“VEHICLE DETECTION AND NUMBER PLATE

RECOGNITION USING IMAGE PROCESSING”

A Project submitted to

SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

by

MR. AKASH SANJAY GAVALI (PRN NO-

2022085546) MR. PRUTHVIRAJ SHIVANAND SHINDE. (PRN

NO- 2021074974) MR. ADITYA SUNIL TELVEKAR.

(PRN NO- 2021074996)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

of

Prof. S.R. SANKPAL (Project Guide)

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

 Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering Mahagaon, Kolhapur- 416 503,
Maharashtra, India 2024-2025

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

MAHAGAON

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, Mr .AKASH SANJAY GAVALI, Mr. PRUTHVIRAJ

SHIVANAND SHINDE, Mr. ADITYA SUNIL TELVEKAR has successfully carried out
and completed the project work on

“VEHICLE DETECTION AND NUMBER PLATE

RECOGNITION USING IMAGE PROCESSING”
Under my guidance in satisfactory manner during the year 2024-25 for the
partial fulfilment of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMUNNICATIONS ENGINEERING
As per the rules and regulations of
Shivaji University, Kolhapur

This report represents the bonafide work of the students.

Prof. S.R.SANKPAL. Prof. V.K.SALUNKHE

Project Guide Project Co- Ordinator

DR.S.H. SAWANT
Prof. A.B.FARAKTE
PRINCIPAL
HOD
 “VEHICLE DETECTION AND NUMBER PLATE
RECOGNITION USING IMAGE PROCESSING”
By,

Mr. AKASH SANJAY GAVALI, Mr. PRUTHVIRAJ SHIVANAND SHINDE,

Mr. ADITYA SUNIL TELVEKAR

is approved for the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATONS ENGINEERING

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
MAHAGAON
of

Shivaji University Kolhapur

Examiners:

1. Internal: ………………

2. External: ………………

Date: / / 2025

Place: Mahagaon
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our deep, sincere gratitude to our guide and Head of the Department,
Prof. A. B. Farakte for their excellent guidance, encouragement, support, and insightful comments
throughout the period of our bachelor’s degree. Whatever knowledge and experience we have
gained during ours study here; we owe it to him. He has been our pillar of strength during times of
downfalls.

We would like to extend our deep sense of gratitude to Project Co-ordinator Prof. V. K.
Salunkhe for his constant guidance and support during the tenure. We would like to thank our
Principal Dr. S. H. Sawant. for providing all necessary facilities to complete our project work.
Our work could not have been completed without the support of our colleagues, other teaching as
well as non- teaching staff members of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
department. We are also thankful to founder chairman Hon. Dr. Annasaheb D. Chavan, Hon. Dr.
Y. A. Chavan and Hon. Dr. S. A. Chavan, Directors, SGM Group, Mahagaon, for giving us the
opportunity to carry out our project work. Finally, we dedicate this work to our parents. Our
deepest thanks and appreciations are reserved for all our family members and friends, whose
blessings have been our inspiration to complete this work.

Mr. AKASH SANJAY GAVALI.

Mr. PRUTHVIRAJ SHIVANAND SHINDE.

Mr. ADITYA SUNIL TELVEKAR .

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic Page No.

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SYNOPSIS

ABSTRACT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBRIVATIONS

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preface
1
1.2 Motivation

1.3 Organization of Report

LITERATURE SURVEY
2
2.1 Research Papers

IMPLEMENTED PROJECT WORK

 3.1 Objective

3.2.Problem Statement

3 3.3 Block Diagram

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Thermoelectric Peltier Plates

4.2 DTH 22

4.3 ATMega328P Microcontroller

4.4 20x4 LCD Display

4
4.5 SMPS (OR Solar Panel)

4.6 Relay

5 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Arduino IDE

RESULTS AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Flowchart of system

6.2 System Result

FEATURE ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF

7 IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM
 7.1 Features

7.2 Advantages

7.2 Limitations

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

8
8.1 Conclusion

8.2 Future scope

REFERENCES

 Research Papers

APPENDIX

 Appendix-A Project Competition Participation

 Appendix- B Source Code

 Appendix- D Data Sheets

 SYNOPSIS

Name of the Course : B. Tech. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering)

Name of the Students : 1. Akash Sanjay Gavali

2. Pruthviraj shivanand Shinde

3.Aditya Sunil Telvekar

Date of Submission
Of Synopsis :

Name of the Guide : PROF.S.R SANKPAL

Proposed Title of the Project : “Vehicle detection and number plate recognition
using image processing”
ABSTRACT
In bustling urban environments, street vendors who sell fresh vegetables from pushcarts
provide essential access to nutritious produce. However, these vendors often grapple with the challenge of
preserving the freshness and quality of their vegetables due to the absence of proper refrigeration facilities.
Temperature control, humidity regulation, and ethylene gas management are critical factors in extending
the shelf life of vegetables. To address these challenges and enhance the viability of vegetable vending
businesses, we propose the development of a Portable Refrigeration System equipped with a humidifier

and ethylene absorption technology.

