Circularity Deck
Circularity Deck
Deck
www.circularstrategies.org
TERMS OF USE
Design with
low-impact
inputs
Product
principle
Design products with
‘ingredients’ and materials
that require less land,
energy, water and/or
materials to produce.
Example
The company Impossible Foods
has designed a ‘meaty’
plant-based burger. Compared
to the beef version, it requires
ca. 7 m2 less land, 300l less
water and 5kg less CO2 than
the meat-based alternative.
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Narrow
Design
light-weight
products
Product
principle
Design products that are
lighter than comparable
products on the market.
Lighter products usually
require less materials and
need less energy to
transport.
Example
Adaptive City Mobility has
designed a car that weighs
650kg incl. battery. This is
around 1/3 of an average car (in
2019), leading to ca. 50% less
battery to operate.
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Narrow
Design for
multiple
functions
Product
principle
Design products with
multiple functions.
Multi-functional products
can reduce the overall
number of products and
may be usable by different
user groups.
Example
Studio Davero has designed
Puzzle Peace: a modular
furniture kit that can be turned
into multiple types of furniture;
e.g., a bench, table, armchair,
chair, bar or display.
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Narrow
Enable and
incentivize
users to
consume less
Business
model
principle
Incentivize users to use
less energy or material
during the use of energy
or material-using goods
like washing machines or
cars.
Example
HOMIE offers washing
machines through a pay-per-
wash model. By monitoring user
behavior, the company
increases the resource
efficiency of laundry.
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Narrow
Organize
light-weight
urban
transport
Business
model
principle
Organize lighter forms of
transportation, for
example electric tricycles.
The lighter the vehicles,
the lower the amount of
energy and materials
required to transport
people and goods.
Example
RYTLE provides a cargo solution
that consists of a light-weight
vehicle, an easily exchangeable
box, storage hubs and software
that connects all entities.
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Narrow
Localize
supply where
appropriate
Business
model
principle
Find more local suppliers,
where appropriate. More
local suppliers decrease
the amount of
energy needed to
transport goods.
Example
The restaurant chain ‘Dig Inn’ has
developed a supply system of local
farmers in every region it operates in to
provide a scalable, locally adapted and
seasonal restaurant model, reducing
travel distances for food ingredients
and stimulating the regional economy.
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Narrow
Maximize
capacity use
of products
Ecosystem
principle
Maximize the degree to
which the capacity of a
product is used. This is
sometimes referred to as
‘sharing’, where multiple
user groups have access to
the same product. This can
decrease the overall number
of products in an ecosystem.
Example
The online platform Peerby
enables people to share
everyday goods like drills or
bicycles, which can increase
their usage and reduce the
overall number of personally
owned goods in homes over
time.
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Slow
Design for
physical
durability
Product
principle
Design products that
degrade more slowly than
comparable products on
the market.
Example
A cast-iron pan can last much
longer than comparable pan
types.
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Slow
Design for
emotional
durability
Product
principle
Design products that
users will love and trust
over a long period of time.
Example
The ‘Leatherman’, a
pocket-knife sized toolkit, has
a 25-year warranty and many
uses. It lets people collect and
experience personal stories and
creates an emotional bond
between the user and the
product.
www.circularstrategies.org
Slow
Design for
ease of
maintenance
and repair
Product
Slow
Product
principle
Design products that can be
easily maintained or
repaired. Maintaining means
inspecting the product to
retain its functional
capabilities. Repairing is
about restoring a product
to a sound/ good condition
after decay or damage.
Example
Fairphone has designed a
modular phone that can be
easily disassembled to repair
and exchange components.
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Slow
Design for
easy dis- and
reassembly
Product
principle
Design products that can
be easily separated and
reassembled.
Example
Gerrard Street has designed a
pair of headphones that can be
easily separated and
reassembled.
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Slow
Design for
upgradability
Product
principle
A product is upgradable if
its functionality or
performance can be
improved during or after
use.
Example
An example is a bicycle with
exchangeable and upgradable
components.
