LESSON 1

What is globalization?

Globalization is growth on a worldwide scale. It is the process of integration and the international
influence of economies and cultures. It is an exchange of goods and an exchange of ideas and even
anti-terrorist protections.

What are the factors of globalization? What are the roles/contributions of these factors to globalization? Some
elements in globalization include economics, technology, and the blending of cultures. These were the subjects of
globalization all across nations.
Some factors of globalization are the following:

1. Globalization in Economics

Interdependence among international economies is a great starting point when seeking an understanding of
globalization. The more technology advances and the more transportation improves, the more global outlets are
revealed in different areas, such as reducing barriers to international trades and reducing restrictions to movements
of capital and investments. A greater number of goods can be exchanged, and production methods can be improved.
Here are some examples:

Multinational corporations operate on a global scale, with satellite offices and branches in numerous locations. This
means multinational companies can stay open virtually 24 hours a day and service customers no matter where they're
located.

Outsourcing can add to the economic development of a struggling country, bringing much-needed jobs if a powerful
organization can outsource its call center to a developing country, which creates a new class of jobs for people who
may not have had that opportunity otherwise.

2. Globalization in the Blending of Cultures

New cultures are being transmitted when more people are traveling or exchanging goods. It is also affected by open
communication by internet, especially intermarriages coming from dating site meet-ups.

While world economies benefit from globalization, the spread of new cultures is also affected. Christian missionaries
from Europe added to the globalization of Christianity. As they migrated from one country to another, more and more
people converted to a new spiritual way of living.

Improved travel facilitated the growth of globalization, as people moved for a better job or a better life. Migrants also
fled from danger or oppression. People can pack up all their belongings and have them shipped anywhere in the
world. Planes are faster, frequent, and, often, more affordable.

Food is another factor of globalization. Filipino or Korean food, for example, is certainly not only limited to the
Philippines or Korea. Instead, we can dine on Filipino and Korean delights in America, all across Europe, and beyond.

3. Globalization in Technology

It's easy to argue that technology is a vehicle to globalization. Especially the use of internet, faster mode of travel by
air, land, and water, latest models of communication tools and medical equipment, and life-saving drugs. The ability
to access mountains of information online has opened countless doors. Here are some examples of globalization,
brought to us by the gift of technology:

Global news networks, like CNN, contribute to the spread of knowledge. Worldwide news is reported almost instantly,
if not via live broadcast, through continual updates to online news outlets.
Cell phones connect people all over the world like never before. There are many platforms through which people can
communicate too, including Facebook, Messenger, WhatsApp, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, Hangout, etc.

Based on the factors that contributed to globalization, which was the major contributor to globalization?

Internet is a significant contributor to globalization, not only technologically but also in other areas,
like the cultural exchanges of art. Consider how we can enroll in online educational programs from
anywhere globally and access new information on virtually any topic.

LESSON 2
What is Internationalization?
Globalization is an economic process that aims to integrate countries' economies globally, internalization acts the
same as Globalization, improvising the local economy, leading to its growth and expansion of businesses across other
countries.
Internationalization is related to a firm's movement overseas, artists performing overseas, Filipinos working
overseas. At the same time, Globalization is the rapidly growing integration of communication, finance, culture, and political
ideology. Although, Internationalization is the process that results in Globalization as firm movements could be the cause
of Globalization.
There is a substantial difference between Globalization and Internationalization. Internationalization is to perform
at the international standards with our domestic labor, natural resources to compete for the global market. It is an effort
with own nation's national labor, capital, and resources by operating in domestic and an international market. Still,
Globalization is to integrate the economies with integrity and unity globally to use other nations' labor, capital, and resources
to reach the best results.
Examples:
Filipinos are trained to be globally competitive professionals. They can work worldwide and bring their culture and
skills with them, like Nurses, Engineers, Doctors, Teachers, Architects, Pilots, Domestic Helpers/Nannies, Cruise ship Crew,
Law Enforcement, etc. They are part of the International labor market.
After hitting 1000 stores locally, Jollibee started to go international by putting up store branches in key cities of the
world where Filipinos live. Another one is McDonald's, which started as a fast-food chain inside the U.S. military bases in
the Philippines catering to the Americans who live and work inside Clark Airbase in Angeles City, Pampanga, and Subic
Naval Base Olongapo City, Zambales. After the bases closed down in 1991 and transferred to the Philippine government,
the store chain inside the bases started to put up branches all over the Philippines and was patronized by Filipinos.

What are the differences between Globalization and Internationalization?

There are some differences between the two, which are very important to distinguish the role of the two in
supporting nations toward Globalization.

LESSON 3

What do you know about Westernization? Of course, when you talk of Westernization, we need to consider
Globalization where this thing happens. Because of Globalization, western countries could transmit their ideas, beliefs, and
practices, which were adopted by other countries, for example, politics, economy, technology, industry, and culture.
International trade was freely conducted, and other countries enjoy the benefits of the goods and services produced and
business worldwide. The cultural transformation happened, wherein Other societies adopt western ideas on things. How
do western people speak and behave? Have you seen a native Aeta that can speak perfect English and eat only steak,
fries, and pizza and drink red wine? How does it feel to meet a foreigner and try your best to speak English, and they
answer in Tagalog? That's a Foreignoy; he is adopting the local Filipino culture.

Globalization is the greater integration among countries and economies for trade, economic, social, and political
benefits.

Westernization, the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other parts
of the world, whether through compulsion or influence. Westernization reached much of the world as part of the process
of colonialism and continues to be a significant cultural phenomenon as a result of globalization.

Westernization began with traders, colonizers, and missionaries from western Europe who believed that their way of life
was superior to those of the peoples in the countries to which they traveled. The occupied peoples were required or
encouraged to adopt western European business practices, languages, alphabets, and attire. They were also encouraged
to assume western European education systems, literary and artistic standards, and to convert to Christianity. Many
countries had Western types of government and military practices imposed on them.

EFFECTS OF WESTERNIZATION

Westernization has greatly affected our traditions, customs, family, and our love and respect for others. The strong family
ties between Filipino members are eroding. The respect for elders is diminishing, hence the need for a home for the aged
in the Philippines. Prostitution yields so many babies fathered by western men given for adoption by many prostitutes
working in the Philippines' red-light districts.

