ALGERIAN PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

TP 01 : The cpillarity

The Name : The Groupe :07 C

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1-Theoretical part:
Introduction to Density:
Capillarity, also known as capillary action, is a physical phenomenon where a
liquid moves through narrow spaces without the assistance of external
forces, such as gravity. This occurs due to the interplay between cohesive
forces (the attraction between molecules within the liquid) and adhesive
forces (the attraction between the liquid molecules and a solid surface).
When adhesion is stronger than cohesion, the liquid rises in a narrow tube
or porous material, as seen with water in a thin glass tube. Conversely, when
cohesion dominates, the liquid is repelled downward, as observed with
mercury in glass. Capillarity plays a crucial role in various natural and
industrial processes, such as the upward movement of water in plants, ink
flow in pens, and liquid absorption in sponges. Understanding capillarity is
essential for applications in biology, engineering, and materials science,
where controlling liquid movement at small scales is vital.

Objective of capillarity:
The study of capillarity aims to understand the movement of liquids in
narrow spaces and apply this knowledge in various scientific and industrial
fields. The key objectives include:
1. Understanding Liquid-Solid Interactions: Analyze how adhesion and
cohesion affect liquid movement in confined spaces
. 2. Predicting and Controlling Capillary Rise : Determine factors
influencing the height and speed of liquid ascent in capillary tubes and
porous materials.
3. Enhancing Industrial Applications – Utilize capillarity in areas such as
ink delivery in pens, microfluidics, textile absorption, and filtration systems.
4. Explaining Natural Phenomena: Study how water moves in soil, rises in
plants, and spreads in porous materials.
5. Improving Medical and Environmental Technologies: Develop efficient
diagnostic tools (e.g., blood test strips) and water purification systems

Notes on capillarity:
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1-Key Principles Cohesive forces :
Cohesive forces :Hold liquid molecules together.
Adhesive forces :Cause the liquid to stick to solid surfaces.
Surface tension : Helps maintain the liquid’s structure and contributes to
capillary rise.
Contact angle :Determines whether a liquid spreads (e.g., water on glass) or
repels (e.g., mercury on glass).
2- Factors Affecting Capillarity Tube diameter :
The tube diameter: the smaller the diameter, the higher the liquid rises.
Liquid properties : Surface tension and viscosity influence capillary
movement.
Surface characteristics : The nature of the solid affects adhesion and
contact angle.
3-. Applications of Capillarity :
Nature : Water transport in plants (xylem vessels)
Industry :Ink flow in pens, fabric absorption, and filtration systems.
Medicine : Blood test strips and microfluidic devices.
Construction : Water infiltration in porous materials (e.g., rising damp in
walls).

Definition Capillarity :
is the ability of a liquid to move through narrow spaces, such as thin tubes
or porous materials, without external forces like gravity. It occurs due to the
balance between cohesion (the attraction between liquid molecules) and
adhesion (the attraction between liquid and solid surfaces).

The law of Jurin’s:

ρgr h
δ = 2× cosα

2-Practical Part :
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The experimental equiment :

Papier rouge Papier blanch

Experiment results:
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 Rayon Hauteur
Papier rouge 1 2
Papier blanch 0,5 4

Calcule la tension superficielle δ:

δ = 2× cosα
ρgr h

1- Pour papier rouge:

δ = 0,978 kg/s2

2- Pour papier blanch:

997 ×9 , 81 ×0,005 × 0 , 04
δ = 2 ×1

δ = 0,978 kg/s2

Discussion of the experimental result:

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- The results of the surface tension calculations show that the value of
remains the same for both the red and white paper: δ= 0,0978
This suggests that the variation in the paper type does not significantly
affect the surface tension value obtained from the given formula. The
calculation is based on the density of the liquid (ρ), gravitational
acceleration (g), height (h), and radius (r). Despite the difference in and
values for the two types of paper, their product remains the same, leading to
identical results. This consistency indicates that the experimental setup and
the selected parameters lead to a reliable measurement of surface tension,
independent of the paper color. However, in real-life experiments, slight
variations might occur due to factors such as material properties, liquid
absorption, or measurement inaccuracies.

Conclusion:
The general conclusion is that the surface tension (δ) remains
constant regardless of the type of paper used and radius .This
indicates that the variation in paper properties does not
significantly influence the calculated surface tension, as long as the
experimental conditions and parameters remain consistent. The
results confirm the reliability of the applied formula and suggest
that surface tension is primarily determined by the liquid’s
properties rather than the paper type. However, minor deviations
could occur in practical experiments due to external factors like
absorption, measurement errors, or environmental conditions

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