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Slow
Design for
standardization
and
compatibility
Product
principle
Create products,
components or interfaces
that also fit other
products, components or
interfaces.
Example
A common example of a
standardized component is the
Mini-USB slot for charging.
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Slow
Enable users to
maintain and
repair their
products
Business
model
principle
Create services that
enable users to care for
their product.
Example
Fairphone supports users to
care for their phones through
discussion forums on how to
maintain and repair, and an
inventory of spare parts.
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Slow
Remanufacture
existing
products and
components
Business
model
principle
Recover value from
collected end-of-use
products by reusing their
components for the
manufacturing of
products with the same
functionality.
Example
The Chinese company
Guangzhou Huadu collects used
vehicle parts and
remanufactures them into
as-new certified spare parts.
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Slow
Repurpose
existing
products and
components
Business
model
principle
Take existing products
and components and take
them out of their context
to create new value with
them.
Example
Ubitricity turns lamp lanterns in
cities into charging stations for
electric vehicles.
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Slow
Provide an
unconditional
lifetime
warranty
Business
model
principle
Offer your customers a
life-time warranty,
to add a promise that your
products are made to last.
Example
Darn Tough Vermont produces
socks with an unconditional
lifetime guarantee. They say:
“If our socks are not the most
comfortable, durable and best
fitting socks you have ever
owned, return them for another
pair.”
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Slow
Encourage
sufficiency
Business
model
principle
Encourage your
customers to moderate
the consumption of your
products.
Example
In 2011, the clothing company
Patagonia advocated: “Don’t buy
this jacket.” With Worn Wear, it
opened an online store for used
Patagonia clothing, encouraging
users to maintain their gear and
trade it back once they don’t use it
anymore.
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Slow
Provide the
product as a
service
Business
model
principle
Offering the product as a
service keeps the
ownership with the firm
and creates incentives to
increase their lifetimes.
You can offer product-,
use-, or results-oriented
models.
Example
The company Kaer offers a
result: cool and fresh air as a
service, rather than air
conditioners as products.
www.circularstrategies.org
Slow
Organize
maintenance
and repair
services
Business
model
principle
Make sure that your
products can last longer
through maintenance and
repair services. They can
be offered by the
manufacturer of a product
or by third-party
providers.
Example
The company Nudie Jeans, at
its point of sale, has started to
offer a free repair service for
their Jeans. This has changed
the shop appearance into a
craftsmanship atmosphere.
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Slow
Provide
services that
upgrade or adapt
your products
Business
model
principle
A product is upgradable if
its functionality or
performance can be
improved during or after
use. Try and integrate
upgrading services into
your offering.
Example
Gispen offers REMADE, a
service to repurpose old
furniture to fit new trends and
work space requirements.
www.circularstrategies.org
Slow
Turn disposables
into a reusable
service
ecosystem
Ecosystem
principle
Make use of or provide
services that replace
disposable with durable
products.
Example
TerraCycle has designed ‘Loop’,
which delivers products like
shampoo or ice cream in reusable
packaging. The packaging gets
picked up, cleaned and used again.
Involved actors include retail
brands, service providers (e.g.
cleaning and transport service) and
end users.
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Close
Design with
recycled
inputs
Product
principle
Design with materials that
have been recycled from
other products and
components.
Example
The ‘Design for Recycled
Content Guide’ supports firms
in opting for more recycled
content in their products.
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Close
Design components,
where appropriate,
with one material
Product
principle
Composite materials are
often hard to recycle,
because they cannot be
separated. Design
components therefore,
where appropriate, with
only one material to
increase recyclability.
Example
Adidas has launched
Futurecraft.Loop, a shoe made
from one recyclable material
and no glue. It can be recycled
into pellets that can be turned
into a new shoe.
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Close
Design with
materials
suitable for
primary recycling
Product
principle
Design for recycling that
can turn end-of-life
materials into new
materials with equivalent
properties.
Example
Aquafil has designed the Econyl
system, which enables
Polyamide 6 or Nylon 6 waste
to be manufactured into new
Nylon 6, with no loss of quality.
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Close
€
Business
model
principle
Create new value from
wasted products and
components.
