Page 1 of 43

Unit 8: Acids and Bases

Schedule
# B Content Topics
1 3/11 Finding the pH of Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 8.1 – 8.3
2 3/13 Buffer Systems 8.4, 8.8
3 3/17 Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation and Buffer Capacity 8.9, 8.10
4 3/19 Acid-Base Titrations 8.5, 8.7
5 3/21 LAB 11: Design a Buffer --
6 3/25 Molecular Structure of Acids and Bases 8.6, 8.11
7 3/27 Progress Check 8 8.1 – 8.11
8 3/31 Mastery Check 8 8.1 – 8.11

Important Due Dates

 LAB 11: Background Questions, due 3/19 (B)
 Unit 8 Topic Questions, due 3/27 (B)
 Unit 8 Progress Check Reflection, due 3/31 (B)
 Unit 8 Mastery Check, 3/31 (B)
 LAB 11: Buffer Design Lab, due 4/2 (B)

Recommended Readings
 Chapter 14: Acids and Bases
 Chapter 15: Acid-Base Equilibria

Practice/ Review Questions

 Chapter 14: Review Questions, #1-10, pp.594-595
 Chapter 14: AP Multiple Choice Questions #1-23, pp.AP14A- AP14C
 Chapter 15: Review Questions, #1-10, pp.636-637
 Chapter 15: AP Multiple Choice Questions #1-17, pp.AP15A- AP15B
 Page 2 of 43

Important Vocabulary
pH, pOH, and Equilibria
1. pH – A measure of H3O+ concentration, calculated as: pH=−log ¿
2. pOH – A measure of OH− concentration, calculated as: pOH =−log ¿
3. Kw (Water Ionization Constant) – The equilibrium constant for the self-ionization of
water:
K w =¿
4. Ka (Acid Dissociation Constant) – The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a
weak acid:
K a =¿ ¿
5. pKa – The negative log of Ka, used to compare acid strengths: pK a=−log ( K a )
6. Kb (Base Dissociation Constant) – The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a
weak base:
K b =¿ ¿
7. pKb – The negative log of Kb, used to compare base strengths: pK b=−log ( K b )
8. Relationship Between Ka, Kb, and Kw – Used to relate acid-base pairs and to
calculate Ka from Kb and vice versa: K w = K a × K b

Titration and Indicators

9. Titration – A technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or
base using a solution of known concentration.
10. Equivalence Point – The point in a titration where moles of acid = moles of
base.
11. Half-Equivalence Point – The point where half of the acid has been
neutralized, so pH = pKa.
12. Titration Curve – A graph of pH vs. titrant volume that shows the equivalence
and buffering regions.
13. Acid-Base Indicator – A weak acid or base that changes color based on pH.
14. Endpoint – The pH at which an indicator changes color, ideally close to the
equivalence point.
Page 3 of 43
 Page 4 of 43
Buffer Solutions
15. Buffer – A solution containing a
weak acid and its conjugate base (or
weak base and its conjugate acid) that
resists pH changes.
16. Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation –
Used to calculate the pH of a buffer:
pH= pK a + log¿
17. Buffer Capacity – The ability of a
buffer to resist pH change; increases
with higher concentrations of buffer
components.
18. Conjugate Acid-Base Pair – Two
species that differ by a single H+:
H3O+/H2O or NH4+/NH3.
19. pH Range of a Buffer – A buffer is
most effective within pH= pK a ±1 .

Acid-Base Reactions
20. Brønsted-Lowry Acid – A substance that donates a proton (H +).
21. Brønsted-Lowry Base – A substance that accepts a proton (H +).
22. Neutralization Reaction – The reaction of an acid and a base to form water
and a salt:
 NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
 Ca(OH)2 + HC2H3O2  Ca(C2H3O2)2 + H2O
23. Hydrolysis – The reaction of an acidic or basic salt with water which affects
pH
24. Acidic Salt – A salt that lowers pH when dissolved in water. It is formed from
the reaction of a strong acid and a weak base. The cation comes from the weak

NH4Cl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + NH3 + Cl−

base and hydrolyzes to produce H3O+, making the solution acidic (e.g., NH4Cl).

25. Basic Salt – A salt that raises pH when dissolved is formed from the reaction
of a strong base and a weak acid. The anion comes from the weak acid and

NaF + H2O ⇌ HF + OH− + Na+

hydrolyzes to produce OH−, making the solution basic (e.g., NaF).

26. Polyprotic Acid – An acid that can donate more than one proton (e.g., H 3PO4)
with multiple pKa values).
 Page 5 of 43

Day 1: Finding the pH of Strong/Weak

Acids & Bases
Outcome:

Drill:
Complete the following acid base reactions by adding in the conjugate acid and the
conjugate base and labeling each.

1.

H2O(l) ⇌
H2S(aq) +
+

Conjugate Conjugate
acid base
2.