INTRODUCTION
Cold storage is deemed one of the main elements in food safety management to maintain food
quality. The temperature, relative humidity (RH), and air quality in cold storage rooms (CSRs) should be
carefully controlled to ensure food quality and safety during cold storage. In addition, the components of
CSR are exposed to risks caused by the electric current, high temperature surrounding the compressor of
the condensing unit, snow and ice accumulation on the evaporator coils, and refrigerant gas leakage. These
parameters affect the stored product quality, and the real-time sending of warnings is very important for
early preemptive action ability against the risks that may cause damage to the components of the cold
storage rooms. The control with multipurpose sensors in food technologies presents solutions for post
harvest quality management of fruits/vegetables during cold storage. Therefore, this study aimed to design
and evaluate a system to remotely control, risk alert, and monitor the microclimate parameters, i.e., RH,
temperature, CO2, C2H4, and light and some operating parameters, i.e., the temperature of the
refrigeration compressor, the electrical current, and the energy consumption for a modified CSR (MCSR).
In addition, the impacts of the designed system on date fruits/vegetables quality during cold storage were
investigated compared with a traditional CSR (TCSR) as a case study. The results showed that the
designed system precisely controlled the MCSR, provided reliable data about the interior microclimate
atmosphere, applied electrical current and energy consumption of the MCSR, and sent the necessary alerts
in case of an emergency based on real-time data analytic. There was no significant effect of the storage
time on the most important quality attributes for stored date fruits/vegetables in the MCSR compared with
the TCSR. As a result, the MCSR maintained high-quality attributes of date fruits/vegetables during cold
storage. Based on the positive impact of the designed system on the MCSR and stored fruits/vegetables
quality, this modification seems quite suitable for remotely managing cold storage facilities.

Keywords: sensors; micro controller; monitoring; micro-climate; control; ESP8266; Arduino; date
fruits/vegetables quality; food preservation; energy; electrical power
RATIONALE
The implementation of a smart portable cold storage system for roadside push vendors is a strategic
investment that addresses critical needs in their business operations. This project ensures the safety and
quality of perishable goods, extends product variety and shelf life, allowing vendors to enter new markets
and reduce food waste. The integration of data and analytics not only optimizes operations but also
ensures compliance with regulations. By enhancing customer convenience and providing a competitive
edge, this innovative solution supports the vendors in expanding their business, increasing profitability,
and contributing to sustainability goals.

OBJECTIVES

• Implement advanced temperature control mechanisms, including a humidifier, to maintain the

optimal climate for vegetable preservation.

• Cold storage maintains the quality and nutritional value of products, making them more appealing
to consumers.

• Reduced cost and portable

LITREATURE REVIEW

 Cold Storage in India for Small Farmers - Current Status and Challenges (2022) [1]: This paper is
about the CS based on various technologies. The section discusses vapor compression
refrigeration system (VCRS), vapor sorption refrigeration system (VSRS), and evaporative
cooling system (ECS) technologies based on which small and micro CS are commercially
available in the Indian market.
1. In this paper biggest problem with VCRS-based CS is their high initial cost and very high
operating cost. Low reliability of grid supply necessitates the use of backup generator sets, which
increases the initial cost, and due to the high cost of diesel, the cost per unit of generated power is
3 to 4 times higher than grid power. The cost of producing power from the gen-set is 25to30
INR/kWh (0.33 to 0.39 USD/kWh). The refrigerant being used is also having a high global
warming potential (GWP).
2. The cost of commercial CSs is very high, vague, no uniform, and no standardized in India
resulting in low penetration and use by farmers.
  Design of Cold Storage for Fruits and Vegetables [2]: This paper is about the proper storage
practices include temperature control, relative humidity control, air circulation and maintenance of
space between containers for adequate ventilation, and avoiding incompatible product mixes.
Commodities stored together should be capable of tolerating the same temperature, relative
humidity and level of ethylene in the storage environment. High ethylene producers (such as ripe
bananas and apples) can stimulate physiological changes in ethylene sensitive commodities (such
as lettuce, cucumbers, carrots, potatoes, sweet potatoes)
This System is only developed only for controlling the Temperature and relative humidity not for
Monitoring Automatic Climate Change

FEASIBILITY STUDY

A feasibility study for implementing a smart portable cold storage system for roadside push vendors
demonstrates promising viability. The demand for fresh, chilled products is evident, and the technology to
achieve this is readily available. Initial cost estimates indicate that the project is financially achievable,
with potential for a rapid return on investment through increased sales and reduced waste. Market research
suggests strong customer interest, and vendors have expressed enthusiasm for the potential benefits in
terms of product diversification, convenience, and extended business reach. Regulatory compliance and
maintenance requirements appear manageable, making this project a feasible opportunity with the
potential to enhance vendor profitability and customer satisfaction

METHODOLOGY /PLANNING OF WORK

1. Project Initiation
- Define Project Objectives: Clearly state the goals, such as improving food quality, reducing spoilage, and
enhancing vendor profitability.
- Resource Allocation: Determine the budget, team members, and infrastructure required for the project.

