we  need  theories?  
² Body  of  knowledge  keeps  changing,  due  to  
the  fact  that  society  accumulate  more    new  
informaAon  through  observaAons,  
interacAons,  experimentaAons,  and/or  
through  try-­‐and-­‐error  processes.      

² Thus  provide  room  for  new  theories  to  

emerge  

 
41  
 Why  do  we  need  theories?  
 
² Theories  are  used  as  an  important  tool  for  
controlling  and/  or  liberaAng  society  of  their  
world  and  their  problems  and,  eventually  
condiAons  the  behavior  of  their  leaders.  

² For  instance,   civilizing  mission  of  the  

colonial  conquest  or   neo  liberal  theory  
jusAfying  the  liberal  economy  and  
corporaAons  dominated  globalizaAon.  
42  
 Theory  of  social  development  

² It   is   a   set   of   working   assumpAons   that   guide  

us    on  understanding  the  dynamics  of  social  
development  and  underdevelopment  
 
² Theories   of   social   development   therefore  
offer  arguments  that  aNempt  to  explain  the  
process  of  social  development.  

43  
 Categories  of  social  development  
theories    

a) PoliAcal  economic  models  

b) ModernizaAon    and    

c) Dependency  theories  

44  
  
POLITICAL  ECONOMY  THEORY  OF  
MARXISM/MARXIST    
Historical  background:      
² Marxist   is   one   of   the   leading   theories   that  
aNempt   to   provide   a   criAcal   analysis   of   the  
development  process.  

² The   founder   of   this   theory   was   Karl   Marx,   a  

German   philosopher   who   lived   during   the  
19th  C  in  Europe.    
45  
 POLITICAL  ECONOMY  THEORY  OF  MARXISM/
MARXIST    CONT…  
 
² Marx  lived  during  the  Ame  of    Industrial  
RevoluAon  in  Europe  where  majority  lived  in  
poor  condiAon  and  failed    to  sustain  their  
daily  lives  

² This  was  the  Ame  where    mass    poverty    

existed  in  Europe.    
 
46  
 POLITICAL  ECONOMY  THEORY  OF  
MARXISM/MARXIST    CONT…  
 
² Two  antagonisAc  classes  emerge  the  class  of  
have   not     (proletariats)   and   the   rich   class  
(bourgeoisie)   who   owned   the   means   of  
producJon.    

² Those   who   owned   and   controlled   the  

factories   and   other   means   of   producAon  
exploited  the  masses  that  worked  for  them.    
47  
 POLITICAL  ECONOMY  THEORY  OF  MARXISM/
MARXIST    CONT…  
 
² The   poor   (working   class)   exploited   in  
the  following  scenarios;  

o They  worked  12  hours  a  day  at  the  

machines,  six/seven  days  a  week  
and  received  only  a  subsistence  
wages.  (Received  only    money  to  
keep  them  alive)   48  
 POLITICAL  ECONOMY  THEORY  OF  MARXISM/
MARXIST    CONT…  
 
² They  also  worked  in  poor  working  environment  

² The  owners  of  the  means  of  producAon  

possessed  great  wealth,  power  and  presAge  

² So  Marx  wanted  to  study  what  contributed  to  

such  dispariAes  among  the  socieAes  and    to  
propose  for  lasAng    soluAons  for  those  changes.  
49  
  Fundamentals  within  Marxism    

² Classes  are  authority  relaAonships  

and  based  on  property  ownership.    

² A  class  defines  groups  of  

individuals  with  shared  life  
situaAons  and  interests.  

50  
 Fundamentals  within  Marxism      Cont…    

² Classes  are  naturally  antagonisAc  by  

virtue  of  their  interests.  

² PoliAcal  organizaAon  and  power  is  

an  instrument  of  class  struggle,  and  
supremacy  ideas  are  its  reflecAon.  

51  
Fundamentals  within  Marxism      Cont…    

² Structural  change  is  a  consequence  of  

the  class  struggle.    

² Struggle  over  equal    distribuAon  of  the  

social  product.  
 
52  
 Fundamentals  within  Marxism      Cont…    
² Marxists  believe  that  a  socialist  society  
is  both  the  necessary  and  desirable  end  
of  historical  development    

² A  socialist  society  will  be  achieved  

through  overthrow  of  the  ruling  class  
and  establish  the  authority  of  the  
working  class.  

53  
Fundamentals within Marxism Cont…

² Marx  held  that  a  revoluAonary  

situaAon  occurs  when  an  exisAng  
mode  of  producAon  reaches  the  
limits  of  its  contradicAons  

54  
 Fundamentals within Marxism Cont…
² The  key  contradicAons  are  economic  
contradicAons  that  develop  between  
the  social  forces  and  the  social  relaAons  
of  producAon.  

² Marxist  theory  strongly  suggested  that  

revoluAons  should  occur  first  in  the  
most  economically  advanced  social  
formaAons  of  a  given  mode  of  
producAon.   55  
  
Marx’s  main  arguments  
 
(i)  Class  struggle:    
He  argues  that;    
² Within  socieAes,  class  struggle  is  very  
 necessary  in  producing  posiAve  changes.    