H2O(l) ⇌
CO32−(aq) +
+

Conjugate Conjugate
acid base

Agenda:
 Welcome to Unit 8
 Drill
 Finding pH of Acids and Bases Notes
 Weak Acid-Base Equilibria and pH Worksheet
 Day 1 Exit Ticket

Homework:
 Complete Topic Questions for 8.1 to 8.3
 Summarize Finding pH of Acids and Bases Notes
 Optional: Watch AP Daily Videos or Kahn Academy Videos for Topics 8.1 to 8.3
 Optional: Work on Equilibrium Math Review

Exit Ticket:
1. How are [H3O+], [OH−], and Kw related?
2. What is the relationship between H+ and H3O+?
3. A strong acid shows complete dissociation in solution, meaning [acid] = [H +].
Because weak acids do not fully dissociate, [acid] ≠ [H+]. How is finding the pH of
these solutions different?
4. How is the calculation of pH (or pOH) different for strong and weak acids/bases?
 Page 6 of 43

Finding pH of Acids and Bases Notes

Information Notes
The concentrations of
hydronium ion and hydroxide
ion are often reported as pH
and pOH.

2H2O(l) ⇌ ____________ + ____________

Water can self-ionize into
hydronium and hydroxide ions.

The equilibrium constant for K w =¿

this process is called Kw. This
can also be reported as pKw. pK w =¿

Water is “neutral” because [H3O+] = [OH−] = √ =¿

[H3O+] = [OH−]. pH = pOH = −log ()=7

Kw increases with higher At 50°C, Kw = 5.5×10−14. What is the pH of water at

temperatures, meaning the pH this temperature?
is lower than 7 above 25°C.

Molecules of a strong acid will HNO3(aq)  ____________ + ____________

completely ionize in aqueous
solution to produce hydronium Find pH of 0.0015 M HNO₃ solution.
ions and the conjugate base of
the acid.

Since strong acids completely

ionize, [H3O+] = initial acid
concentration and the pH is
easily calculated.
Strong bases (group 1 and 2 Ba(OH)2(aq)  ____________ + ____________
hydroxides) completely
dissociate to produce Find pH of 0.050 M Ba(OH)₂ solution.
hydroxide ions.

Since strong bases completely

ionize, [OH−] = initial base
concentration (group 1) or
double the initial base
concentration (group 2), and
the pOH (and pH) is easily
 Page 7 of 43
calculated.
Information Notes
Weak acids do not fully

HC2H3O2 + H2O ⇌ ____________ + ____________

dissociate, forming an
equilibrium with water. The
[H3O+]eq is much less than the
initial concentration of the acid.
−5
K a =1.8× 10 =¿
The equilibrium constant for a p K a=¿
weak acid is called Ka, which is
often reported as pKa.
Find the pH of 0.10 M HC2H3O2 solution.
To find the pH of a weak acid,
use the Ka and initial acid
concentration to find the
equilibrium concentration of
H3O+.

Find the percent ionization for HC2H3O2.

Percent ionization measures
how much the acid ionizes in
solution. The percent ionization
of a weak acid can be
calculated from its pKa and the
initial concentration of the acid.
Weak bases accept protons

NH3 + H2O ⇌ ____________ + ____________

from water, forming an
equilibrium. The [OH−]eq is
much less than the initial
concentration of the acid.
−5
K b =1.8× 10 =¿
The equilibrium constant for a p K b=¿
weak base is called Kb, which is
often reported as pKb.
Find the pH of 0.10 M NH3 solution.
To find the pH of a weak base,
use the Kb and initial base
concentration to find the
equilibrium concentration of
OH−, which gives pOH.

Find the percent ionization for NH3.

Percent ionization measures
how much the base ionizes in
solution. The percent ionization
 Page 8 of 43
of a weak base can be
calculated from its pKb and the
initial concentration of the
base.
Information Notes
For any conjugate acid-base K w =¿
pair, the Ka and Kb are related
by Kw. This allows us to The Ka for HC2H3O2 is 1.8×10−5. Find the Kb of its
determine the Ka of a conjugate conjugate base, C2H3O2−.
acid if Kb is known, or the Kb of
a conjugate base if Ka is known.

When a salt dissolves in water, Neutral salts: Cation comes from a _______________
its ions may react with water and anion comes from a _______________, so ions do
(hydrolyze) to affect the pH of not react with water.
the solution.
Acidic salts: Cation comes from a ________________ and
The pH change depends on undergoes hydrolysis, to donate H+ to water, forming
whether the salt comes from a H3O+, pH is ________________ than 7.
strong or weak acid and strong
or weak base. Basic salts: Anion comes from a ________________ and
undergoes hydrolysis to accept H+ from water
forming OH−, pH is ________________ than 7.
Variable salts are not tested on
the AP exam. Variable salts: Cation comes from a _______________,
anion comes from a _______________, pH depends on
size of Ka vs. Kb.
Summary: Write a summary of your notes.
 Page 9 of 43

Weak Acid-Base Equilibria and pH

Worksheet
1. The diagram below represents a solution of a strong acid and a solution of a weak
acid.

a. Complete the table below based on the diagram.

Aci Moles [H3O+] [OH–] Strong or Pictur
d added M M Weak? e

1.0x10–
HCl 0.10 0.10 13

8.5x10 1.2x10–
HF 0.10 –3 12

b. What do each of the following represent in the diagram?

2. The diagram below represents a solution of a strong base and a solution of a weak
base.

a. Complete the table below based on the diagram.