Example
Roetz recovers bicycle
components that were thrown
away, and uses them to let
customers assemble their own
bikes.
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Close
Enable and
incentivize product
returns
Business
model
principle
Make sure you can get
back the products that
you put on the market.
Example
Teemill makes users send back old and
worn out products. Users can scan a QR
code in the wash-care label to generate
a free post label, which can be used
to send the garment back to Teemill.
Sending back products earns users
credit for their next purchase.
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Close
Recycle products
in proper facilities
Business
model
principle
Make sure that the
products you put on the
market get recycled in
proper facilities.
Example
The initiative ‘Closing the Loop’
supports users and sellers of
phones to be material-neutral
and waste free. It collects scrap
phones on behalf of customers
and recycles them.
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Close
Build local
waste-to-product
loops
Ecosystem
principle
Create local resource
loops by turning the waste
of a given facility into new
products that can be sold
back to the facility.
Example
SOOP has formed an
ecosystem of actors that
collect coffee grounds and
orange peels from offices,
process them, make new prod-
ucts from them, and
deliver these products to the
same offices.
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Close
Engage in
industrial
symbiosis
Ecosystem
principle
Share or exchange
by-products, materials,
energy, or waste among
nearby firms.
Example
The Kalundborg Eco-industrial
park exemplifies how firms can
collaborate to share by-
products from their factories.
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Regenerate
Design
self-charging
products
Product
principle
Design products that can
charge themselves with
renewable energy. This
is especially relevant for
mobility assets.
Example
The company Sono Motors has
designed a car with solar cells
integrated into its body,
allowing it to charge itself
throughout the day.
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Regenerate
Design with
renewable
materials
Product
principle
Design products with renewable
and low-carbon materials.
Renewable materials should only
be chosen when its extraction rate
is equal to or lower than its
recovery rate. Further, next to its
properties, materials need to be
selected based on their expected
end-of-life treatment to avoid
unintended consequences.
Example
Ecovative produces
mycelium-based fibres and
materials with natural glue
properties. Used for
packaging, apparel and in the
medical industries.
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Regenerate
Design with
non-toxic
materials
Product
principle
Avoid using toxic materials
and substances in any of
your products or operations.
Toxic substances tend to
accumulate in the biosphere
and cause negative health
effects for humans and other
species.
Example
Vestaron substitutes synthetic
pesticides with biological ones
that are safe for humans, birds,
fish and pollinators.
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Regenerate
Produce and
process with
renewable
energy
Business
model
principle
Build up your capacity as a
company to produce and
process with renewable
energy.
Example
In 2019, Apple has been the
company with the biggest
installed capacity for solar
energy, 400 MW.
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Regenerate
Power
transportation
with renewable
energy
Business
model
principle
Find ways of how you can
power your transportation
needs with renewable
energy
Example
The company Foodlogica links
local food, consumers and
businesses in Amsterdam’s city
center through a light-weight
mobility system, powered by
renewable energy.
www.circularstrategies.org
Regenerate
Business
model
principle
Find ways of powering your
product with renewable
energy, through creative
partnerships or product and
service design.
Example
Waka Waka provides portable
devices with photovoltaic
panels that can power
every-day electronics.
www.circularstrategies.org
Regenerate
Embed renewable
energy production
in the existing
infrastructure
Ecosystem
principle
Find ways of making
renewable energy
production part of the
existing infrastructure.
Example
‘Solar Roadways’ has
developed a modular system of
solar panels that can be walked
and driven upon.
www.circularstrategies.org
Regenerate
Recover nutrients
from urban areas
Ecosystem
principle
Find ways of recovering
valuable nutrients from
urban areas that are usually
lost.
Example
Lystec Inc. helps the city of
Guelph to turn biosolids from
wasterwater treatment into
organic nutrients for
surrounding agriculture.
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Regenerate
Regenerate
polluted
ecoystems
Ecosystem
principle
Contribute to regenerating
polluted ecosystems that
affect your business.
Example
The Ocean Cleanup Project
develops technology to clean
oceans from plastic pollution.