ADVANTAGE OF WESTERN CULTURE

Western civilization has brought good things, too, most especially in the form of modern medicine. Central cooling is
excellent if you live in an unsuitable climate. You can eat the abundance of food simultaneously in the starving world due
to food cropping and food preservation. You are traveling by air, land, and water in the fastest possible way because of
technology in building ports, airports, and expressways.

GLOBALIZATION AS WESTERNIZATION

1. Westernization is a cultural transformation whereby other societies adopt western ideas. Usually, it is associated with
capitalism, freedom of thought and expression, and more and more with American cultural entertainment and lifestyles.
At the same time, Globalization, on the other hand, refers to closer integration of people in both cultures and more
practical concerns like transport and products.

Both terms are relatively vague and open to interpretation, so it is easy to see how people get confused. Given the
pervasiveness of the US's "Western" ideas globally, other countries that open themselves up to that world are bound to
get a mixture of Globalization and Westernization together.

For example, suppose you ask your friends here in the Philippines what they think of Westernization. In that case, they'll
point to the nearest McDonalds, KFC, or Kobe Bryant, or Nike shoes or something like these.

On the other hand, Globalization refers to closer integration of people in both cultures and more practical concerns like
transport and products. Inevitably, there is some overlap with Westernization. Still, it's easy to see that people will be
confusing it with Filipinization or Arabianization or Sinozation (Chinese) instead of in a few decades. Some are the
examples:
 1. Houses in Asia are supposed to be built tropical style with wide-open windows and open ground floors to make way
for floods to just pass. But houses now were patterned after Western styles, so little windows make it so hot, and it was
run over when the flood came.

2. Celebrations in the Philippines were dominated by Chinese and American cultures, from gowns, food array and events
places, firecrackers, etc.

3. Academic dreams: Filipinos take courses needed in Western countries, so after graduation, they dream of working in
the USA or any country in Europe, not here at home. We need farmers, agricultural engineers, and agricultural business
people because the Philippines is an agrarian state.

How did Filipinos become so westernized?

The Philippines was colonized by Spain (European Kingdom) in 1565 and the United States of America (western country)
in 1898, so Filipinos adopted Spanish culture for 333 years. We learned Roman Catholic religion from Spain and human
rights violations that led to a revolution in 1896. Spain sold the Philippines, Mexico, Cuba, and Puerto Rico to the United
States in 1898 for 20 Million dollars. The United States gave the Philippines every system we have today; Education and
Culture, Hygiene, Sanitation and Health care, Agriculture, Public Works and Engineering, Government and Politics,
Entertainment, Building Codes, Military Officers' schools, and Police system. The United States makes Filipinos their Little
Brown Brothers that speak English and accept everything the USA told us to do and say until we were granted
Independence in 1946. Filipinos mostly have the American dream. So we took up courses which will give us a chance to
go to the USA. We get our colonial mentality, thinking that anything imported from western countries is better than what
we have here locally. These two western countries gave us mixed cultures. They improved the genetic stock of Filipinos,
so we Filipinos were so good-looking and intelligent. We are also the third-largest English-speaking nation outside
America. Are you one of those?

LESSON 4 - QUIZ
LESSON 4
What do you know about Westernization? Of course, when you talk of Westernization, we need to consider
Globalization where this thing happens. Because of Globalization, western countries were able to transmit their ideas,
beliefs, and practices adopted by other countries, such as politics, economy, technology, industry, and culture. International
trade was freely conducted, and other countries enjoy the benefits of the goods and services produced and business
worldwide. The cultural transformation happened, wherein Other societies adopt western ideas on things.
FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Economic Globalization
The concept of Globalization as a whole is mainly economic. Globalization has emerged and developed largely as an
economic concept and system. Economic Globalization is the financial connection of a country with the global economic
system. Globalization in the economic field is free economic adoption. This removes the regulatory rules imposed on a
country's economic affairs and exposes the domestic economy to the world.

Features of Economic Globalization

Prominent economist Peter Drucker in his New Realities, discusses the economic features of Globalization. They are:

• Due to Globalization, international organizations have spread globally to make the entire world a mere production
and product-service market.
• The main objective of the global economy is to maximize the market.
• Investment in the globalization process has become a trade, not an investment in the trade.
• Due to Globalization, the power to make decisions is transferred from the national state to the regional alliances.
• In the globalization economy, the management system dominates as a component of production.
• The transaction of money mainly drives globalization. Again, the existence of an individual response to these
financial transactions is seen. Unproductive foreign capital creates adverse effects on the global market.
• In economic Globalization, there is a process of almost spontaneous lending, finance, and investment throughout
the world. Information beyond the borders of the national state organizes this process.

2. Political Globalization
Political ideology is often referred to as one of the characteristics of Globalization. That is, the expression of Globalization
also occurs in political ideology.

The transformation of liberalism is called an example of political ideology in the process of Globalization. Moreover, the
emergence, development, and expansion of Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as an expression of political
Globalization; The role of the national states is to refer to the part of climate change and so on.

The expression of political Globalization has occurred in international organizations. All these organizations exceed the
national boundaries. Extending the edges of the single state of the international organization extends to the global sphere
of many states.

There are many and many international organizations in the present world. Most of these were formed in the aftermath
of World War II. Notable examples of this are the United Nations Organization (UNO), the European Economic Community
(EEC), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), etc.

Theoretically, nation-states can take the initiative in organizing international organizations in a coherent and organized
manner without sacrificing their sovereignty. Transnational-state boundaries may force international institutions to
impose their will on states.

3. Financial Globalization
 Financial Globalization can be linked with the rise of a global financial system with international and monetary
exchanges. Stock markets, for instance, are a great example of the financially connected global world since when one
stock market has a decline, it affects other markets negatively as well as the economy as a whole.

LESSON 5
What do you know about the other forms of globalization like military, cultural and environmental? How do these
factors affect the country as a whole? The government and society adopted western ideas in terms of military, culture, and
environment. Since we discussed part 1 already, let's continue with part 2 today. So, what are the other forms of
globalization? We have here three different states, which are: military, cultural, and environmental.

Military globalization is defined as the process which embodies the growing extensity and intensity of military relations
among the political units of the world system. It reflects both the expanding network of worldwide military ties and
relations, as well as the impact of key military technological innovations (from steamships to satellites), which over time,
have reconstituted the world into a single geostrategic space.