Base Moles [H3O+] [OH–] Strong or Pictur
 Page 10 of 43

added M M Weak? e

NaO 1.0x10–
0.10 0.10
H 13

1.0x10– 1.0x1
NH3 0.10 11
0–3

b. What do each of the following represent in the diagram?

pH of a Weak Acid
3. Consider the reaction for the weak acid HOCl (Ka = 2.9x10–8 at 25°C) with water:

H2O(l) ⇌
HOCl(aq) +
+

Conjugate Conjugate
acid base
a. Complete the following table if 0.30 moles of HOCl are added to enough
water to make 1.00 L of solution at 25°C.

R HOCl H3O+ OCl–

b. Determine the equilibrium concentration of all species.

c. Determine the pH of the solution.
d. Determine the percent ionization for the weak acid.
 Page 11 of 43
pH of a Weak Base
4. Consider the reaction for the weak base C5H5N (Kb =1.7x10–9 at 25°C) with water:

H2O(l) ⇌
C5H5N(aq) +
+

Conjugate Conjugate
acid base
a. Complete the following table if 0.30 moles of C 5H5N are added to enough
water to make 1.00 L of solution at 25°C.
R C5H5N OH– C5H5NH+

b. Determine the equilibrium concentration of all species.

c. Determine the pH of the solution.
d. Determine the percent ionization for the weak base.
 Page 12 of 43
Salts that Impact pH
5. Calculate the pH of a 0.30 M NaF solution. The K a of HF = 7.2x10–4.
a. What ions are formed when NaF dissolves? Which impact pH?
b. If an ion can act as an acid or base, write the chemical equation for its
reaction with water and Ka or Kb expression.
c. Create a RICE chart to solve for the resulting concentration of H + or OH– due
to the addition of the salt.
R

d. The value of Ka is given. Use K w = K a × K b to determine Kb.

e. Solve for the value of x. Is this the [OH –] or [H+]?
f. Find the pH.
 Page 13 of 43
6. Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M NH4Cl solution. The Kb of NH3 = 1.8x10 . –5

a. What ions are formed when NH4Cl dissolves? Which will impact pH?
b. If an ion can act as an acid or base, write the chemical equation for its
reaction with water and Ka or Kb expression.
c. Create a RICE chart to solve for the resulting concentration of H + or OH– due
to the addition of the salt.
R

d. The value of Kb is given. Use K w = K a × K b to determine Ka.

e. Solve for the value of x. Is this the [OH –] or [H+]?
f. Find the pH.
 Page 14 of 43

Day 2: Buffer Systems

Outcome:

Drill:
For each of the following salts, predict if they will impact the pH of pure water. If so,
indicate if the pH would be acidic or basic upon addition of the salt.
1. KNO3

2. Na2CO3

3. KF

4. NaOCl

5. LiBr

Agenda:
 Drill
 Buffer Systems Worksheet
 Day 2 Exit Ticket

Homework:
 Complete Topic Questions for 8.4 and 8.8
 Optional: Watch AP Daily Videos or Kahn Academy Videos for Topics 8.4 and 8.8
 Optional: Work on Equilibrium Math Review

Exit Ticket:
1. What components are required to prepare a buffer?
2. Compare the Ka for two weak acids, one with a pH of 2.0 and the other with pH of 5.0.
3. Explain why a strong acid cannot be used as a buffer component.
4. How does the amount of added acid or base a buffer can withstand related to the amount of weak
base/ weak acid present?
 Page 15 of 43

Buffer Systems Worksheet

Buffers are solutions that contain components to allow the solution to resist changes in
pH when an acid or a base is added.

1. Each of the following tables describes a different solution.

a. For Beaker A and B, fill in the RICE/RICF charts.
b. For Beaker C and D, fill in the RICE charts. Solve for the equilibrium
concentrations.

Beaker A: 100 mL pure water

Beaker B: 100 mL of 1.00 M HCl
(Kw = 1.0×10–14)

H2O(l) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq) HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl–(aq)

R 2 H2O ⇌ H3O+ OH– R HCl → H3O+ Cl–

I --- --- I ---

C --- --- C ---

E --- --- Final ---

Beaker D: 100 mL of 1.00 M HNO2 mixed

Beaker C: 100 mL of 1.00 M HNO2
with 100 mL of 1.00 M NaNO2
(Ka = 4.6×10–4)
(Be careful – dilution!)

HNO2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + NO2–

HNO2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + NO2–(aq)
(aq)

R HNO2 ⇌ H3O+ NO2– R HNO2 ⇌ H3O+ NO2–

I --- I ---

C --- C ---

E --- E ---

solv solv
--- ---
e e
 Page 16 of 43
2. Imagine that 1.00 M sodium hydroxide was added dropwise to each of the beakers.
List the species in each beaker that would react with this added base and
neutralize it. If neutralization is not likely to occur, write none.
Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C Beaker D

3. Imagine that 1.00 M hydrochloric acid was added dropwise to each of the beakers.
List the species in each beaker that would react with this added base and
neutralize it. If neutralization is not likely to occur, write none.
Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C Beaker D

A buffer solution is one that can neutralize small quantities of acid and base. This is
possible because the solution contains both a weak acid and a weak base (the weak
base is usually the conjugate base of the weak acid), allowing the solution to keep a
constant pH.

