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SCALA Basics

Scala is a modern programming language that integrates object-oriented and functional programming, running on the JVM for Java compatibility. It features concise syntax, strong static typing, and supports concurrency through Akka, making it suitable for big data and web applications. Key concepts include variables, control flow, functions, collections, OOP, pattern matching, and web development frameworks like Play Framework.

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8 views4 pages

SCALA Basics

Scala is a modern programming language that integrates object-oriented and functional programming, running on the JVM for Java compatibility. It features concise syntax, strong static typing, and supports concurrency through Akka, making it suitable for big data and web applications. Key concepts include variables, control flow, functions, collections, OOP, pattern matching, and web development frameworks like Play Framework.

Uploaded by

Praveena G
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SCALA Basics

Chapter 1: Introduction to Scala

Scala is a modern programming language that combines object-oriented and functional


programming features. It runs on the JVM (Java Virtual Machine), making it highly compatible with
Java. Scala is designed to be concise, elegant, and expressive, providing powerful abstractions for
developers.

Key Features of Scala

 Interoperability with Java: Scala can seamlessly interact with Java libraries and frameworks.

 Concise Syntax: Reduces boilerplate code compared to Java.

 Functional Programming: Supports immutability, higher-order functions, and pattern


matching.

 Concurrency: Uses Akka for reactive programming, making parallel execution efficient.

 Strong Static Typing: Detects errors at compile time, ensuring robust code.

Chapter 2: Scala vs Java

Scala improves upon Java by offering modern programming paradigms, better syntax, and built-in
functional programming capabilities.

Feature Java Scala

Syntax Verbose, requires more lines Concise and expressive

Type Inference Explicit type declaration Automatically inferred

Concurrency Threads & Executors Akka for reactive programming

Functional Programming Limited support Fully supports FP

Pattern Matching Requires manual logic Built-in pattern matching

Scala is particularly useful for big data processing, web applications, and distributed systems.

Chapter 3: Variables and Data Types

Scala provides two types of variables:

 Immutable (val): Values that cannot be changed after initialization.

 Mutable (var): Values that can be modified.

Example:

val immutableVar = 10 // Cannot be changed

var mutableVar = 20 // Can be changed

mutableVar = 30 // Allowed

Data Types
 Int: 32-bit integer (e.g., 10, -3)

 Double: Floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14)

 Boolean: true or false

 String: Sequence of characters (e.g., "Hello")

Chapter 4: Control Flow and Loops

Scala provides multiple control structures:

 Conditional Statements (if-else)

 Looping Constructs (for, while)

Example:

val x = 15

if (x > 10) println("Greater than 10")

else println("Less or equal to 10")

Looping Example:

for (i <- 1 to 5) println(i) // Outputs: 1 2 3 4 5

Chapter 5: Functions in Scala

Functions are first-class citizens in Scala, meaning they can be assigned to variables, passed as
arguments, and returned from other functions.

Defining Functions:

def add(x: Int, y: Int): Int = x + y

println(add(5, 3)) // Output: 8

Higher-Order Functions:

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function.

val multiply = (x: Int, y: Int) => x * y

println(multiply(3, 4)) // Output: 12

Chapter 6: Collections and Functional Programming

Scala has rich collection libraries, including:

 Lists (ordered collections)

 Sets (unique elements)

 Maps (key-value pairs)

Example:

val numbers = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)


val squaredNumbers = numbers.map(x => x * x)

println(squaredNumbers) // Output: List(1, 4, 9, 16, 25)

Chapter 7: Object-Oriented Programming in Scala

Scala fully supports OOP concepts such as classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Example:

class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) {

def greet(): String = s"Hello, my name is $name and I am $age years old."

val person = new Person("Alice", 25)

println(person.greet())

Chapter 8: Pattern Matching & Case Classes

Pattern matching in Scala is an advanced form of switch-case.

Example:

def matchTest(x: Int): String = x match {

case 1 => "One"

case 2 => "Two"

case _ => "Other"

println(matchTest(2)) // Output: Two

Chapter 9: Concurrency with Akka

Scala provides Akka, an actor-based concurrency model that helps in writing parallel applications
efficiently.

Example:

import akka.actor._

class HelloActor extends Actor {

def receive = {

case "hello" => println("Hello, Akka!")

case _ => println("Unknown message")

}
val system = ActorSystem("HelloSystem")

val helloActor = system.actorOf(Props[HelloActor], name = "helloactor")

helloActor ! "hello"

Chapter 10: Scala for Web Development

Scala is widely used in web frameworks such as Play Framework, which is reactive and highly
scalable.

Example:

import play.api._

import play.api.mvc._

object HelloController extends Controller {

def hello = Action { Ok("Hello, Scala Web!") }

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