Military globalization implies firmer integration of armed forces around the world into the global military system. It is
characterized by extensive as well as intensive networks of military force. The most obvious example of military
globalization is the nuclear age and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

Cultural Globalization is the process of cultural globalization and is also sometimes called McDonaldization. Cultural
globalization is how a world-class of goods, ideas, and information is produced in one part of the world. As a result,
cultural differences between different races, regions, and individuals are removed.

The emergence and development of international or multinational companies and the emergence of global goods have
partly driven globalization. The revolutionary growth and expansion of information technology, the expansion of satellite-
based communication systems, the Internet, the telecommunication infrastructure, and various global media corporations
are highlighting the process of globalization.

However, as culture helps globalization, so does obstruction. As the elements or forces of globalization are enriched by
culture, so is resistance. Hollywood movies are screened worldwide, Adidas sports goods are sold around the world. The
Coca-Cola market is worldwide. McDonald's has demanded the world's fast-food market; such products are many and
varied worldwide. But all these international brands have to do with the dignity of local culture and the touch of social
customs.

Environmental Globalization refers to internationally coordinated practices and regulations in the form of international
treaties regarding environmental protection. The growth of globalization and its impact on the global environment is an
essential concern to the world.

According to some environmentalists, there is no doubt that the tide of development that has come under the influence
of globalization is polluting the environment. To them, globalization increases our consumption of many products made
through natural resources, affecting the ecological cycle very severely.

Many think that industrialization is part of globalization, and industrialization has been increasing with the help of
globalization. Due to industrialization, harmful chemicals have been thrown into the environment, affecting the
environment dangerously. It can be easier to understand with an example. 2nd December in 1984, in India, an accident
occurred at the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal (the capital city of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh).

This plant accidentally released almost 30 tons of highly toxic gas called methyl isocyanate and other poisonous gases.
The gases were spread throughout its surrounding town populated with 600 000 people. Those gasses affect them very
severely; around 15000 people founded death. Until now, those who directly or indirectly but alive have given birth to
mentally or physically challenged children.

Criminal globalization poses severe challenges to national and global security. It includes trans-border crimes, such
as drug trafficking, money laundering, prostitution, alien smuggling, arms trafficking, and counterfeiting.

Crimes of globalization, or transnational crimes, are crimes that are committed across national borders. Since the fall of
the Soviet Union and the collapse of communism in its neighboring countries, trade has expanded globally. With it, the
crime that so often accompanies large flows of money.

Transnational criminals have been one of the biggest beneficiaries of globalization." Globalization facilitates international
trade and increases the difficulty of regulating global trade; traffickers and smugglers have exploited this. This has
allowed illicit actors to launder the proceeds of crime more easily
Gen 004: readings in philippine history
ANCS | PRELIMS

Modules:
● M1: Why Study the Past?
● M2: The Pre-colonial Way of Living
● M3: The Pre-colonial Way of Living MODULE 2
● M4: Transition Towards Colonization THE PRE-COLONIAL WAY OF LIVING
● M5: Understanding Colonization
MAIN LESSON

MODULE 1
WHY STUDY THE PAST? ♡ Even before Magellan arrived, there are discoveries
MAIN LESSON that proved the notion otherwise.

♡ History- seen as the study or record of past events, 1. Butcher rhinoceros and the tools used- 700,000
Therefore, it is the story of the past years old in Kalinga province.
2. Long toe bone- 67,000 years old in Callao Cave,

♡ Translations: Cagayan. Came from new human species called

Historia- Spanish Homo Luzonensis.
Histoire- French 3. 3 sets of human remains- 16,500 yrs old, 31, 000
Gesichte- German yrs old and 47,000 yrs old. Found in Tabon Cave,
Palawan. Belonged to homo sapiens.
♡ Kasaysayan by Zeus Salazar:
Saysay- meaning
Salaysay- story
♡Theories of peopling:
1. William Meacham- he said that the first inhabitants
of the Philippines were indigenous people who
♡ Historical Sources:
inherently lived within the archipelago and had
Primary source- sources that were created or written by
people who were direct participants or eyewitnesses to the undergone a lengthy internal development.
historical event being studied. 2. H. Otley Beyer- he said that the people living in
Philippines came from different homelands.
Examples: archival accounts, artifacts, letters, diary, ● Waves of migration theory:
government records, photos and videos.
❖ Indonesian A- seafarer and stone
tool users
Secondary sources- materials that are created by an author
using primary sources or other secondary sources. ❖ Indonesian B- bar-clothing wearer
❖ Proto-Malays- terrace-builders
Examples: scholarly articles, history books or even written ❖ Deutero-malays- last wave
analysis by historians. 3. Wilhelm G. Solheim- he argued that group of
maritime-oriented people called “ Austronesians”
lived within the edges of Celebes Sea.
4. Peter Bellwood- argued that Austronesians came
from southern portion of China

anica | 1
 ♡ 3 types of houses
1. Wooden house- occupied by Datus
♡ Studies that debunked the peopling theories discussed. 2. Cottages- made of light materials occupied by
1. Negritos- first modern humans who arrived ordinary people
2. Manobo- related people- entered Mindanao 15, 3. Tree houses- only used during wars.
000 years ago
3. Sama-related people- entered 12, 000 years ago
♡ Pre-colonial fashion according to status
4. Cordilleran-related groups- from Formosa and
● Red for Datu and Black/blur below him
Southern China who arrived 7,000 to 10, 000
● No slippers
years ago.
● Tattoos symbolizes bravery
Men:
MODULE 3
➢ Kanggan- upper part; collarless jacket with short
THE PRE-COLONIAL WAY OF LIVING
sleeves
MAIN LESSON
➢ Bahag- lowerpart; a strip of cloth wrapped around
the waist
♡ Barangay referred to the people themselves living ➢ Putong- headgear that means manliness

together in a community. Women

➢ While barangay widely used in Tagalog ➢ Baro or camisa- upper part; jacket with sleeves

pre-colonial communities, haop or dolohan were ➢ Saya- lowerpart; loose skirt

its equivalent terms in Visayan communities.