2. Needs Assessment
- Farmers Interviews: Conduct interviews or surveys with farmers to understand their specific needs and
challenges.
- Regulatory Requirements: Identify and document relevant regulations and food safety standards that
must be required.

3.Technology Selection and Design:

– Cooling System Selection:
Choose appropriate cooling technologies (e.g., refrigeration, thermoelectric cooling) based on the farmers
needs and available resources.
- Power Source: Determine the power source, which could be electric grid, solar, or battery powered,
based on the vendor's location and preferences.
- Insulation and Enclosure: Design the physical unit with effective insulation to maintain the desired
temperature.
- Size and Storage Capacity: Determine the storage capacity based on the typical inventory of the farmer.

4. Prototype Development
- Build a functional prototype of the smart portable cold storage unit.
- Test the prototype for its cooling capabilities, energy efficiency, and overall durability.
- Gather feedback from farmers and iterate on the design based on their input
FLOWCHART

START

Initialize System

Read temperature and humidity sensor

values

NO

If temperature or
humidity sensor
value is greater
than threshold
value

YES

Air conditioning system

will ON

END
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Solar
panel
Controll er

FACILITIES REQURIED FOR PROPOSED WORK

For a Smart Portable Cold Storage for Farmers project, the essential facilities encompass a
combination of hardware and software components. Hardware necessities include the cold storage unit
with a refrigeration system and temperature sensors, a power source (electrical grid or solar), connectivity
hardware like Wi-Fi or cellular modems, user interface hardware such as touchscreens or control panels,
data storage and logging hardware, and physical security measures to protect the unit. On the software
front, embedded system software is required to control the hardware, user interface software (mobile app
or web platform) to facilitate remote monitoring and control, connectivity software for data exchange, data
logging and analysis software to manage temperature and performance data, security software to safeguard
against unauthorized access, alerting and notification software to detect temperature deviations, and
remote updates and maintenance software to ensure the system's longevity and performance. These
facilities are fundamental in creating an effective and user friendly cold storage solution for roadside
vendors, enhancing food safety, and reducing product wastage.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

After completion of dissertation work we will be able to

• Design the Hardware of project and debugging of that hardware.
• Prepare demonstration for project.
• Publish at least one paper in National/International journal.
• Can take part in various project related competitions.
• Prepare a professional type presentation with good English speaking and proper gestures. I will prepare
contents of presentation in correct manner and power point slides with appropriate theme and
illustrations.

TIME SCHEDULE
 MONTH WORK

 Selection of project guide

July  Searched various topics of different areas

 Found a problem statement with visit

August  Understood the problems by discussing the cold storage
concept with farmers

 Final topic presentation

 Literature survey
September  Discussion about block diagram

 Preparation for synopsis

 Presentation on synopsis
October  Synopsis finalization

REFERENCES
1. Faostat-FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online:
https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (accessed on 6 March 2022).

2. Ali-Dinar, H.; Mohammed, M.; Munir, M. Effects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source
on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Horticulturae 2021, 7, 427.
[CrossRef]

3. Mohammed, M.E.A.; Alhajhoj, M.R.; Ali-Dinar, H.M.; Munir, M. Impact of a novel watersaving
subsurface irrigation system on water productivity, photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and fruit
quality of date palm under arid conditions. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1265. [CrossRef]

4. Hazbavi, E.; Khoshtaghaza, M.H.; Mostaan, A.; Banakar, A. Effect of storage duration on some
physical properties of date palm (cv. Stamaran). J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 2015, 14, 140– 146.
[CrossRef]

5. Ahmad, S.A.H.; Ab Rahman, M.N.; Muhamed, A.A. Optimal temperature in cold storage for perishable
foods. In Proceedings of the 5th NA International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management, Detroit, MI, USA, 10–14 August 2020.
 ABSTRACT

Our project focuses on creating a special storage system for vendors who sell fruits and
vegetables and for farmers. The goal is to help them keep their produce fresh for longer and
prevent it from spoiling quickly. The storage system we're developing uses special plates called
thermoelectric plates to keep the fruits and vegetables at the right temperature. These plates work
without needing harmful chemicals, making them safe for the environment. Plus, the system can
be powered by either solar energy or regular electricity, making it flexible and reliable.

One of the best features of our system is that it lets users control the temperature inside the
storage unit. This means vendors and farmers can adjust the temperature to suit different types of
produce, keeping everything fresh and tasty.
Overall, our project aims to provide a simple and effective solution for vendors and farmers to
reduce waste and make sure their fruits and vegetables stay fresh for longer, helping both their
businesses and the environment.
 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Name of Figure Page No.