² He  further  believed  that,  in  order  for  the  

society  to  develop,  there  must  be  a  class  
struggle  rather  than  being  negaAve  or  
passive.    
56  
 Marx’s  main  arguments  Cont…  

(ii)  Class  conflict:    

 
² Development  in  the  society  normally    
depends  on  class  conflict,  so  he  views    
class  conflict  in  a  posiAve  manner.    

57  
 Marx’s  main  arguments  Cont…

² Therefore  to  understand  the    process  

of  class  struggle  and    class  conflict    in  
the  socieAes,  he  idenAfied    five  main  
stages  of  human  development    

58  
 Marx s  Stages  of  Social  Development  

1.  PrimiJve  accumulaJon:    
 
² This  was  iniAal  stage  of  human  
development    
² ProducAve  forces  were    very  poor  e.g.  
sAcks  and    stones.  
² Ownership  of  the  means  of  producAon  was  
communal.  
  59  
 Marx s  Stages  of  Social  Development  Cont…  
 
² RelaAons  of  producAon  were    collecAve.    
 
² There  was    no  antagonisAc  class  (no  
exploitaAon  of  one  by  another).  

²  The  instruments  of  labour  were  crude  

and  underdeveloped.    
  60  
Marx s  Stages  of  Social  Development  Cont…  
 
² Labour  producAvity  was  low  with  no  
surplus  and  there  was  equal  distribuAon  
of  the  products.  

² As  people  struggled  on  technological  

improvement  managed  to  transform  into  
other  stage.  

61  
Marx s  Stages  of  Social  Development  Cont…  
2.  Feudalism:    
² At  this  stage  there  were  some  improvement    of  
producAve  forces.    

² Its  where  now  classes  emerged,  two  

antagonisAc  classes  :  the  class  of  serfs  and  
landlords.  

² Serfs  were  largely  exploited  by  land  lords  in  

terms  of  rent  in  kind/  money.   62  
Marx s  Stages  of  Social  Development  Cont…  
 
² Private  ownership  started  and  it  was  based  
on  private  property  in  land    
 
² Emergence  of  surplus  producAon  

² This    led  to  class  conflict  which  led  to  the    

fall  of  the  mode    and  lead  into  the  rise  of    
another  mode  of  producAon.    
63  
Marx s  Stages  of  Social     Development  Cont…  
3.  Capitalism:      
² Two  antagonisAc  classes  emerge,  the  class  of  
bourgeoisie/capitalists,  and    proletariat
(working  class).  

² The  major    means  of  producAon  were  

primarily    controlled  by  bourgeoisie  

² The  bourgeoisie  paid  proletariats    a  liNle  wage  

which  did  not  sustain  their  lives.    
64  
Marx s  Stages  of  Social  Development  Cont…  

² Capitalism  led  to  the  emergence  of  

commodity  producAon.  

² Human  labour  also  became  a  commodity.  

² Private  ownership  of  means  of  producAon  

remained  as  a  basic  characterisAc  of  
capitalism  mode  of  producAon.  

65  
Marx s  Stages  of  Social  Development  Cont…  
Capitalism…  
 
² RelaAons  of  producAon    was    exploitaAve    in  
nature  
² The  working  class  was  exploited  by  selling  
their  labour  power.  
² Capitalist  economies  expand  through  capital  
export    
² Due  to  class  conflict  in  the  society  this  led  to  
change  the  mode  to  another  mode.    
66  
Marx s  Stages  of  Social  Development  Cont…  
4.  Socialism:    
² According  to  Marx,  this  was    the  higher  stage  
of  development  and  it  had    no  antagonisAc  
classes.  

² The  working  class  (proletariats)  took  over      

control  of  the    major  means  of  producAon.  

² No  exploitaAon,  all  people  work  according  to  

their  abiliAes  and  were  remunerated  
according  to  their  needs.     67  
Marx s  Stages  of  Social  Development  Cont…  

5.  Communism  
 
² This  is  the    highest  stage  of  social  
development.    

² There  was    no  exploitaAon  of  man  by  man.    

² The    level  of  investments  and      producAon  

were  primarily    determined  by  naAonal  plans.    
68  
 CriAcism  of  the  Marxist  Theory  of  
Development    
² Marxist  theory  is  omen  criAcized  by  Modern  
theorists  for  concentraAng  too  much  on  
conflict  -­‐  class  struggle  and  change    

² Also  concentraAng  too  liNle  on  what  

produces  stable  society.  

² They  are  also  criAcized  for  being  too  

ideologically  based.      
69  
 CriAcism  of  the  Marxist  Theory  of  
Development    Cont…    

² Those  who  put  forward  this  argument  

however  fail  to  refute  the  existence  of  
classes,  class  conflicts  and  class  struggle  in  
the  society.  
 