➢ Composed of 30 to hundred households whose ♡ System of religion
inhabitants are related by blood. ● Polytheism- had more than one god to worship. In
➢ Headed by a Datu Tagalog, it was Bathala.
♡ Barangay is composed of 3 groups of people
1. Nobles- datu and his relatives who belong to the ♡ Additional Notes:
noble lineage. ● Gods/goddesses
2. Freeman- offspring of inherently free people, ● Bathala- Tagalog
descendants of mixed marriage of nobles and ● Laon- Visayan
commoners, and dependents who earned their ● Ikasi- Zambal
freedom. ● Gugurang- Bikol
3. Dependents- people who did not pay their debts, ● Kalainan- Ifugao
cannot pay legal fines, captured in battle or born ● Idialao- God of farming
to dependent people. ● Lalaon- God of harvest
➢ Referred to as oripun in Visayan
➢ Referred to as alipin in Tagalog: Aliping ● Baybayin- bay-bay: to spell
namamahay, aliping sagigilid ● Alibata- alif-ba-ta: arabic word
♡ Boat- main means of transportation

anica | 2
 MODULE 4 ➢ In search for more supplies, Magellan and his
TRANSITION TOWARDS COLONIZATION crew went to Sugbu, Cebu and arrived on April 7,
MAIN LESSON 1521.
➢ He befriended the ruler of cebu, Rajah Humabon.
♡Age of exploration/discovery ➢ However, one of the datus in island of Mactan

➢ period in time which European states explored the refused to bow down to Rajah– Lapu-lapu– he

unknown world in search fro territory and wealth. had no problem in being an ally of Magellan.

➢ Increasing sophistication of maritime travel ➢ The Battle of Mactan happened on April 21, 1521

technology. and on that day, Magellan also died.

➢ 18 of the 235 crewmen left the archipelago and
returned to Spain on September 22, 1522, three
♡Power, profit and religion: 2 motivations of European to years after the expedition.
explore other countries. ➢ Alvaro Saavedra Expedition (1527-1529): named
Leyte and Samar “Filipinas” in honor of ing Philip
♡ To sustain the economic development of Spain, they II.

trade lucrative goods with other countries. These are spices ➢ Villalobos Expedition(1541-1546):

such as pepper, ginger, cinnamon, and nutmeg. ➢ Legazpi Expedition- 1564 when they occupied the
spaniards successfully despite the lack of
resources.
♡ 2 reasons why spices are in demand MODULE 5
1. It enhances the bland taste of food UNDERSTANDING COLONIZATION
2. Used to preserve meat and fish MAIN LESSON

♡ Ferdinand Magellan- a brillant navigator who theorized ♡ Important terms:

that there was a possible route to the east called the Spic Reduccion- resetlement
Island known as Maluku Islands or Moluccas. Poblacion- center of the barangay
Branggays/sitios- surround barangay
➢ He pitched the idea to the king of Portugal and
was disregarded so he went to the Spanish king
♡Taxation:
and queen.
Collection of buwis has been associated with rampant
➢ Gave him 5 old ships: Santiago, San Antonio,
cruelty. Collectors sent soldiers to collect buwis by force.
Concepcion, Trinidad and Victoria with crew of
Those who cannot pay were tortured or imprisoned.
235 men
➢ Left spain on September 20,1519
Direct tax
➢ On the ship for 90 days
➢ buwis(tribute)
➢ March 17, 1521, the crew landed on Homonhon
➢ May be cash or kind, partly or wholly
Island in Guiuan Eastern Samar.
➢ One of the crewmen was Magellan’s slave, Enrique
Indirect tax- bandala or the annual enforced sale or
of Malacca, who can understand the local
requestioning of goods, particularly of rice or coconut oil.
language.

anica | 3
Polo y servicio- 16 to 60 years old men were obligated to
give personal service to projects such as construction of
infrastructure, church construction, or cutting logs; similar
to forced labor.

Encomiendas- parcels of land given by the king of Spain to

individuals who helped in conquering the territory.
Encomendero- usually soldiers, administrative, officials,and
priests. Though they never fulfilled their roles, so the
people residing in their land experienced oppression.

♡Spanish stratification:
Peninsulares- full blooded spaniards and born in Spain
Insulares- full blooded spaniard but was born in Philippines
Mestizos- foreign and native parents
Principalias- descendants of the noble who sided with spain
Indios- native people
Sangleys- chinese men

♡Frailocracy- the rule of friar or priests.Because of their

role in the colonization process , they were able to
establish position in the political side.

Review:
Villalobos- Nag pangalan ng Filipinas
William Solheim- negritos and mga asiatic
H. Otley Beyer- Malays
Ferdinand Magellan: First to reach the Philippines
Bartolomeu Diaz- First cape of good hope
Putong: Visayan
Kangan- Tagalog
Vasco de Gama- person who reached India
Polo y servicio- forced labor