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Regenerate
Manage and
sustain critical
ecosystem
services
Ecosystem
principle
Engage in projects that
manage and sustain the
natural ecosystems that
surround and affect your
business operations.
Example
Nestle’s Häagen-Dazs has
partnered with a nonprofit to plant
the largest pollinator habitat in the
United States. Without pollination
services from bees, many critical
ingredients for the ice-cream
would not exist anymore.
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Inform
Use artificial
intelligence to
develop new
materials with
circular properties
Product
principle
Developing a new
material requires data about
the structure and properties
of materials. AI can help
analyze the required and
available data quickly to
inform design decisions
based on circular
requirements.
Example
The ‘Accelerated Metallurgy
project’, run by the European
Space Agency, has used AI to
produce and test new metal
alloys. AI helped the project to
speed up the search for new
materials.
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Inform
Virtualize
Product
principle
Deliver utility virtually.
Virtualizing reduces the
need for materials to deliver
the same utility.
Example
reMarkable has designed a
digital device that “feels like
paper”. A tool for note-taking,
reading and reviewing
documents.
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Inform
Design connected
products
Product
principle
Design products with
sensors that can send and
receive different types of
data.
Example
Delta Development, as part of
its product-as-a-service
model, has sensors in some of
their elevators to inform
maintenance needs.
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Inform
Use product-in-
use data to design
more circular
products and
services
Business model
principle
Data on how a product is
used can be valuable to
make better design
decisions for future products
and services.
Example
Rolls-Royce aggregates
product-in-use data to make
their engines more efficient,
durable and long-lasting.
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Inform
Business model
principle
Tracking the resource use
of products while they are
used can, for example, help
to influence user behavior to
decrease the resource
intensity of product use.
Example
Philips uses sensors to track
data on how their lights are
used within their
lighting-as-a-service model to
save electricity.
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Inform
Track the
condition, location
and/or availability
of the product
Business model
principle
Tracking the condition of the
products can help to predict
when it will be necessary
to service (repair, maintain)
them. Tracking the location
and availability can, for
example, enable the
maximizing of their use
capacity.
Example
Zipcar uses the data to
optimize their car sharing
service.
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Inform
Buyer
Buyer Seller
Price/quantity/location/quality
Platform
Market circular
products,
components and
materials through
online platforms
Ecosystem
principle
Online platforms can serve
to market circular products,
components and materials.
Example
Stuffstr buys and collects used
products from consumers and sells
them in second hand markets. An
AI algorithm helps the company to
set competitive prices for the
seller, while ensuring a good
margin on the second hand market.
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Inform
Build material
database
ecosystems
Ecosystem
principle
Create or leverage material
databases. They describe the
characteristics of materials
and components in
products so that products
can be more easily reused
and their materials
recovered.
Example
The project ‘Buildings as
Material Banks’ has brought
together different stakeholders
to develop a material database
ecosystem for buildings.
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Inform
Platform
Co-create products,
components,
materials and
information via
online platforms
Ecosystem
principle
Online platforms can be used
to ‘crowdsource’ design
projects for circular
products, components and
materials.
Example
The online platform
launchforth.io connects
designers and engineers with
firms to co-create new
products.
www.circularstrategies.org
Inform
Use artificial
intelligence to
optimize circular
infrastructure
Ecosystem
principle
The circular economy requires
the collecting, sorting,
separating, treating, and
redistributing of products,
components and materials.
Often, products, components
and materials are diverse and
difficult to handle. Artificial
intelligence can help to
optimize the infrastructure
required for a circular economy.
Example
ZenRobotics uses robots with
cameras and sensors to
automatically sort all kinds of
waste streams with an accuracy
level of 98 %.
www.circularstrategies.org
Inform
Platform
Operate service
ecosystems via
online platforms
Ecosystem
principle
Online platforms can serve
to operate service
ecosystems that require
several actors who need to
coordinate their interactions
and economic exchange.
Example
The online platform Whim
operates mobility-as-a-service
ecosystems in cities
that combine different private
and public transportation
options for a seamless mobility
experience.
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