4. Which beaker contains a buffer? _____ For this buffer…

a. What species is the weak acid? What species is the weak base?

b. Write the neutralization reaction that would take place if 1.0 M NaOH were
added to this buffer. Use your equation to explain why this solution resists
changing pH.

c. Write the neutralization reaction that would take place if 1.0 M HCl were
added to this buffer. Use your equation to explain why this solution resists
changing pH.

d. Suppose that you added 101 mL of 1.0 M HCl to the buffer. The solution will
become very acidic. Why is this the case? (HINT: think about how much acid
and base reacts.)
 Page 17 of 43
5. Determine the pH in each of the following buffer systems by calculating [H 3O+].

Beaker 1 Beaker 2
100 mL 1.0 M NH4Cl 100 mL 1.0 M HF
100 mL 1.0 M NH3 100 mL 1.0 M NaF
Ka for NH4+ = 5.6x10–10 Ka for HF = 3.5x10–4

NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq) HF(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + F–(aq)

R NH4+(aq) ⇌ H3O+(aq) NH3(aq) R HF(aq) ⇌ H3O+(aq) F–(aq)

I --- I ---

C --- C ---

E --- E ---

Beaker 3 Beaker 4
100 mL 1.0 M H2CO3 100 mL 1.0 M HF
100 mL 1.0 M NaHCO3 300 mL 1.0 M NaF
Ka for H2CO3 = 4.4x10–7 Ka for HF = 3.5x10–4

H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HCO3–(aq) HF(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + F–(aq)

H2CO3(aq ⇌
⇌
R H3O+(aq)
HCO3–(aq) R HF(aq) H3O+(aq) F–(aq)
)

I --- I ---

C --- C ---

E --- E ---
 Page 18 of 43
6. Do all buffers keep solutions at a neutral pH? Explain.

7. Calculate the pKa by taking the –log of the Ka for each beaker.
Beaker 1 Ka = 5.6x10–10 pKa = pH = 9.25

Beaker 2 Ka = 3.5x10–4 pKa = pH = 3.46

Beaker 3 Ka = 4.4x10–7 pKa = pH = 6.36

Beaker 4 Ka = 3.5x10–4 pKa = pH = 3.93

8. How are the pKa values of the weak acids related to the pH of the buffer system…
a. When equal moles of acid and base are combined (Beaker 1, 2, 3)?

b. When unequal moles of acid and base are combined (Beaker 4)?
 Page 19 of 43

Day 3: Henderson-Hasselbalch & Buffer

Capacity
Outcome:

Drill:
1. Complete the diagram below to show what happens when an acid or a base is
added to a buffer solution.

2. Why does a mixture of HCl and NaCl not produce a buffer?

Agenda:
 Drill
 Henderson-Hasselbalch and Buffer Capacity Worksheet
 Day 3 Exit Ticket

Homework:
 Complete Topic Questions for 8.9 and 8.10
 Optional: Watch AP Daily Videos or Kahn Academy Videos for Topics 8.9 and 8.10
 Optional: Work on Equilibrium Math Review

Exit Ticket:
1. How does adding small amounts of acid or base to a buffer system impact the ¿ ¿ ratio in the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
2. Buffer capacity depends on the magnitudes of [A–] and [HA]. The pH depends on the ratio [HA]/[A–].
Explain.
3. A buffer system is made from 0.50 moles of a weak acid and 0.60 moles of its conjugate base. Can this
buffer neutralize more acid or base and why?
 Page 20 of 43

Henderson-Hasselbalch & Buffer

Capacity Worksheet
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
The equation below represents a typical dissociation of an acid and its K a expression.
HA(aq) +H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + A–(aq) K a =¿ ¿
Rearranging, we have:
¿

We can take the log of each side of the above equation and rearrange to yield the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (note that [HA] and [A–] switched due to log rules):

pH= pK a + log ¿ o
r
pH= pK a + log ( [[base
acid ] )
]

1. Return to Question 5 from the Acid-Base Reactions and Buffer Systems Worksheet
and use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH in Beaker 2 and
Beaker 4. How do your previous answers compare?

HF(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + F–(aq) HF(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + F–(aq)

Beaker 2 Beaker 4

100 mL 1.0 M HF 100 mL 1.0 M HF

100 mL 1.0 M NaF 300 mL 1.0 M NaF
[HF] = ____________ M [HF] = ____________ M
[NaF] = ____________ M [NaF] = ____________ M
Ka for HF = 3.5x10–4 Ka for HF = 3.5x10–4
 Page 21 of 43
2. For a buffer containing acetic acid (Ka = 1.8×10 ) and sodium acetate:
−5

a. Calculate the pH in a 1.0 L solution with 0.52 moles HC 2H3O2 and 0.26 moles
of NaC2H3O2.

b. Draw a particulate diagram of the compounds and ions in solution.

c. When 30.0 mL of 0.1 M sodium acetate is mixed with 20.0 mL of 0.2 M acetic
acid what is the pH of the buffering solution?