anica | 4
ART 002 What Makes Art Beautiful?
Beauty in terms of art refers to an interaction
Concepts of Arts: between line, color, texture, sound, shape, motion,
MODULE 1 and size that is pleasing to the senses. What makes
What is ART? art beautiful is a complicated concept, since beauty
• Art is a highly diverse range of human activities is subjective and can change based on context.
engaged in creating visual, auditory, or However, there is a basic human instinct, or internal
performed artifacts-artworks-that express the appreciation, for harmony, balance, and rhythm
author's imaginative or technical skill. which can be defined as beauty. Beauty in terms of
• Art is a creative activity that expresses art usually refers to an interaction between line,
imaginative or technical skills. color. texture, sound, shape, motion, and size
• The product of art is called a work of art. that is pleasing to the senses.
• It includes drawing, painting, sculpting,
photography, dance, music, poetry, prose, Art is often intended to appeal to, and connect with,
theatre, etc. human emotion. Artists may express something so
• ART - was derived from the Latin word "ars" that their audience is stimulated in some way-
(meaning "skill" or "craft"). creating feelings, religious faith, curiosity, interests,
• Art being defined as: The product of a body of memories, thoughts, or creativity. For example,
knowledge, most often using a set of skills." performance art often does not aim to please the
audience but instead evokes feelings, reactions,
These are the oldest documented forms of art: conversations, or questions from the viewer. In
Visual Art these cases, aesthetics may be an irrelevant
• include images or objects in fields like painting, measure of "beautiful" art.
sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other
visual media TRUE OR FALSE:
• These are the arts that meet the eye and evoke 1. Art is a creative activity that expresses
an emotion through an expression of skill and imaginative or technical skills. T
imagination. -They include the most ancient 2. Art produces a product, an object, called a
forms, such as painting and drawing, sculpture, work of art, for others to experience. T
printmaking, photography, and installation art, 3. Art can be painting, sculpting, photography,
the latter a combination of multiple creative performance, dance, music, poetry, prose,
expressions. and theatre. T
EX: PAINTING, DRAWING. SCULPTURE, 4. Art is something created by an artist based
on his imaginations or thoughts and it may
Literary Art be from inspiration of natural beauty. It is
• It's a form of writing or stories that have artistic different from nature in the sense that God
and cultural value that displays the beauty of created nature. T
speech and language to convey certain 5. Art is a diverse range of human activities in
meanings. creating visual, auditory, or performing
EX: NOVELS, POEM, SONNET, SHORT STORIES, artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's
imaginative, conceptual ideas, or technical
Performance Art skill, intended to be appreciated by others. T
- A time-based art form that typically features a
live presentation to an audience or to onlookers
(as on a street)
- Acting, poetry, music, dance, and painting. It is
generally an event rather than an artifact, by
nature ephemeral, though it is often recorded on
video and by means of still photography.
EX: DANCE, THEATRE, OPERA, PLAY
MODULE #2 Saints and religious personalities-to express spiritual
Nature of art. beliefs about the destiny of life controlled by the
Art is a creative activity that expresses imaginative force of a higher power.
or technical skill. It produces a product, an object. Ex: Sculpture, Church, Bible
The product of art is called a work of art. It includes
drawing, painting, sculpting, photography, 4. Educational Function
performance art, dance, music, poetry, prose, and Art comes to be regarded as 'time off for good
theatre. behavior' or as 'therapy" and how the ease and
carefreeness of the arts are supposed to bring joy
Classification of Arts According to Functions: and a sense of calmness." Arts related activities are
1. Motivated (Functional/Ginagamit) important for so much more than just keeping your
Examples: Architecture, weaving, furniture-making child busy or relaxed. They've been proven to boost
2. Non-motivated (Non-functional) a child's self-image. The self-esteem, confidence
Examples: Painting, sculpture, literature, music, and and pride that comes from art in education is truly
the theatre arts incredible and every child should experience that

Common Functions of Art: 5. Political Functions

1. Personal Function One function of sculpture and painting is the
Arts are vehicles for the artists' expression of their commemoration of important personages in society.
feelings and ideas. The art also serve as means of The statues of national heroes that grace our parks
expression for us. The therapeutic value of art and plazas are commemorative works as are the
cannot be ignored. The works of art makes us aware commissioned paintings of leaders or rulers. Often
of other ways of thinking, feeling, and imagining that they serve to record important historical events, or
have never to us before. Art may also serve the reveal the ideals of heroism and leadership that the
personal function of controlling its viewers, much like community would want the young to emulate.
social art. It can also perform religious service or
acknowledgment. 6. Physical Function.
The physical functions of art are often the easiest to
2. Social Function understand Works of art that are created to perform
One cannot conceive of a society without art, for art some service such as tools and containers are
is closely related to every aspect of social life. Arts objects which make our lives physically comfortable,
perform a social function when: (1) It influences Works of art that are created to perform some
social behavior, (2) It seeks or tends to influence the service have physical functions.
collective behavior of a people. (3) When it Ex: Vases, benches, chairs, etc.
addresses aspects of (collective) life as opposed to
one person's point of view or experience. Viewers TRUE OR FALSE:
can often relate in some way to social art and are 1.Art's personal function is to express personal
sometimes even influenced by it to enforce and feelings. T
enhance the shared sense of identity of those in 2. Socially art enforces and enhances the shared
family, community, or civilization. sense of identity of those in family, community or