Fig.1 23

Fig 1.2 Kalbhairav Cold Storage System

Fig.2 Fig 3.3 Block Diagram 31

Fig.4.1 Basic Peltier Module

Fig.3 32

Fig. 4.2 Diagram of DTH22

Fig.4 34

Fig. 4.3 Aurduino UNO

Fig .5 35

Fig 4.4 20*4 LCD Display

Fig .6 37

Fig 4.5 Diagram of SMPS

Fig .7 38

Fig 4.6.Aurduino Relay Circuit

Fig .8 39

Fig 5.1 Aurduino IDE

Fig .9 40

2
 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM

LIST OF ABBRIVATION

Abbreviations Full Forms

Integrated Development Environment

IDE

Switches Mode Power Supply

SMPS

Liquid Crystal Display

LCD

Digital relative Humanity

DHT

Light Emitting Diode

LED

CHAPTER 1 1.1 Preface

In the realm of agriculture, where the livelihoods of push vendors and farmers hinge on the quality and
longevity of their produce, the challenge of extending shelf life and preserving freshness is ever-present.
Traditional methods of storage often fall short, leading to substantial post-harvest losses and diminished
economic returns. To address this critical issue and empower push vendors and farmers alike, our project
endeavors to design a cutting-edge storage system, leveraging advanced thermoelectric technology and
sustainable energy sources. At the core of our solution lies the integration of thermoelectric plates, driven
by either solar energy or a conventional power supply. Thermoelectric cooling presents a paradigm shift
in storage technology, offering precise temperature control and humidity regulation without the need for

3
 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM

harmful refrigerants or complex machinery. This innovative approach ensures that fruits and vegetables
remain fresh and nutrient-rich throughout their storage duration, empowering push vendors and farmers
to optimize their yields and enhance food security within their communities.
The inclusion of solar power in our system further underscores its sustainability, reducing dependence on fossil
fuels and minimizing environmental impact. By harnessing the abundance of solar energy, push vendors and
farmers can operate their storage facilities autonomously, even in remote or off-grid locations. This not only
enhances resilience against power outages but also aligns with global efforts towards renewable energy
adoption and climate change mitigation.

4
 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM

1.2 MOTIVATION BEHIND THIS PROJECT:

For the pre-project work we were visited to Kalbhairav Cold Storage System .

Fig.1.2 Kalbhairav cold storage system

And we were visited to Gadhinglaj Bajar :

Fig.1.2 Gadhinglaj Bajar

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 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM

1.3. ORGANIZATION OF REPORT

The introduction and the reasons for the project were covered in the first chapter. We covered
our project’s literature review in the second chapter. In this, we discussed the articles pertinent to
our project and evaluated the need for it. The implemented project work is covered in the third
chapter. After that, we went into details of the project implementation in which hardware and
software implementation is covered. In the fourth, we talked about the outcomes of our system.
We include features, advantages and disadvantages. The project’s future enhancement in the sixth
chapter, we finally put our implemented to rest.

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 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Research Papers

Before we start with the project a brief literature review was carried to arrive at the problem
definition. A number or research papers were studied to arrive at the scope. The problems
definition and the currently followed approaches were studied to arrive at the problem
definition. The research work of some the research scholars is given in this chapter.

1. "Design and Performance Analysis of a Solar-Powered Thermoelectric Refrigerator for Remote

Area Applications"
- Authors: Prakash Chandra Nayak, Sudhir Kumar Singh, Sanjay Kumar Sahu
- Published in: IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2018
- Link: [IEEE Xplore](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8106934)
- Summary: This paper presents the design and performance analysis of a solar-powered thermoelectric
refrigerator suitable for remote area applications. It discusses the integration of thermoelectric modules
with solar panels to create an off-grid cooling system, providing insights into the feasibility and
efficiency of such a setup for extending the shelf life of perishable goods.

2. "Thermoelectric Refrigeration: A Comprehensive Review of Existing Cooling Technologies"

- Authors: R. S. Amanulla, M. R. Anand, S. Srinivasa Rao
- Published in: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017
- Link: [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032116311587) -
Summary: This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of thermoelectric refrigeration
technologies, including their principles, applications, and performance characteristics. It discusses the
advantages and limitations of thermoelectric cooling systems and explores their potential for use in
various sectors, including agriculture and food storage.

3. "Design and Analysis of a Solar-Powered Thermoelectric Cooler for Refrigeration Applications

in Developing Countries"
- Authors: Md. Asif Iqbal, M. A. R. Sarkar, T. K. Mallick
- Published in*: Renewable Energy, 2020

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 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM
- Link: [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S096014812031035X) -
Summary: This research article presents the design and analysis of a solar-powered thermoelectric
cooler specifically tailored for refrigeration applications in developing countries. It discusses the
system architecture, thermal management strategies, and performance optimization techniques, offering
valuable insights for the development of sustainable cooling solutions in resource-constrained
environments.

4. "Development and Performance Analysis of a Thermoelectric Refrigeration System for Food

Storage Applications"
- Authors: F. M. Amirkhani, M. K. Aghaie, A. H. Kakaee
- Published in: Journal of Food Engineering, 2016
- Link: [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0260877416301715) -
Summary: This study investigates the development and performance analysis of a thermoelectric
refrigeration system tailored for food storage applications. It evaluates the system's cooling capacity,
energy efficiency, and temperature control capabilities, providing valuable insights into its suitability
for preserving the freshness of perishable foods, including fruits and vegetables.
These research papers offer valuable insights and methodologies relevant to the design and
implementation of a storage system for extending the shelf life and preserving the freshness of fruits and
vegetables using thermoelectric plates and solar or regular power supply. They provide foundational
knowledge and practical considerations essential for the successful development of the proposed project.

