In the Modern World

The "contemporary world" simply means the world as it is

today, including all the current events, trends, and ways people
live now.
 What is Globalization?

Globalization is the increasing

interaction of people, states, or
countries through the growth of the
international flow of money, ideas,
and culture.
 What is Globalization?

·It is the interconnectedness of

people and business across the
world that eventually lead to global,
cultural, political, and economic
integration.
Globalization as defined by other Authors:
Globalization as process by which people of the world are
incorporated into single world society. – Albrow and King

Globalization is the intensification of economic, political, social and

cultural relations across borders. – Hans-Henrik Holm and Georg
Sorensen (eds.)

Ohmae in 1992 stated, “Globalization means the onset of the

borderless world”(p.14).
Globalization as defined by other Authors:
Globalization as process by which people of the world are
incorporated into single world society. – Albrow and King

Globalization is the intensification of economic, political, social and

cultural relations across borders. – Hans-Henrik Holm and Georg
Sorensen

Ohmae in 1992 stated, “Globalization means the onset of the

borderless world”(p.14).
 TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION

TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION cotemporary world

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
- refers to interconnectedness of
economies through trade and
exchange of resources.

·It also refers to the widespread

international movement of good,
services, capital, technology and
information.

Globalization of production, finance, markets, technology,

organizational regimes, institutions, corporations, and labor.
 Cultural
CULTURAL Globalization
GLOBALIZATION

- refers to the worldwide exchange and

integration of cultural elements, such
as ideas, values, lifestyles, and
practices.
SERIES – S PRD

Food and Lifestyle

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SERIES – S PRD

Fashion Trends

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Political Globalization

- ·Refers to the amount of political

co-operation that exist between
different countries.

It involves the way countries and

governments interact with each other,
share policies, and work together on
global issues.
Key aspects of political globalization include:
SERIES – S PRD

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE:

REQUIEM FOR DECEIT CONCEALED RIDDLES HARBOR OF ILLUSIONS

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THE BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION ARE:

More international trade.

More wealth in the world.
Improve living standards.
Increased creativity and innovation.
More goods & services generally available
atlower prices.
Easy access to foreign culture.
Factors Driving Globalization

Reduction of Trade Barriers:

Countries agreed to lower taxes on

goods imported from other
countries, making global trade
easier.
Factors Driving Globalization

Technological Developments:

Facilitated faster
communication and the
growth of the information
society (Castells, 2000).
The Global
Economy
Economy

it is process or system by
which goods and services
are produced sold and
bought in a country or
region.
Global Economy

economies of countries are

more connected from
extraction, production,
distribution, consumption
and disposal of goods and
services.
Types of Economies under Economic Globalization

PROTECTIONISM

TRADE LIBERALIZATION
PROTECTIONISM

refers to government
policies that restrict
international trade to help
domestic industries.
TRADE BARRIERS

TARRIF

-required fees on
imports/exports of goods
 TRADE LIBERALIZATION

refers to the removal or

reduction of restrictions or
barriers on the free exchange
of goods between nations.
various ways to make trade easier
 FREE TRADE

An Economic policy that allows

countries to exchange goods
and services with minimal
restrictions, tariffs, or other
barriers.
Trading of goods and services
between two or more countries
 TRADE BLOC

agreement made between

government to reduce or
eliminate tradw barriers

Ex. NAFTA, ASIAN

 NAFTA
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), trade pact
signed in 1992 that gradually
eliminated most tariffs and other
trade barriers on products and
services passing between the United
States, Canada, and Mexico.
 OUTSOURCING

Manufacuring jobs transfer from

developed nations to developing
nation reduce the cost of products.
 Actors that Facilitate
Economic Globalization
1. International Financial Institutions (IFIs):

Global organizations like the World Bank and IMF that provide
financial support for development and stability.
2. Transnational Corporations (TNCs):
Large companies operating in multiple countries, such as Apple,
Toyota, and Nestlé, that drive economic activities across borders by
investing in foreign economies.
3. G8 and G20:
Groups of the world’s major economies that discuss and coordinate
policies on global economic issues like trade, development, and climate
change.
4. Global Civil Society:
Organizations, activists, and NGOs (e.g., Greenpeace, Amnesty
International) that influence global economic policies and advocate
for ethical practices, labor rights, and environmental protections.
 The Modern World System

The Modern World System is a socio-economic theory developed by

Immanuel Wallerstein. It divides the world into three types of
countries based on their role in the global economy.
 Three types of Countries (Immanuel Wallerstein)

Core countries - are wealthy, militarily strong, and hold significant

social power and colonial power.

Peripheral countries are poor, have exploitable resources, and do

not possess great social stability or government.

Semi-peripheral countries have some of the characteristics of core

and peripheral countries.
Global Interstate System
Defining State

A state is a political entity with defined

borders, a population, a government, and
sovereignty (the ability to govern itself).