Ex: Festive occasions, parades, dances, uniforms, civilization (this include festive occasions, parades,
holidays, and events. dances, uniforms, holidays and events. T
3. Spiritually, it expresses spiritual beliefs about the
3. Spiritual Functions destiny of life controlled by the force of a higher
The designs of religious strictures tell so many power. T
things about the culture of the faithful. The same is 4. Educationally, symbols and signs illustrate
true for the hymns used in worship services, and the knowledge not given in words, arts can be mind-
religious plays that dramatized or depicting the relaxing. T
crucifixion and death of Christ and the time His 5. Political functions of arts can be seen on Heroes'
Resurrection. Same is true with the portraits of the statues or sculpture in public parks and grounds. T
MODULE 3 warfare, among other things. Today, the Parthenon
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ART exists as a symbol of Athenian democracy. The
For as long as humans have been capable of famous styles of Greek column were also invented
wielding tools to express themselves, it seems we've during this time: Doric, lonic, and Corinthian.
done exactly that. Art history spans thousands of
years, from cave painting to World War Il-era Roman (500 BC-476 AD)
expressionism to post-modernism, and everything in There's a vast history of Roman architecture as well,
between. The following are the events in the field of which you can learn more about in this history of
art that spanned the ages, focusing in on the major Roman art course. During this era, we see the
eras and styles and their characteristics. construction of the Pantheon-a temple dedicated to
all Roman gods and the Colosseum, among other
Stone Age (30,000 BC-2500 BC) classic buildings.
The Stone Age was the era of cave painting. Well
known pieces include the Lascaux Cave in Byzantine and Islamic (476 AD - 1453 AD)
southwestern France, a cave system covered in This period saw the birth of the Islamic religion, and
cave paintings of animals, humans, and symbols, structures like the Hagia Sophia and the Alhambra.
rendered in mineral pigment. Efforts have gone into
restoring the paintings, which have faded. They are, Middle Ages (500-1400)
after all, over 17,000 years old. Another famous This was the era of Celtic and Gothic art, which saw
work from this era is the Venus (or Woman) of the rise of intricate gothic cathedrals and structures
Willendorf, a very small statuette of a feminine like Notre Dame, It was a dark era, home to the
figure, thought to represent fertility, which was a Black Death and the crusades, which was all
major theme during this early period of art history. reflected in the dark, looming, and religious nature of
its art.
Mesopotamian (3500 BC-539 BC)
The early art of Mesopotamia spans the Sumerian, Early and High Renaissance (1400-1550)
Assyrian, Akkadian, and Babylonian cultures, all The word "Renaissance is a French term meaning
thriving empires that existed in a large region that is rebirth, which is exactly what the Renaissance
known modern day Iraq, Kuwait, and parts of Syria movement was. It was a cultural rebirth of art,
and Turkey. This era included many stone literature, and intellect after a vast period of
sculptures and narrative reliefs, including the stele darkness, disease, and war, Music, art, science,
upon which Hammurabi's Code is carved, and the philosophy, and other schools thrived during this
Standard of Ur. Writing was invented around this era, which gave birth to such greats as
time period, by the Sumerians. Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, and
more. For a more in-depth guide to this period,
Egyptian (3100 BC-30 BC) check out this art history course, which begins its
Everyone is familiar with the awe-inspiring focus on the early Renaissance era before moving
architecture of the ancient Egyptians, including the on to the modern age.
Great Pyramids. Busts and statues of royal figures
were a major part of Egyptian art as well, which has Venetian and Northern Renaissance (1430-1550)
many of its own unique artistic periods. "Egyptian During this era, the Renaissance movement spread
Art" is a pretty huge umbrella term for an entire from Italy to France, Germany, Poland and other
culture, after all. northern European countries. Bellini, Jan van Eyck,
Bosch, and other artists reigned during this time.
Greek and Hellenistic (850 BC-31 BC)
The period of early, Hellenistic Greek art was one of Baroque (1600-1750)
idealism and perfection, which was reflected greatly The Baroque was a highly religious era that
in the era's architecture and sculptures. The overlapped the Thirty Years War between the
Parthenon was built during this time, a temple Protestants and the Catholics. Baroque artists like
dedicated to Athena, the goddess of wisdom and Rembrandt and Caravaggio were well known during
this time for the tense, moody, and extremely Pop Art (c. 1950s CE - 1960s CE)
dramatic style of their work, reflected in lighting Popular: Transient, Expendable; Low Cost; Mass
techniques and subject matter. Baroque architecture Produced, Young; Witty: Sexy, Gimmicky,
like that of the Palace of Versailles was known for its Glamorous; and Big Business, outlining his definition
ornate intensity. Many of these art periods were of Pop Art. This quote from one of the movement's
reflected in the music of the time as well! Check out forerunners aptly describes Pop Art. Satirical
this course on classical music for some examples. observers of contemporary culture, Although their
individual styles and techniques varied, together
Neoclassical (1750-1850) their art revealed American values and obsessions
The Neoclassical era toned down the extremity of during the 1960s. The movement rose to popularity
Baroque while still capturing the grace and aesthetic unlike any other movement. The trendy look and
perfection of Greco-Roman art periods. It was likely familiar subject matter made Pop Art easy to like.
the overlapping Age of Enlightenment, which saw Artists used contemporary Images, such as food
another turn towards the scientific over the religious. product labels and celebrity photographs, and mass-
That set the tone for this era, as well as the production techniques to voice political and social
concurrent Industrial Revolution. Jacques-Louis commentary. They were interested in advertising,
David, and Jean- Auguste-Dominique Ingres were consumer products, television, magazines, and
well known painters during this time. comics.