3. To create a 1.00-L buffer with a pH of 9.45, how many grams of ammonium

chloride must be added to 1.00 L of 0.100 M ammonia (K b = 1.8×10−5)?
 Page 22 of 43
Buffer Capacity
Buffer capacity is defined as the moles of an acid or base necessary to change the pH of
a solution by 1, divided by the pH change and the volume of buffer in liters; it is a
unitless number. It represents the number of protons or hydroxide ions the buffer can
absorb without a significant change in pH.

4. A chemist needs a buffer at pH 4.30.

They can choose from the following acid-base pairs:
Acid-Base Pair Ka pKa

Chloroacetic acid and sodium acetate 1.35x10–3

Propanoic acid and sodium propanoate 1.3x10–5

Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate 6.4x10–5

Hypochlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite 3.5x10–8

a. Calculate the pKa for each acid and fill in the data table. Which system will
work best?

b. If the buffer needs to withstand the addition of 10 mL of 0.10 M HCl, how

many moles of the weak base do you need to use?

c. If the buffer needs to withstand the addition of 10 mL of 0.10 M NaOH, how

many moles of the weak acid do you need to use?

d. Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to solve for the ratio of base to

acid to give the exact desired pH. Use this to adjust your previous answers
for moles of weak acid and moles of weak base needed to make your buffer.
 Page 23 of 43
4. A chemist needs a buffer at pH 4.30. (Con’t.)
e. Does this buffer have a greater capacity for neutralizing acids or bases?
Why?

f. What if the buffer needs to withstand the addition of 100 mL of 0.10 M NaOH
and HCl? How many moles of weak acid and weak base are required?

g. Does this change the pH of the buffer? Why or why not?

5. For each of the following statements about buffers, indicate if the statement is true
or false.
a. A buffer solution is most effective when the concentrations of its conjugate
acid and base are equal.

b. Increasing the concentration of both the weak acid and conjugate base in a
buffer increases its buffer capacity.

c. If you add a strong acid to a buffer, the pH will always remain exactly the
same.

d. The buffer capacity is exhausted when either the weak acid or its conjugate
base is completely consumed.

e. Diluting a buffer solution does not change its pH.

f. Buffer capacity depends on the magnitudes of [A –] and [HA].

g. The pH depends on the ratio [A–]/[HA].

 Page 24 of 43
Protonation State of an Acid/Base
The protonation state of an acid or base can be predicted by comparing the pH of a
solution to the pKa of the acid in that solution.
 When the solution pH < pKa, the acid form has a higher concentration than the
base form.
 When the solution pH = pKa, the acid form has an equal concentration to the base
form.
 When the solution pH > pKa, the base form has a higher concentration than the
acid form.

6. A buffer solution is created using the weak acid HF (K a = 6.30×10−4) and the salt
NaF. Predict the relative concentrations of HF and F at each pH below.
>, <,
or =
[HF [F
a. 1.65
] −
]
[HF [F
b. 3.2
] −
]
[HF [F
c. 4.6
] −
]
[HF [F
d. 7.2
] −
]

7. In question 6b, the pH = pKa. How does your answer to question 6b relate to the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

pH= pK a + log ¿ o
r
pH= pK a + log
( [[ ]] )
base
acid
 Page 25 of 43

Day 4: Acid-Base Titrations

Outcome:

Drill:
A student is performing a titration to determine the molarity of a sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution. They use potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP, KHC 8H4O4), a monoprotic
weak acid with a known molar mass of 204.22 g/mol. The student dissolves 0.850 g of
KHP in water and titrates it with an unknown concentration of NaOH. It takes 32.50 mL of
NaOH to reach the equivalence point.

1. Write the balanced neutralization reaction between KHP and NaOH.

2. Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution based on the given data.

Agenda:
 Drill
 Selecting an Indicator Worksheet
 Acid-Base Titration Notes
 Species Impacting pH during a Titration Notes
 Calculating the pH during a Titration Worksheet
 Day 4 Exit Ticket

Homework:
 Complete Topic Questions for 8.5 and 8.7
 Summarize Acid-Base Titration and Species Impacting pH during a Titration Notes
 Optional: Watch AP Daily Videos or Kahn Academy Videos for Topics 8.5 and 8.7
 Optional: Work on Equilibrium Math Review

Exit Ticket:
1. What information can be determined from a titration?
2. Describe the composition of a weak acid titrated with a strong base at the
equivalence point and at the half equivalence point.
HA + MOH  MA + H2O
3. Explain how to select an indicator for a titration.
4. If the pH of a buffer is equal to the pKa of the acid used to make the buffer, how do
the relative concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base compare?
 Page 26 of 43

Selecting an Indicator Worksheet

There are two common methods for determining the equivalence point of a titration:
 Monitor pH using a probe, plot the curve and find the center of the vertical region
 Use an acid-base indicator that changes at the pH of the equivalence point

Acid-base indicators are weak acids (represented by HIn), meaning that the
concentration of the indicator components are defined by an equilibrium. The color of
the indicator is different in its protonated (HIn) and deprotonated (In–) forms.
HIn ⇌ H+(aq) + In–(aq) K a =¿ ¿
For a typical acid-base indicator with dissociation constant K a, the color transition occurs
over a range of pH values given by pKa ±1.