3.1 Objectives:
• Use sophisticated temperature control systems, such as humidifiers, to keep the ideal
environment for preserving vegetables.

• Products kept in cold storage retain their nutritional value and quality, which increases customer
attractiveness.

• More affordable and portable

Summary:
The Second chapter gives the literature survey for the proposed implementation.
CHAPTER 3

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 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM

IMPLEMENTED PROJECT WORK 3.1 Proposed Work

1. Preparation and Setup:

-Establish a dedicated workspace for assembling and testing the storage system components.
-Ensure access to necessary tools and equipment for construction and wiring.

2. Component Assembly:
-Begin by assembling the storage unit enclosure using insulated materials to maintain temperature
stability.
-Install the thermoelectric plates within the enclosure, positioning them strategically to ensure uniform
cooling.
-Mount temperature sensors at key locations within the enclosure to monitor internal temperature
variations.

3. Power Supply Integration:

- If using a solar power system, mount the solar panels in an area with maximum sunlight exposure. -
Connect the solar panels to charge controllers and batteries to store energy for use when sunlight is
unavailable.
-If using a regular power supply, connect the storage unit to the electrical grid or a suitable generator.

4. Temperature Control System Installation:

- Install the adjustable temperature control system, comprising microcontrollers or control units, within
the storage unit.
- Connect the temperature sensors to the control unit to provide real-time temperature feedback.

5. Wiring and Connections:

- Wire the thermoelectric plates, temperature sensors, and control unit according to the system
design specifications.
- Ensure proper insulation and secure connections to prevent electrical faults or temperature
fluctuations.

6. Programming and Calibration:

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 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM
-Program the control unit to regulate the power supplied to the thermoelectric plates based on
temperature sensor readings.
-Calibrate the temperature control system to maintain the desired temperature range for fruit and
vegetable storage.

3.2 Problem Statement:

The problem statement for this project is to design, develop, and implement a storage system that enables
push vendors and farmers to extend the shelf life and preserve the freshness of fruits and vegetables
using thermoelectric plates and adjustable temperature control. This system must integrate seamlessly
with both solar and regular power sources, providing a sustainable and cost-effective solution for food
preservation in agricultural settings. By addressing these challenges, the project aims to reduce food
waste, enhance economic opportunities for vendors and farmers, and improve access to fresh, nutritious
produce for communities worldwide.

3.3 Block Diagram:

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 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM
Fig 3.3: Block Diagram

Above fig.3.4 shows the block diagram for Smart Cold Storage System.

Summary:

The Third chapter gives the information about the, problem statement and block diagram of
the implemented system.

CHAPTER 4.

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation of the Storage system comprises both hardware and software components.
This section provides details about the hardware aspects of the project.

• Thermoelectric peltier plates

• DHT22

• ATMega328P Microcontroller

• 20x4 LCD Display

• SMPS (OR Solar Panels)

• Relay

4.1 Thermoelectric Peltier Plates

Peltier modules contain two external ceramic plates separated by semiconductor pellets. One of the
plates absorbs heat (becomes cooler) and the other plate dissipates heat (becomes hotter) when a

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 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM
current is passed through the semiconductor pellets. More details regarding the construction and
operation of Peltier modules can be found in this blog.

Fig.4.1 Diagram of a basic Peltier module structure

The following constraints should be understood when selecting or specifying a Peltier module, which we
will cover in the following sections:
Heat Transfer Through Peltier Modules

The amount of heat to be transferred through a Peltier module from the cold side to the hot side is
denoted Q and is specified in Watts. This parameter may be the heat generated by an object to be cooled
or it may be the heat conducted to the ambient environment from the object being cooled.

Model showing heat flow from the cold to hot side of a module
Temperature Difference Across Peltier Modules
The temperature difference specified in a Peltier module datasheet (ΔT) is measured on the outside surfaces of the
two ceramic plates of the module. Care must be taken to understand if there is any temperature difference between
the Peltier module plates and the external system temperatures of interest. The following diagram indicates five
potentially different temperature regions of a Peltier module system

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 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM

Diagram showing the various temperature regions of Peltier modules

Temperature of the Hot Side of Peltier Modules

The characteristics of Peltier modules also change with operating temperature. Some vendors, such as
CUI Devices, provide specification data for more than one operating temperature. Specification data will
probably not be available for the specific operating temperatures of the application and thus the closest
available data should be used.
Surface Area of Peltier Modules
The surface area of Peltier modules is typically specified based upon either the area of the object to be cooled or
the area available for heat dissipation. An area mismatch between the area available and the area of the Peltier
module can be compensated for by the use of a low thermal impedance heat spreader. A simple heat spreader can
be manufactured from aluminum or copper