Example: The Philippines is a sovereign state with its own government and
territory.
Defining Interstate

Interstate refers to interactions between

sovereign states, covering diplomacy,
trade, and international law.

Example: The United Nations helps coordinate relations between states on

global issues.
Neoliberalism vs. Economic Sovereignty

Neoliberalism- Advocates free markets, globalization, and minimal

government intervention in economic affairs.

Example: The WTO promotes global free trade.

Economic Sovereignty- Emphasizes state control over its own economy,

prioritizing national interests.

Example: Canada uses tariffs to protect local industries.

The Global Interstate System refers to the network of political,
economic, and social relations between countries (states). It is
composed of sovereign states that interact on a global level through
diplomacy, trade, and international organizations.
The Global Interstate System

Based on the principle of state sovereignty.

States interact through international laws,
agreements, and institutions like the UN.
Major players include nation-states and
global organizations.
Positive effects

1. Increased Cooperation - Governments work together more on issues

like climate change, trade, and security.
2. Access to Global Markets- Opens new trade opportunities, boosting
economies.
3. Cultural Exchange- Greater connection leads to exchange of ideas and
cultural practices.
Negative effects
Loss of Sovereignty: Some argue that global institutions influence national
policies, reducing state control.

Economic Dependence: Countries may become too reliant on foreign trade

and investments.

Social Inequality: Globalization can widen gaps between rich and poor.
 Institutions that Govern Globalization
United Nations (UN): Promotes international peace, security, and
cooperation.
World Trade Organization (WTO): Regulates international trade
rules.
International Monetary Fund (IMF): Provides financial support and
advice to countries.
World Bank: Offers financial and technical assistance for
development projects.
 Globalism vs. Internationalism

Globalism- Emphasizes interconnectedness and global solutions, sometimes

prioritizing global interests over national sovereignty.

Internationalism - Focuses on cooperation between nations while respecting

each country's sovereignty.
Market Integration
Market Integration refers to the process where different markets (like
those of goods, services, and capital) become interconnected and
operate as one. This happens through the removal of barriers like
tariffs and quotas, allowing free movement of goods and capital across
countries.
The International Financial Institutions and Their Role in
the Global Economy
1. International Monetary Fund (IMF):
Provides short-term financial aid to countries in crisis, stabilizing their
economies by promoting policies that support trade and exchange rate
stability.
2. World Bank:
Focuses on long-term economic development by funding infrastructure
projects (e.g., roads, schools) and poverty alleviation in developing countries.
The International Financial Institutions and Their Role in
the Global Economy
3. World Trade Organization (WTO):
Regulates international trade, ensuring that trade flows as freely and
smoothly as possible through the creation of fair trade rules and dispute
resolution mechanisms.
Role of IFIs
-These institutions ensure that global markets remain stable and integrated,
making it easier for countries to trade and invest across borders.
 History of the Global Economy

Ancient Trade Routes (c. 2000 BCE - 1400s CE)

-Early trade networks like the Silk Road connect regions for the exchange of
goods, ideas, and cultures.

Age of Exploration (1400s - 1600s)

-European explorers expand trade and colonize new territories, creating
global trade networks and establishing empires.
 History of the Global Economy

Industrial Revolution (Late 1700s - 1800s)

-Advances in technology and industry lead to mass production, increased
trade, and the growth of global markets.
 History of the Global Economy
Post-WWII Global Institutions (1940s - 1950s)
-The creation of the IMF, World Bank, and GATT (later WTO) promotes global
economic cooperation and recovery.

Globalization Era (1980s - Present)

-Expansion of global trade, financial markets, and the rise of multinational
corporations drive economic growth, but also increase inequality and
interconnectedness.
The Global Corporations

Global Corporations, also known as multinational corporations (MNCs)

or transnational corporations (TNCs), are companies that operate in
multiple countries. Examples include Coca-Cola, Apple, and Toyota.
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and
Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
Global Governance
Global Governance refers to the cooperation of states, international
organizations, and other stakeholders in managing global issues. It is not
a single world government but a system where multiple actors work
together to create global rules, norms, and policies.
The Rise of Non-State Actors

Non-state actors are organizations or individuals that are not tied to

any government but play a crucial role in global governance.
Examples of Non-State Actors:

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

Such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Global businesses that influence policies and international markets.

Civil society groups

Networks of individuals or organizations focused on public concerns.
 The United Nations (Five Branches)

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization (IGO) founded

in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations.
 The United Nations (Five Branches)

1.General Assembly
All member states have equal representation. It discusses and debates global
issues.
2.Security Council
Responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has 15
members, with 5 permanent members (China, France, Russia, the UK, and the
US) who have veto power.
 The United Nations (Six Branches)

3. International Court of Justice (ICJ): Settles legal disputes between states

and provides legal advice to UN branches.
4. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): Coordinates economic, social, and
environmental work. It promotes development goals and human rights.
5. Secretariat: Carries out the day-to-day work of the UN and is led by the UN
Secretary-General.
Global divides
Global Divide
-The disparity in wealth, power, and development between countries.
Social Stratification

-Refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in society based

on wealth, income, education, and power. This concept can also be applied to
understand the global divide between nations.
 By Alfred Sauvy

GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH - Ricca Ramos

The North–South Divide (Global North and Global South)

A socio-economic and political division of the Earth, popularized in the

late 20th and early 21st centuries.
The Brandt Line
-An imaginary line that divides the world into the wealthier Global North and the
poorer Global South. It was introduced by Willy Brandt in the 1980s to illustrate
global economic inequalities.
Global Divides refer to the significant differences in wealth,
development, and power between countries.