HIn + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + In−

1. Consider an indicator with a Ka = 1.0×10−4.

Yellow Red
Which of the following are correct?
a. The predominant color in its acid range is yellow.

b. In the middle of the pH range of its color change a solution containing the
indicator will probably be orange.

c. At pH = 7.00, a solution containing this indicator (and no other colored

species) will be red. (Hint: Write the equilibrium constant expression for the
indicator.)

d. At pH = 7.00, most of the indicator is in the un-ionized form.

e. The pH at which the indicator changes color is pH = 4.

2. A student is performing a titration of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide, The

reaction is:
HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)

The pKa of acetic acid is 4.76. The student has the following acid-base indicators
available, along with their pKa values and color change ranges.
pK Color Change pH
Indicator
a Range
Methyl Orange 3.7 3.1 – 4.4
Bromothymol
7.1 6.0 – 7.6
Blue
Phenolphthalei
9.4 8.2 – 10.0
n

Which indicator would be the best choice for detecting the equivalence point of
this titration? Justify your answer.
 Page 27 of 43

Acid-Base Titration Notes

Information Notes
A titration is a technique used
to determine the concentration
of an unknown acid or base by
reacting it with a known
concentration of a base or
acid.

The titrant is added until all

analyte reacts (marked with an
indicator) find concentration
using the known volume and
concentration of the titrant
and known volume of analyte.

Titrant – The solution with

known concentration added
from a burette.

Analyte – The solution with

unknown concentration in the
flask.

Titration Curve – A graph of pH

vs. volume of titrant added.

Half-Equivalence Point – The

point where half of the
acid/base has reacted, where
pH = pKa for weak acids.

Equivalence Point – The point

where moles of acid = moles
of base.

Endpoint – The point where the

indicator changes color, which
should be close to the
equivalence point.
 Page 28 of 43
Information Notes
 The _____________ the acid, the _____________ the
initial pH.
 Weak acids have a _________________________: As
the acid is neutralized, it forms the
___________________________, forming a buffer.
 The pH at the equivalence point is _______________
for weak acids due to being converted into its
____________________.
 Strong acids have ___________ rise near the
equivalent point, weak acids have a more
___________ rise due to buffering.
Bufferin
Acid Shape
Initial pH g pH @ EP
type near EP
Region?
Strong

Weak
Polyprotic acids have multiple Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a ______________ acid
protons to donate, so they meaning it has ______ dissociable protons that react
have multiple pKa values. with OH− in distinct steps.

Each pKa represents the H3PO4(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + ___________(aq)

H2PO4–(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + ___________ (aq)

equilibrium between two
forms.

Titration of H3PO4 by NaOH HPO4–2(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + ___________ (aq)

Regio Dominant Notes

n species
BR1 pH @ ½ EP1 = pKa1 = 2.1
All H3PO4 converted to
EP1
H2PO4–
BR2 pH @ ½ EP2 = pKa2 = 7.2
All H2PO4– converted to
EP2
HPO4–2
BR3 pH @ ½ EP3 = pKa3 = 12.3
All HPO4–2 converted to
EP3
PO4–3
Summary: Write a summary of your notes.
Page 29 of 43
 Page 30 of 43

Species Impacting pH during a Titration Notes

Titration
pH Curve

Strong Acid Weak Acid Strong Base Weak Base

Analyte
25.0 mL 0.10 M HNO3 25.0 mL 0.10 M HC2H3O2 25.0 mL 0.10 M NaOH 25.0 mL 0.10 M NH3
Strong Base Strong Base Strong Acid Strong Acid
Titrant
0.10 M NaOH 0.10 M NaOH 0.10 M HCl 0.10 M HCl
Initially
(0 mL
titrant)

Before EP
(0.1 to 24.9
mL titrant)

At EP
(25 mL
titrant)

Past EP
(> 25 mL
titrant)
 Page 31 of 43

Calculating the pH during a Titration

Worksheet
1. If a 50.0 mL sample of 0.100 M HCN (Ka = 6.2x10–10) is titrated with 0.10 M NaOH,
calculate the pH of the solution:
a. After 8.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH has been added.
b. At the halfway point of the titration.
c. At the equivalence point of the titration.
 Page 32 of 43
2. If a 100.0 mL sample of 0.050 M NH3 (Kb = 1.8×10 ) is titrated with 0.10 M HCl,
−5

calculate the pH of the solution:

a. Initially
b. After 50.00 mL of 0.10 M HCl has been added.
c. After 100.00 mL of 0.10 M HCl has been added.
 Page 33 of 43

Day 5: LAB 11 Design a Buffer

Outcome:

Drill:
1. Meet with your lab group and complete the Buffer Design Worksheet in your lab
notebook.

Agenda:
 Drill
 Complete LAB 11.
 LAB 11 Analysis Questions

Homework:
 LAB 11: Buffer Design Lab, due 4/2 (B)
 Topic Questions 8.1 – 8.5 and 8.7 – 8.10 should be complete
 Optional: Watch AP Daily Videos or Kahn Academy Videos
 Optional: Work on Equilibrium Math Review

 Page 34 of 43

Buffer Design Worksheet

Answer the following in your lab notebook.