Example Summary

• Peltier module selected: CP603315H

• Heat transferred through Peltier module: Q = 20 W
• Temperature maintained across Peltier module: ΔT = 20°C
• Temperature of Peltier module hot side: Th = 30°C
• Current source required to power Peltier module: I = 2.7 A  Required Voltage compliance
of current source: V = 7.5 V
• Power dissipated in heat sink in addition to that transferred through Peltier module: P = 20 W
• Total heat to be dissipated by heat sink: 40 W; 20 W heat transferred plus 20 W electrical power

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 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM

4.2. DHT22
Standard AM2302/DHT22 AM2302/DHT22 with big case and wires Digital relative
humidity & temperature sensor AM2302/DHT22

Feature & Application

* High precision
* Capacitive type
* Full range temperature compensated
* Relative humidity and temperature measurement
* Calibrated digital signal
* Outstanding long-term stability
* Extra components not needed
* Long transmission distance, up to 100 meters
* Low power consumption
* pins packaged and fully interchangeable

Description
AM2302 output calibrated digital signal. It applys exclusive digital-signal-collecting-technique and
humidity sensing technology, assuring its reliability and stability. Its sensing elements is connected
with 8-bit single-chip computer.
Every sensor of this model is temperature compensated and calibrated in accurate calibration
chamber and the calibration-coefficient is saved in type of program in OTP memory, when the
sensor is detecting, it will cite coefficient from memory.
Small size & low consumption & long transmission distance(100m) enable AM2302 to be suited
in all kinds of harsh application occasions. Single-row packaged with four pins, making the
connection very convenient.

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 SMART COLD STORAGE SYSTEM
Technical Specification:

Model AM2302
Power supply 3.3-5.5V DC
Output signal digital signal via 1-wire bus
Sensing element Polymer humidity capacitor
Operating range humidity 0-100%RH; temperature -
40~80Celsius
Accuracy humidity +-2%RH(Max +-5%RH); temperature +-0.5Celsius
Resolution or sensitivity humidity 0.1%RH; temperature 0.1Celsius
Repeatability humidity +-1%RH; temperature +-0.2Celsius
Humidity hysteresis +-0.3%RH
Long-term Stability +-0.5%RH/year
Interchangeability fully interchangeable

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Dimensions: (unit mm)

Standard AM2302’s dimensions as above
Big case’s dimensions as above
Red wire--power supply,
Black wire--GND
Yellow wire--Data output

4.3. ATMega328P Microcontroller

The Arduino UNO is a standard board of Arduino. Here UNO means 'one' in Italian. It was named as
UNO to label the first release of Arduino Software. It was also the first USB board released by Arduino.
It is considered as the powerful board used in various projects. Arduino.cc developed the Arduino UNO
board.

Arduino UNO is based on an ATmega328P microcontroller. It is easy to use compared to other boards,
such as the Arduino Mega board, etc. The board consists of digital and analog Input /Output pins (I/O),
shields, and other circuits.

The Arduino UNO includes 6 analog pin inputs, 14 digital pins, a USB connector, a power jack, and an
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header. It is programmed based on IDE, which stands for
Integrated Development Environment. It can run on both online and offline platforms. The IDE is
common to all available boards of Arduino.

The Arduino board is shown below:

Fig 4.3 Arduino UNO

The components of Arduino UNO board are shown below:

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Let's discuss each component in detail.

o ATmega328 Microcontroller- It is a single chip Microcontroller of the ATmel family. The

processor code inside it is of 8-bit. It combines Memory (SRAM, EEPROM, and Flash),
Analog to Digital Converter, SPI serial ports, I/O lines, registers, timer, external and
internal interrupts, and oscillator.
o ICSP pin - The In-Circuit Serial Programming pin allows the user to program using the firmware
of the Arduino board.
o Power LED Indicator- The ON status of LED shows the power is activated. When the power is
OFF, the LED will not light up.
o Digital I/O pins- The digital pins have the value HIGH or LOW. The pins numbered from D0 to
D13 are digital pins.
o TX and RX LED's- The successful flow of data is represented by the lighting of these LED's.
o AREF- The Analog Reference (AREF) pin is used to feed a reference voltage to the Arduino
UNO board from the external power supply.
o Reset button- It is used to add a Reset button to the connection.
o USB- It allows the board to connect to the computer. It is essential for the programming of the
Arduino UNO board.

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.Memory

The memory structure is shown in the below image:

The preinstalled flash has a bootloader, which takes the memory of 0.5 Kb.

Here, SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory, and EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory.

Technical Specifications of Arduino UNO

The technical specifications of the Arduino UNO are listed below:

o There are 20 Input/Output pins present on the Arduino UNO board. These 20 pis include 6 PWM
pins, 6 analog pins, and 8 digital I/O pins.
o The PWM pins are Pulse Width Modulation capable pins. o The crystal oscillator present
in Arduino UNO comes with a frequency of 16MHz.