² Also  the  reality  that  conflicts  and  class  
struggles  characterize  the  development  
process.    
70  
 Criticism of the Marxist Theory of
Development Cont…

² Bourgeoisie  criAcizes  Marx  that  his  

arguments  of  class  struggle  and  class  
conflict  are  too  ideological  which  cannot  
be  successfully  implemented    in  the  
society.    

² That  the  society  can  never  develop  

without  classes.  

71  
 Criticism of the Marxist Theory of
Development Cont…

² Marx  believed  on  working  class  as  an  

instrument    of  leading  real  revoluAon  in  the  
society    but  this  is  not  true  because    real  
revoluAon  should  come  in  collaboraAon  
between  workers  and  peasants.  

72  
Criticism of the Marxist Theory of
Development Cont…
 
² Workers  alone    can  never  bring  real  
revoluAon  in  the  society.    

² (May  be  he  was  right  at  that  Ame:  but  a  

theory  has  to  hold  truth  for  all  Ames!).  

73  
 Criticism of the Marxist Theory of
Development Cont…
² Marx  believed    on  class  conflict  as  important  
aspect  for  development  but    he  is  
contradicAng  himself    because  in  socialism  
and  communalism  modes  there  is  no  class  
conflict  so  the  quesAon  comes:    

² how  could  socialism  and  communalism  

emerge  as  the  highest  stage  of  human  
development  without  existence  of  classes?    
74  
 Strength  of  the  Marxist  Theory  

² Marxist  theory  remain  as  dominant  

doctrine    which    predicted    real  social  life.      
 
² It  has  provided  a  descripAve  picture  of  
socio-­‐economic  formaAons,  parAcularly  
that  of  the  capitalist  economic  system.  

75  
 Strength  of  the  Marxist  Theory  Cont…
² Its  main  strength  lies  in  its  analysis  of  social  
relaAons  that  arise  in  the  process  of  
producAon.  

² Also  the  conflicAng  social  classes  are  

eventually  the  moAve  force  of  development.  

²  Marxist  theory  remains  significant  because  of  

its  ability  to  highlight  the  exploitaAve  nature  of  
the  capitalist  economic  system    
76  
 Strength  of  the  Marxist  Theory  Cont…

² Also  to  highlight  how  this  kind  of  

exploitaAon  gives  rise  to  classes/social  
divisions  and  conflicts  even  in  the  
contemporary    producAon  process  under  
liberalized  economy.  

² The  Marxist  theory  is  a  revoluAonary  

theory  as  it  advocates  change.    

77  
 Strength  of  the  Marxist  Theory  Cont…

² A  change  for  the  beNer;  away  from  

exploitaAon,  injusAce  and  inequality.    

² Changes  for  emancipaAon.  

78  
 Impact  of  Marxist  theory  on  Contemporary  
Theories  of  Social  Development    
 
² Marxist  theory  of  social  change  had  a  huge  
impact  on  the  pracAce  and  the  analysis  of  
social  movements    
 
² Marxism  arose  from  an  analysis  of  
movements  structured  by  conflicts    
 
² conflicts  between  industrial  workers  and  their  
capitalist  employers  in  the  19th  
79  
Impact of Marxist theory on Contemporary
Theories of Social Development Cont…

² In  the  20th  century  a  variety  of  neo-­‐Marxist  

theories  have  been  emerged  
 
² The  neo-­‐Marxist  have  added  quesAons  of  race,  
ethnicity    and  gender  inequality  .  

² Marxist  approaches  remained  influenAal  ways  

of  understanding  the  role  of  poliAcal  economy.    
80  
 Impact of Marxist theory on
Contemporary Theories of Social
Development Cont…

² Also  understanding  class  differences  remain  

as  key  forces  in  many  historical  and  current  
social  movements  
 
² However,  Ame  and  history  have  invalidated  
many  of  Marx s  assumpAons  and  
predicAons.  
81  
 Impact  of  Marxist  theory  on  Contemporary  
Theories  of  Social  Development  Cont…    

² The  Most  important  is,  Marx  ideology  of  class  

conflict  and  strike    between  workers  and  
capitalist    has  been  insJtuJonalized  through  
workers  union  and  workers  parJes  even  in  
the  contemporary  social  life.  

=============END===============
82  
  
Bourgeoisie/ModernizaAon  Theories  
of  Development  
Historical  back  ground  of     the  theory  and  general  
overview;  
² The  modernizaAon  theories  emerged  amer  
the  Second  World  War.    
The  theories  tried  to  answer  the  following  
quesAons:-­‐    
(1)    Why  Europe/North  America  is  more  
developed  or  advanced  than  Third  World?    
 
83  
The  theories  tried  to  answer  the  following  
quesAons:-­‐    
 
(2)      Why  today  there  is  a  wide  gap  among  these  
 countries?    
(3)    What  contributes  to  these  differences?    
 
² Basically  this  school  emerge  as  a  criAc  to  
suggesAons  of  Marxism  understanding  of  
social  development  which  lies  on  class  
struggle  and  class  conflict  as  an  opAon  to  
development  of  a  given  society.   84