1. Based on your assigned buffer and the available chemicals, what are the components of your buffer
system?
Target pH:
Weak acid component:
Weak base
component:

2. For your acidic buffer component:

a. Write and balance a chemical equation for the reaction of OH− and your acidic buffer
component.
b. How many moles of the acidic buffer component do you need to neutralize 20 mL of 0.10 M
OH−?
c. Using the moles of the acidic buffer component, determine how much you need to measure
out. Some components are solutions (ask for M, report mL) and some are solids (report grams).

3. For your basic buffer component:

a. Write and balance a chemical equation for the reaction of H+ and your basic buffer component.
b. How many moles of the basic buffer component do you need to neutralize 20 mL of 0.10 M H +?
c. Using the moles of the acidic buffer component, determine how much you need to measure
out. Some components are solutions (report mL) and some are solids (report grams).

4. Copy the procedure below into your lab notebook. Be sure to reference specific chemicals, volumes,
and masses based on your calculations.
a. Measure the calculated volume of solution using a graduated cylinder. Add this to a beaker.
Record the exact volume, molarity, and identity of the solution.
b. Measure the calculated amount of solid using a weigh boat and scale. Record the exact mass
and identity of the solid. Add this solid to the same beaker, rinsing all the solid down using a
wash bottle.
c. Add the contents of the beaker to a 100 mL volumetric flask, rinsing down the sides of the
beaker using the wash bottle and adding the rinse. Swirl the flask to ensure all solid has
dissolved.
d. Use the wash bottle to bring the total volume of solution up to 100.00 mL by slowly filling to the
etch mark on the 100 mL volumetric flask.
 Page 35 of 43
Buffer Mission Cards
Prepare 100 mL of buffer for an antiviral agent. Your agent is designed for use
Mission

against a strain of virus that attacks drug-producing bacteria that grow in pH

1 just below neutral environments. The buffer should have a pH of 6.4 ± 0.5 with
the ability to stay within ± 1 pH unit of this target with the addition of up to 20
mL of 0.10 M HCl or NaOH.
Prepare 100 mL of buffer for an antifungal agent. Your agent is designed for
Mission

use against a fungus that attacks food sources that grow in acidic soil. Its
2
buffer should have a pH of 4.7 ± 0.5 with the ability to stay within ± 1 pH unit
of this target with the addition of up to 20 mL of 0.10 M HCl or NaOH.
Prepare 100 mL of buffer for a fungus study. Your buffer is designed for use
Mission

against a fungus that attacks food sources that grow in basic soil. The buffer
3
should have a pH of 9.2 ± 0.5 with the ability to stay within ± 1 pH unit of this
target with the addition of up to 20 mL of 0.10 M HCl or NaOH.
Prepare 100 mL of buffer for an antiviral agent. Your agent is designed for use
Mission

against a strain of virus that attacks drug-producing bacteria that survive and
4 grow in acidic environments. Its buffer should have a pH of 3.1 ± 0.5 with the
ability to stay within ± 1 pH unit of this target with the addition of up to 20 mL
of 0.10 M HCl or NaOH.
Prepare 100 mL of buffer for an antibiological agent. Your agent is designed for
Mission

use in the human body. Its buffer should have a pH of 7.2 ± 0.5 with the ability
5
to stay within ± 1 pH unit of this target with the addition of up to 20 mL of 0.10
M HCl or NaOH.
Prepare 100 mL of buffer for an antibiological agent. Your agent is designed for
Mission

use in acidic environments. Its buffer should have a pH of 2.1 ± 0.5 with the
6
ability to stay within ± 1 pH unit of this target with the addition of up to 20 mL
of 0.10 M HCl or NaOH.
Prepare 100 mL of buffer for a bacteriological study. Your buffer is designed for
Mission

use in slightly acidic environments. The buffer should have a pH of 6.1 ± 0.5
7
with the ability to stay within ± 1 pH unit of this target with the addition of up
to 20 mL of 0.10 M HCl or NaOH.

Available Materials for Buffer Missions

Acids
 Sodium monohydrogen citrate (solid, Na 2HC6H5O7), Ka of HC6H5O72− = 4.0×10−7
 0.10 M Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Ka of CH3COOH = 1.8x10–5
 Ammonium chloride (solid, NH4Cl), Ka of NH4+ = 5.7x10–10
 Citric acid (solid, H3C6H5O7), Ka of H3C6H5O7 = 7.1×10−4
 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (solid, NaH 2PO4), Ka of H2PO4− = 6.3×10−8
 0.10 M Phosphoric acid (H3PO4), Ka of H3PO4 = 7.1×10−3
 Carbonic acid (soda water, H2CO3), Ka of H2CO3 = 4.4×10−7
Bases
 Sodium citrate (solid, NaC6H5O7)
 Sodium acetate (solid, NaCH3COO)
 0.10 M Ammonia (NH3)
 Sodium dihydrogen citrate (solid, NaH2C6H5O7)
 Sodium hydrogen phosphate (solid, Na 2HPO4)
 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (solid, NaH 2PO4)
 Sodium hydrogen carbonate (solid, NaHCO 3)
 Page 36 of 43

Day 6: Molecular Structure of Acids and

Bases
Outcome:

Drill:
1. What ions are formed when CaF2(s) is dissolved in water?
2. What compound is formed when H+ (from an acid) is added to the solution? Is this a strong or weak
acid?
3. What impact does this have on the [F−] in the solution?
4. Why does adding acid have an impact on the dissolving of CaF2, but no impact on the dissolving of
AgCl?