The division mainly occurs between the Global North (developed

countries) and the Global South (developing countries).
Global North Global South

United States, Canada, Western Africa Latin America

Europe, Outermost Regions of the Developing Asia, Including Middle
European Union East
Developed parts of Asia, Australia
and New Zealand
Home to all the members of G8
and to four of the five permanent
members of UN Security Council
Global North Global South

Less population Large population

High Wealth Low Wealth
High standard of living Low standard of living
High industrial development Low industrial development
Industry Agriculture
Global North Global South

Countries Included: Countries Included:

United States, Canada, almost all Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean,
European countries, Israel, Cyprus, Pacific Islands, and developing
Japan, Singapore, South Korea, countries in Asia, including the Middle
Taiwan, Australia, and New Zealand. East.
Reasons why our world is so unequal today:

1. Colonialism

a.Today’s North-South gap traces its roots to the colonization of the Southern
world regions by Europe over the past several centuries. This colonization
occurred at different times in different parts of the world, as did decolonization.

b.Control by one power over a dependant area or people.

Reasons why our world is so unequal today:

2. Trade

-What you are spending to bring goods into your country is a greater sum that
what you are making by selling products in the global economy
Reasons why our world is so unequal today:

3. Technology and Education

Countries in the Global North have greater access to advanced technologies,

higher education, and innovation, allowing them to maintain economic and
political dominance.

The Global South, with limited access to these resources, struggles to compete in
high-tech and knowledge-based industries, widening the global divide.
Why is the gap between the economic north and south widening?
ASIAN REGIONALISM
Region

A geographical area with defined boundaries or common characteristics

(cultural, political, or economic). It could be based on physical
proximity, shared resources, or socio-political ties.

Southeast Asia is a region of countries like Thailand, Vietnam, and

Indonesia with similar cultural, historical, and political backgrounds.
Regionalism Regionalization

-is the development of political and -is the process of transferring power
economic systems based on loyalty to from the central government to the
distinct geographic regions. regions, for a better application of the
subsidiarity principle, within the
often results in formal political or framework of national or federal
economic arrangements between solidarity.
groups of countries intended to achieve
common goals.
Asian Regionalism

Asian Regionalism refers to the collective

efforts of Asian countries to foster
economic, political, and security
cooperation. Major examples include
ASEAN and SAARC.
Regions in Asia

1. East Asia: China, Japan, South Korea.

2. Southeast Asia: ASEAN countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand.
3. South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka.
4. Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan.
5. West Asia: Middle Eastern countries like Iran, Iraq.

Asia is divided into different regions based on geography, culture, and political ties,
each with its own challenges and cooperation models.
Reasons for Regionalism in Asia
Economic Growth
Pooling resources for collective development, such as creating free trade zones (e.g.,
ASEAN Free Trade Area).

Political Stability
Promoting peace and resolving conflicts, particularly in regions like Southeast Asia,
which have seen territorial disputes.

Security
Joint efforts to combat terrorism, piracy, and ensure regional safety (e.g., ASEAN
security cooperation).

Cultural Exchange
Preserving Asian identity and promoting cultural unity through shared initiatives and
programs.
Existing Cooperation in Asia

1. ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

A regional organization of ten

Southeast Asian countries that
promotes political and economic
cooperation, enhancing regional
stability and cultural exchange
among member states.
Existing Cooperation in Asia
2. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
A forum for 21 Pacific Rim economies aimed at promoting free trade and
economic cooperation, focusing on trade liberalization and investment
facilitation to enhance economic growth.
Existing Cooperation in Asia
3.SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)

SAARC is a regional organization

comprising eight member countries
aimed at promoting economic and
regional integration, enhancing social
and economic development, and
addressing common challenges such
as poverty and education in South
Asia.
Existing Cooperation in Asia
4. East Asia Summit (EAS)

It is the only leader-led forum at

which all key Indo-Pacific partners
meet to discuss political, security
and economic challenges facing the
region, and has an important role to
play in advancing closer regional
cooperation.
Existing Cooperation in Asia
5. ASEAN Plus Three (China, Japan, and South Korea)

A cooperative framework involving

ASEAN and three East Asian countries
—China, Japan, and South Korea—
focused on economic integration,
cultural exchanges, and regional
security collaboration