4.4. 20x4 LCD Display :-

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This is a 20x4 Arduino compatible LCD display module with high speed I2C interface. It is able to
display 20x4 characters on two lines, white characters on blue background.
Generally, LCD display will run out of Arduino pin resource. It needs 6 digital pins and 2 power pin for a
LCD display. If you want to build a robot project, it will be a problem with Arduino UNO and LCD
display. This I2C 20x4 LCD display module is designed for Arduino microcontroller. It is using I2C
communication interface, With this I2C interface, only 2 lines (I2C) are required to display the
information on any Arduino based projects. It will save at least 4 digital / analog pins on Arduino. All
connector are standard XH2.54 (Breadboard type). You can connect it with jumper wire directly. This
1602 LCD module has 8 I2C address in all, from 0x20 to 0x27. You can set one according to your
requirements, avoiding the confliction of I2C address. And its contrast can be adjusted manually.
This board is able to be powered by 5V or 3.3V which make it compatible with both Arduino 101 or
Arduino DUE, intel edison 3.3V system and standard Arduino UNO/Arduino Mega 5V system.
There is an alternative I2C 1602 LCD Screen available for less character.
Last update: V1.2:
• I2C connector: VCC, GND, SCL, SDA SPECIFICATION
• I2C Address: 0x20-0x27(0x20 default)
• Number of Characters: 20 characters x 4 Lines
• Blue LED backlight with white char color
• Adjustable contrast

4.5. SMPS :-

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A switched-mode power supply is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator
to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a DC
or AC source (often mains power) to DC loads, such as a personal computer, while converting voltage
and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a switching-mode supply
continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in
the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy.

Features/Specs:

• Input Voltage: AC 220 – 240V 50 / 60Hz

• Output Voltage: 12V DC, 33.33A
• Total Power: 400 W
• Protections: Overload / Over Voltage / Short Circuit
• Auto-Recovery After Protection
• Universal AC input / Full range
• 100% Full Load Burn-in Test
• Cooling by Free Air Convection

4.6. Relay :-
An electrically operated switch like a relay is used to turn ON/OFF a load by allowing the flow of
current throughout it. This relay is simply controlled by low voltage (5V) which is generated by the pins
of Arduino So, a relay module controlling with the Arduino board is very simple. Usually, relays are
very helpful whenever you want to control an electrical circuit with a low-power signal. There are
different kinds of relays used in various applications.

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What is Arduino Relay?

Arduino relay definition is; a relay that is used with a microcontroller like the Arduino to control either
high-voltage or low-voltage devices. Actually, a relay is a switch that is operated electrically through an
electromagnet. This electromagnet is simply triggered through a low voltage like 5V from a
microcontroller & it pulls a relay contact to connect or disconnect a high voltage-based circuit.

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Arduino Relay Circuit Diagram

The Arduino-controlled relay circuit is shown below. This circuit explains to you how to control a relay
with the help of an Arduino. The required components to build this circuit mainly include the Arduino
Board, Resistors – 1K & 10K, BC547 transistor, 6V/12V relay, 1N4007 diode & a 12V fan.

Fig 4.6. Arduino Relay Circuit

Arduino Relay Operation:

This circuit works in two cases like turning on/off a load with a relay & a button. Once the button is
pushed then the Arduino board will set pin-2 in HIGH condition, which means 5 volts on pin-2 of board.
So this voltage is mainly utilized to make the transistor ON. So this transistor will turn ON the relay &
the load-like fan will be powered using the main power supply.

Here to power up the transistor as well as the load, you cannot utilize 5V directly from the USB because
usually, the USB port delivers 100mA only. So this is not sufficient to activate the relay & the LOAD. So
external power supply from 7V to 12V must use to provide power to the controller board, the transistor,
and the relay.

Here, the load uses its own power supply. For example, if you utilize a light bulb or fan then you should
connect from 110/220V mains otherwise any other power source.

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Turn OFF the relay with a delay
You can use the following code example to introduce a delay within the circuit. So, the “stayON” variable
is utilized to delay() the program execution within the preferred amount of time. Here, once the button is
pushed then the relay will be turned ON & after five seconds the relay will be turned OFF.

Arduino Relay Wiring Diagram

The Arduino relay wiring with the DC motor is shown below. The main intention of this wiring is to
control a DC motor with the help of a relay and Arduino. The required components of this wiring mainly
include; Uno Rev3, Relay Module, Dupont wire, USB cable for powering & programming, Battery,
Connector of battery, Screwdriver for connecting wires to the module, and DC motor.

Specifications:

The Arduino relay specifications include the following.

• It is controllable with digital output.
• It is compatible with any 5V microcontroller like Arduino.
• Rated through-current is 10A for NO and 5A for NC.
• The control signal is TTL level.
• Maximum switching voltage is 250VAC or 30VDC.
• The maximum switching current is 10A.
• Its size is 43mm x 17mm x 17mm.

The relay module includes different pins which are discussed below

Relay Module Pin Diagram

• Pin1 Signal pin (Relay Trigger): This input pin is used to activate the relay.