Romanticism (1780-1850) Postmodernism and Deconstructivism (1970 CE)

While past art eras had embraced the religious and Much of postmodern art is deconstructing styles of
the scientific, Romanticism saw an emphasis on the the past and reinterpreting them.
self, as well as a rejection of the kind of order that
the Enlightenment had imposed in favor of a more Neo-Expressionism (c. 1980s CE)
chaotic approach to life. This took place during the By the end of the 1970s a movement emerged that
American Revolution and the French Revolution, threw out the cool ideas of Minimalism and
and saw its crowning artists across a host of embraced the impassioned emotions of
different counties. Delacroix, Turner, and Gericault, Expressionism (a German art movement of the early
among others, defined the landscape with their dark 1900s). Neo-Expressionism resurrected what
and moody works. Minimalism attempted to kill. While Minimalism
deconstructed renders of landscapes and other attempted to strip away personal feelings,
things used as a means of expression, rather than autobiographical content became a hot subject in
traditional techniques seen before. This was a bold the Neo-Expressionist movement Art that
period for art, and saw talents like Picasso leading incorporated Neo-expressionist ideas is often
the way. characterized by the raw and serisual handling of
mediums, social protest, and the attempt to make
Dada and Surrealism (1917-1950) abstract emotions tangible.
Dada and surrealism rejected so much of traditional
art that it dived into absurdism. Elements of dreams ALL ANSWERS ARE TRUE
and the subconscious were explored with this style, 1. The history of art is the history of any activity or
as well as wartime horrors (it overlapped World War product made by humans in a visual form.
II and the atomic bombings of Japan). The Dadaists 2. Arts are made for communication, beauty,
meant to subvert classical ideas of expression, as expressing ideas, emotions or, a worldview.
well as question what art itself even means. This is 3. History of art is a multidisciplinary branch seeking
captured perfectly in Marcel Duchamp's piece, an objective of examination of art through time.
Fountain, which was just a porcelain urinal he found, 4. History classifies cultures, and observing the
signed, and entered into an art exhibition. Notable distinctive and influential characteristics of art.
surrealists include Dali and Magritte. 5. Food product labels come in various forms is an
example of pop art.
MODULE 4 different perspective es and views as well as
ART APPRECIATION interpretations of the art, it encourages
- The term art encompasses a large variety of thoughtful conversation and the understanding
works, from paintings to sculptures, that there is more than one approach to
architecture to design, and in modern times, everything.
digital art. Everyone can appreciate and marvel
at art, and being subjective in nature, different Expression
art forms appeal to different people. Art - It is the ability to convey meaning. It involves
appreciation is defined as follows: low level skills such as spelling, punctuation,
capitalization, and grammar, but also high level
- Art appreciation is the knowledge and composition skills such as planning,
understanding of the universal and timeless organization, determining content, and revision
qualities that identify all great art. The more to express information effectively.
you appreciate and understand the art of
different eras, movements, styles and - Today's society is going through challenging
techniques, the better you can develop, times across the globe and art has contributed
evaluate and improve your own artwork. into a reaction towards local, as well as
national and international issues. With a range
- Art appreciation refers to the exploration and of talent, artists are painting ideas that many
analysis of the art forms that we are exposed choose to ignore, using their art as their voice
to. It can be highly subjective, depending on an to react to the injustices they see in this world.
individuals' personal tastes and preferences, or
can be done on the basis of several grounds - Within its nature, art has no rules. There are no
such as elements of design and mastery guidelines to express yourself. Art is meant to
displayed in the piece. be the way the artist wants it to be, and art
could be a reaction to outrage to established
- Art appreciation involves a deeper look into the systems. But just because art could be a
setting and historical implication and reaction to what's going on, does not mean it
background of the piece, a study of its origins. has to be. Different artists have different stories
to tell and different ideas to get across through
Why Art Appreciation is Important? their art.
- Art appreciation is extremely relevant for
multiple reasons. It is a good way to - Art is controversial yet peaceful, simple yet
understand the history behind the work, and bold. No matter what form art is manifested -
the period from which the piece originated. be it through a painting, dance or music it is up
Artists often reflect the problerns that they face, to the artist to choose how they express
and the issues of the society in their work. By themselves, what expressions they'll share,
analyzing and putting ourselves in the mind of and which ones they will keep to themselves.
the artist, we can better study how differently
society functioned then, compared to now. We Imagination
can empathize and relate to the problems they - It is the ability to produce and simulate novel
faced on a personal level. objects, peoples and ideas in the mind without
any immediate input of the senses.
- Art is meant to stimulate thought and
conversation between its viewers. By reflecting - Imagination is the ability to form a mental
on a piece of art, we delve into our own image of something that is not perceived
experiences and nostalgia, thus a piece of art through the five senses. It is the ability of the
means something different to every person that mind to build mental scenes, objects or events
comes across it. Art appreciation helps open that do not exist, are not present, or have
up the mindset of the people, by listening to
 happened in the past. Imagination manifests in innovation, an idea must be replicable at an
various degrees in different people. economical cost and must satisfy a specific
need.
- It is also described as the forming of
experiences in one's mind, which can be re- ALL ANSWERS ARE TRUE
creations of past experiences such as vivid 1. Appreciation is recognition and enjoyment of the
memories with imagined changes, or they can good qualities of someone or something.
be completely invented and possibly fantastic 2. Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something
scenes. new and somehow valuable is formed.
3. Imagination is the ability to form a mental image
- Imagination is a cognitive process used in of something that is not perceived through the five
mental functioning and sometimes used in senses.
conjunction with psychological imagery. It is 4. Art appreciation involves a deeper look into the
considered as such because it involves setting and historical implication and background of
thinking about possibilities. Imagination, the piece, a study of its origins.
however, is not considered to be exclusively a
cognitive activity because it is also linked to the
body and place, particularly that it also Involves
setting up relationships with materials and
people, precluding the sense that imagination
is locked away in the head.

