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Scala

Scala is a modern programming language that integrates object-oriented and functional programming, running on the JVM for Java interoperability. It features concise syntax, strong static typing, and supports concurrency through Akka, making it suitable for big data processing and web applications. Key concepts include variables, control flow, functions, collections, object-oriented programming, pattern matching, and web development frameworks like Play Framework.

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4 views4 pages

Scala

Scala is a modern programming language that integrates object-oriented and functional programming, running on the JVM for Java interoperability. It features concise syntax, strong static typing, and supports concurrency through Akka, making it suitable for big data processing and web applications. Key concepts include variables, control flow, functions, collections, object-oriented programming, pattern matching, and web development frameworks like Play Framework.

Uploaded by

Praveena G
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SCALA Basics

Scala: A Comprehensive Guide

Chapter 1: Introduction to Scala

Scala is a modern programming language that seamlessly combines object-oriented and functional
programming paradigms. It runs on the JVM (Java Virtual Machine), ensuring strong interoperability
with Java. Scala is designed to be concise, elegant, and expressive, providing powerful abstractions
for developers.

Key Features of Scala

 Interoperability with Java: Easily integrates with Java libraries and frameworks.

 Concise Syntax: Reduces boilerplate code compared to Java.

 Functional Programming: Supports immutability, higher-order functions, and pattern


matching.

 Concurrency: Uses Akka for efficient parallel execution.

 Strong Static Typing: Detects errors at compile time, ensuring robust code.

Chapter 2: Scala vs Java

Scala enhances Java by offering modern programming paradigms, improved syntax, and built-in
functional programming capabilities.

Feature Java Scala

Syntax Verbose, requires more lines Concise and expressive

Type Inference Explicit type declaration Automatically inferred

Concurrency Threads & Executors Akka for reactive programming

Functional Programming Limited support Fully supports FP

Pattern Matching Requires manual logic Built-in pattern matching

Scala is particularly useful for big data processing, web applications, and distributed systems.

Chapter 3: Variables and Data Types

Scala provides two types of variables:

 Immutable (val): Cannot be changed after initialization.

 Mutable (var): Can be modified.

Example:

val immutableVar = 10 // Cannot be changed


var mutableVar = 20 // Can be changed

mutableVar = 30 // Allowed

Common Data Types in Scala:

 Int: 32-bit integer (e.g., 10, -3)

 Double: Floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14)

 Boolean: true or false

 String: Sequence of characters (e.g., "Hello")

Chapter 4: Control Flow and Loops

Scala supports various control structures:

 Conditional Statements (if-else)

 Looping Constructs (for, while)

Example: Conditional Statements

val x = 15

if (x > 10) println("Greater than 10")

else println("Less or equal to 10")

Example: Looping

for (i <- 1 to 5) println(i) // Outputs: 1 2 3 4 5

Chapter 5: Functions in Scala

Functions are first-class citizens in Scala, meaning they can be assigned to variables, passed as
arguments, and returned from other functions.

Defining Functions:

def add(x: Int, y: Int): Int = x + y

println(add(5, 3)) // Output: 8

Higher-Order Functions:

Functions that take other functions as arguments or return functions.

val multiply = (x: Int, y: Int) => x * y

println(multiply(3, 4)) // Output: 12

Chapter 6: Collections and Functional Programming


Scala has rich collection libraries, including:

 Lists (ordered collections)

 Sets (unique elements)

 Maps (key-value pairs)

Example:

val numbers = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

val squaredNumbers = numbers.map(x => x * x)

println(squaredNumbers) // Output: List(1, 4, 9, 16, 25)

Chapter 7: Object-Oriented Programming in Scala

Scala fully supports OOP concepts such as classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Example:

class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) {

def greet(): String = s"Hello, my name is $name and I am $age years old."

val person = new Person("Alice", 25)

println(person.greet())

Chapter 8: Pattern Matching & Case Classes

Pattern matching in Scala is an advanced form of switch-case.

Example:

def matchTest(x: Int): String = x match {

case 1 => "One"

case 2 => "Two"

case _ => "Other"

println(matchTest(2)) // Output: Two

Chapter 9: Concurrency with Akka

Scala provides Akka, an actor-based concurrency model that helps in writing parallel applications
efficiently.
Example:

import akka.actor._

class HelloActor extends Actor {

def receive = {

case "hello" => println("Hello, Akka!")

case _ => println("Unknown message")

val system = ActorSystem("HelloSystem")

val helloActor = system.actorOf(Props[HelloActor], name = "helloactor")

helloActor ! "hello"

Chapter 10: Scala for Web Development

Scala is widely used in web frameworks such as Play Framework, which is reactive and highly
scalable.

Example:

import play.api._

import play.api.mvc._

object HelloController extends Controller {

def hello = Action { Ok("Hello, Scala Web!") }

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