Agenda:
 Drill
 Molecular Structure of Acids and Bases Worksheet

Homework:
 Complete Topic Questions for 8.6 and 8.11
 Optional: Watch AP Daily Videos or Kahn Academy Videos for Topics 8.6 and 8.11
 Optional: Work on Equilibrium Math Review

Exit Ticket:
1. What factors influence if a proton is acidic?
2. Why are some acids stronger than others? Explain using an example of a strong acid and a weak acid.
3. If a salt of weak acid or weak base is involved in an equilibrium, why does changing the pH impact its
solubility?
 Page 37 of 43

Molecular Structure of Acids and Bases

Worksheet
The Effect of Bond Strength
To break a chemical bond, energy must be absorbed. The amount of energy required to
break (or form) a chemical bond is the bond enthalpy, a measure of bond strength.
Grou Aci Bon Bond Enthalpy
Ka
p d d (kJ/mol)

1.8x10–
H2O H–O 463 16

A
1.0x10–
H2S H–S 367 7

NH4 5.6x10–
+ H–N 390 10

B
PH4
+ H–P 325 ≈1014

7.2x10–
HF H–F 586 4

HCl H–Cl 432 1x106

C
H–
HBr 366 1x109
Br

HI H–I 298 3x109

1. Comparing the acids in Group A:

a. How does bond enthalpy impact the strength of the acid? Explain.

b. Is this trend consistent with Group B and Group C? Explain.

2. Comparing the acids in Group C:

a. What is the difference in bond enthalpy for HBr and HI? How does it relate to
the difference in Ka for these acids?

b. What is the difference in bond enthalpy for HF and HCl? How does it relate to
the difference in Ka for these acids?
 Page 38 of 43

c. Chemical bonds with large bond enthalpy values are difficult to break. How
does this relate to the Ka value of the acid?
 Page 39 of 43
The Effect of Polarity
Bon Bond Enthalpy (kJ/ Electronegativit
Molecule Ka
d mol) ies

H: 2.1 3.2x10–
H–C 413
C: 2.5 16

H: 2.1
H–Cl H–Cl 432 1x106
Cl: 3.0

3. Compare the bond strength of H–C and H–Cl. Based one bond strength alone,
which acid do you expect to have the higher K a value?

4. Compare the difference in electronegativity values for the H–C and H–Cl bonds.
Based on this, which bond is more polar, and thus more likely to dissociate in
water?

5. Use your answers to explain why the H in HCl is acidic, and the H in CHCl 3 is not.

6. When the bond strength is similar, what effect does electronegativity difference
have on acid strength?
 Page 40 of 43
Which H is Acidic?
For molecules with more than one hydrogen atom, the hydrogen atom with the largest
partial positive charge tends to be the acidic hydrogen.

7. What is the sum of the partial charges on each of the molecules above?

8. Circle the most acidic hydrogen in each acid. Explain your choice.

9. Which acid is most likely stronger? Explain your reasoning.

 Page 41 of 43
Acidity of Molecules with X–O–H Bonds
For molecules that contain oxygen atoms, the most acidic hydrogen atom is bonded to
an oxygen atom.
Grou X (in X–O– Partial Charge on Acidic
Acid Ka
p H) Hydrogen

1.8x10–
CH3COOH CH3CO– 0.298 5

CH2ClCOO 1.4x10–
CH2ClCO– 0.308
A H 3

CHCl2COO 5.1x10–
CHCl2CO– 0.317
H 2

CCl3COOH CCl3CO– 0.325 0.22

2.9x10–
HOCl Cl– 0.280 8

2.4x10–
B HOBr Br– 0.275 9

2.3x10–
HOI I– 0.270 11

10. In Group A, why does the partial charge on the acidic hydrogen increase as more
chlorine atoms are added?

11. Explain the decreasing partial charge on the acidic hydrogen in Group B.

12. What is the relationship between acid strength and the partial positive charge on
the acidic hydrogen?

13. The Ka for CCl3COOH is 0.22. Predict a value of Ka for CF3COOH. Explain your
reasoning.
14. For each of the following pairs of acids, predict which will have the larger K a.
 Page 42 of 43
a. H2S and H2Se
b. HONO and HOPO
c. NH4+ and Cl3NH+
d. H2S and H2Te
e. HONO2 and HONO
 Page 43 of 43

Day 7: Progress Check

Outcome:

Agenda:
 Turn in Topic Questions HWs
 Progress Check FRQ
 Go over FRQ
 Progress Check MCQ
 Progress Check Reflection

Homework:
 Complete progress check reflection.
 Prepare for mastery check, create notecard.
 LAB 11 due 4/2

Day 8: Mastery Check

Agenda:
 Turn in Progress Check Reflection
 Turn in LAB 11 (due by 11:59 PM on 4/2 on Brightspace)
 Mastery Check 8 - Timed