Creativity
- It is a phenomenon whereby something new
and somehow valuable is formed. The created
item may be intangible (such as an idea, a
scientific theory, a musical composition, or a
joke) or a physical object (such as an invention,
a printed literary work, or a painting)

- Creativity can be matched with imagination: for

finding solutions and choosing between
options. It can be applied in different aspects of
human activities such as in culinary arts such
as being creative in presenting baked products
and interior designing or in simply rearranging
something that can make room for more space
in the house such as where to build some
storage areas.

- Creativity can also be equated with innovation,

Innovation in its modern meaning is "a new
idea, creative thoughts, and new imaginations
in form of device or method". Innovation is
often also viewed as the application of better
solutions that meet new requirements,
unarticulated needs, or existing market needs.
The process of translating an idea or Invention
into a good or service that creates value or for
which customers will pay. To be called an
MODULE 5 (Visual Elements of Arts and express strength. (6) Thin lines can express
Designs) delicacy.

THE VISUAL ELEMENTS OF ART SHAPE can be natural or man-made, regular or

The Visual Elements are Line-Shape-Tone-Color- irregular, flat (2-dimensional) or solid (3-
Pattern-Texture-Form. These are the building dimensional), representational or abstract, geometric
blocks of composition in art. When we analyze any or organic, transparent or opaque, positive or
drawing, painting, sculpture or design, we examine negative, decorative or symbolic, colored, patterned
these component parts to see how they combine to or textured.
create the overall effect of the artwork.
The Perspective of Shapes: The angles and curves
The Visual Elements have a relationship to one of shapes appear to change depending on our
another: viewpoint. The technique used to describe this
1. Most images begin their life as line drawings. change is called perspective drawing.
2. Lines cross over one another to form shapes.
3. Shapes can be filled with tone and color, or The Behavior of Shapes are as follows: (1) Shapes
repeated to create pattern. can be used to control your feelings in the
4. A shape may be rendered with a rough surface to composition of an artwork. (2) Squares and
create a texture. 5. A shape may be projected into Rectangles can portray strength and stability.
three dimensions to create form. (3)Circles and Ellipses can represent continuous
movement. (4) Triangles can lead the eye in an
Each of the elements may also be used individually upward movement. (5) Inverted Triangles can create
to stress their own particular character in an artwork. a sense of imbalance and tension.
Different elements can express qualities such as
movement and rhythm, space and depth, growth TONE is the lightness or darkness of a color. The
and structure, harmony and contrast, noise and tonal values of an artwork can be adjusted to alter
calm and a wide range of emotions that make up the its expressive character. It can be used to create (1)
subjects of great art, a contrast of light and dark, (2) the illusion of form,
(3) a dramatic or tranquil atmosphere, (4) a sense of
LINE is the foundation of all drawing. It is the first depth and distance and (5) a rhythm or pattern
and most versatile of the visual elements of art. Line within a composition.
in an artwork can be used in many different ways. It
can be used to suggest shape, pattern, form, COLOR is the visual element that has the strongest
structure, growth, depth, distance, rhythm, effect on our emotions. We use color to create the
movement and a range of emotions mood or atmosphere of an artwork. There are many
different approaches to the use of color such as
There is a psychological response to different types light, tone, pattern, form, symbol, movement,
of lines such as (1) Curved lines suggest comfort harmony, contrast and mood.
and ease. (2) Horizontal lines suggest distance and
calm. (3) Vertical lines suggest height and strength. -man made nahral
(4) Jagged lines suggest turmoil and anxiety.
PATTERN is made by repeating or echoing the
The way we draw a line can convey different elements of an artwork to communicate a sense of
expressive qualities: (1) Freehand lines can express balance, harmony, contrast, rhythm or movement.
the personal energy and mood of the artist. (2)
Mechanical lines can express a rigid control. (3) There are two basic types of pattern in art: Natural
Continuous lines can lead the eye in certain Pattern and Man-Made Pattern, Both natural and
directions. (4) Broken lines can express the man-made patterns can be regular or irregular,
ephemeral or the insubstantial. (5) Thick lines can organic or geometric, structural or decorative,
positive or negative and repeating or random.
 design and architecture but may also relate to the
Natural Pattern: Pattern in art is often based on the illusion of 3D on a 2D surface.
inspiration we get from observing the natural
patterns that occur in nature. We can see these in Three-Dimensional Form can be modelled (added
the shape of a leaf and the branches of a tree, the form), carved (subtracted form) and constructed
structure of a crystal, the spiral of a shell, the (built form). It can be created from sculptural
symmetry of a snowflake and the camouflage and materials like clay, wax, plaster, wood, stone,
signaling patterns on animals, fish and insects. concrete, cast and constructed metal, plastics,
resins, glass and mixed media. It may also be
Man-Made Pattern: Pattern in art is used for both kinetic, involving light and movement generated by
structural and decorative purposes. For example, an natural, mechanical and electronic means. More
artist may plan the basic structure of an artwork by recently the CAD process of 3D printing has been
creating a compositional pattern of lines and added to the list of sculptural processes.
shapes. Within that composition he/she may
develop Its visual elements to create a more Two-Dimensional Form constructs the illusion of 3D
decorative pattern of color, tone and texture across in 2D media by a skillful manipulation of the visual
the work. elements. Perspective drawing, trompe l'oeil [1], 3D
computer graphics programs and holograms are
TEXTURE is the surface quality of an artwork the examples of 2D form.
roughness or smoothness of the material from which -Tongible (nahahawakan)
it is made. We experience texture in two ways: Ex:Statues, chair
optically (through sight) and physically (through
touch). ALL ANSWERS ARE TRUE:
1. The Visual Elements of Arts are somehow related
Optical Texture: An artist may use his/her skillful to each other.
painting technique to create the illusion of texture. 2. Color is the visual element that has the strongest
For example, in the detail from a traditional Dutch effect on our emotions.
still life above you can see remarkable verisimilitude 3. Texture is the surface quality of an artwork.
(the appearance of being real) in the painted insects 4. Line is the foundation of all drawing.
and drops of moisture on the silky surface of the 5. Shapes can be filled with tone and color, or
flower petals. repeated to create pattern.
-Skin parang makatotohanan ex:
monalisa.

Physical Texture: An artist may paint with expressive

brushstrokes whose texture conveys the physical
and emotional energy of both the artist and his/her
subject. They may also use the natural texture of
their materials to suggest their own unique qualities
such as the grain of wood, the grittiness of sand, the
flaking of rust, the coarseness of cloth and the
smear of paint.

Ephemeral Texture: This is a third category of

textures whose fleeting forms are subject to change
like clouds, smoke, flames bubbles and liquids:

FORM is the physical volume of a shape and the

space that it occupies. It can be representational or
abstract. Form generally refers to sculpture, 3D
MODULE 6 (Principles of Arts) example of contrast. Complementary colors placed
side by side is an example of contrast. Notan (light
THE PRINCIPLES OF ART and dark harmony) is an example of contrast.

-set of criteria in judging art 3. Emphasis is when the artist creates an area of the
The principles of art (or the principles of design) are composition that is visually dominant and commands
essentially a set of criteria which are used to explain the viewer's attention(catch the attention of viewer).
how the visual elements are arranged in a work of This is often achieved by contrast.
art. These principles are possibly the closest thing
we have to a set of objective criteria for analyzing 4. Movement is the result of using the elements of
and judging art. art such that they move the viewer's eye around and
within the image. A sense of movement can be
Art is a notoriously gray area when it comes created by diagonal or curvy lines, either real or
objectively defining what is great and what is not. An implied, by edges, by the illusion of space, by
artist of one era may be mocked during his lifetime, repetition, by energetic mark-making.
yet revered after his passing (such as Vincent van
Gogh). The principles of art help combat this gray 5. Pattern is the uniform repetition of any of the
area to some extent. They allow us to communicate elements of art or any combination thereof. Anything
what makes a great painting great with an element can be turned into a pattern through repetition.
of objectivity and consistency. Some classic patterns are spirals, grids, weaves.
For examples of different pattern types see the
1. Balance refers to the visual weight of the Artlandia Glossary of Pattern Design. A popular
elements of the composition. It is a sense that the drawing practice is Zentangles, in which an abstract
painting feels stable and "feels right." Imbalance or representational outline is divided into different
causes a feeling of discomfort in the viewer. areas, each of which contains a unique pattern.

Balance can be achieved in 3 different ways: 6. Rhythm is created by movement implied through
the repetition of elements of art in a non-uniform but
Symmetry, in which both sides of a composition organized way. It is related to rhythm in music.
have the same elements in the same position, as in Unlike pattern, which demands consistency, rhythm
a mirror-image, or the two sides of a face, relies on variety.

Asymmetry, in which the composition is balanced ALL ANSWERS ARE TRUE:

due to the contrast of any of the elements of art. For
example, a large circle on one side of a composition 1. Variety is the quality of having different forms or
might be balanced by a small square on the other types.
side 2. Too much unity creates monotony, too much
variety creates chaos.
Radial symmetry, in which elements are equally 3. When one image is mirrored on the other side to
spaced around a central point, as in the spokes repeat itself, it is symmetrically balanced.
coming out of the hub of a bicycle tire. 4. Pattern is the repetition of elements to help the
eye move around the artwork.
2. Contrast is the difference between elements of art 5. Rhythm is often achieved through the careful
in a composition, such that each element is made placement of repeated components
stronger in relation to the other. When placed next to
each other, contrasting elements command the
viewer's attention. Areas of contrast are among the
first places that a viewer's eye is drawn. Contrast
can be achieved by juxtapositions of any of the
elements of art. Negative/Positive space is an