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• Pin2 (Ground): This is a ground pin.
• Pin3 (VCC): This input supply pin is used to power the relay coil.
• Pin4 (Normally Open): This is the relay’s NO (Normally open) terminal.
• Pin5 (Common): This is the relay’s common terminal.
• Pin6 (Normally Closed): This is the Normally closed (NC) terminal of the relay.
.

Now Open Arduino IDE -> Copy & paste the following Arduino code within the Arduino Editor tab.
Now Arduino board needs to connect to the PC with the help of the USB cable and program the Arduino
board.

What is a Relay Module used for?

Relay modules are capable of handling loads up to 10 Amps. These are Ideal for different devices such
as passive infrared detectors & other sensors. These modules are used with Arduino & other
microcontrollers.

Summary:

The Fourth chapter gives all the detailed information related to hardware components used in this system.

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CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

In this section, the following applications are used to design the IoT Based Smart Poultry
Farm Application in which the real time data display on the mobile screen. The application is
developed in embedded C++. For designing this android application, the Arduino IDE and Kodular
software is used. Some information about the applications is as follows:

5.1 Arduino IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment(IDE) is across-platform application (for

Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to write and
upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of 3 rd party cores, other
vendor development boards.

Fig 5.1 Arduino IDE

The source code for the IDE is released under the License version. The Arduino IDE supports
the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a
software library from the Wiring project, which provide many common input and output procedures.
User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program
loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main () into an executable cyclic executive
program with the GNU tool chain, also included with the IDE distribution .The Arduino IDE employs
the program argued to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is
loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

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CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6.1 FLOWCHART OF SYSTEM

Initialize system: This step likely involves starting the system and getting all the components ready.
Monitor sensor values 1 and 2 cabin: The system monitors two sensors, presumably one for each cabin.
Set temperature 1 and set temperature 2: Here, the desired temperatures for each cabin are set.
Thermoelectric peltier plates start to cool down inside temp: The peltier plates are turned on to start
cooling the cabin temperatures. Monitor sensor values again: The system checks the cabin temperatures
again. Decision points: The flowchart then has two decision points, one for each cabin. Each decision
point asks if the inside temperature is less than or equal to the set temperature. If yes, the peltier plates
for that cabin are shut off. If no, the peltier plates continue cooling. Monitor sensor values: After the
decision points, the system monitors the cabin temperatures again. Terminate system: Once the system
has achieved the desired temperatures in both cabins, the system terminates.

Fig.6.1 Flowchart
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6.2 SYSTEM RESULT

A) System Startup and Monitoring
 The system would initialize and begin by monitoring the temperature inside the storage unit
using sensors.

B) Setting Desired Temperature

 The user would input the desired temperature for the cold storage unit through a smart controller or
interface.

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C) Intelligent Cooling Control

• A smart controller would analyze the current temperature and the desired temperature.
• The controller would then activate the thermopeltier plates to cool the storage unit if necessary.

D) Continuous Monitoring and Adjustment

• The system would continuously monitor the temperature sensors and adjust the power supplied to
the thermopeltier plates to maintain the desired temperature.
• Some smart systems might even learn user patterns and adjust temperatures accordingly to
optimize energy use.

Summary:

The sixth chapter gives the overall results of the implemented system.

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CHAPTER 7

FEATURES, ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF

IMPLEMENTED SYSTEM
7.1Features:
1. Thermoelectric Cooling: Utilizes thermoelectric plates to maintain precise temperature control
without the need for refrigerants, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly cooling solution.

2. Adjustable Temperature System: Allows users to set and maintain specific temperature levels
within the storage unit, ensuring optimal conditions for preserving the freshness of fruits and vegetables.

3. Solar and Regular Power Compatibility: Can be powered either by solar energy or a regular power
supply, providing flexibility and accessibility for users operating in diverse environments.

4. Compact and Portable Design: Designed to be lightweight and portable, making it suitable for use
by push vendors and farmers in both urban markets and remote agricultural areas.

5. Reduced Food Waste: Helps minimize food waste by extending the shelf life of perishable goods,
thereby maximizing economic returns for vendors and farmers and reducing environmental impact.

7.2 Advantages:
1. Sustainability: Relies on renewable energy sources (solar power) and environmentally friendly
cooling technology (thermoelectric plates), contributing to sustainability and reducing carbon footprint.

2. Cost-Effectiveness: Offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional refrigeration systems,

particularly in off-grid or resource-constrained areas where access to electricity is limited.

3. Improved Freshness and Quality: Maintains optimal storage conditions, including temperature and
humidity control, to preserve the freshness, flavor, and nutritional value of fruits and vegetables,
enhancing consumer satisfaction.

4. Versatility: Adaptable to various types of fruits and vegetables, as well as different storage
environments and power sources, ensuring versatility and usability for a wide range of users.

5. Accessibility: Provides access to fresh produce for communities in remote or underserved areas,
empowering push vendors and farmers to expand their market reach and improve food security.

7.3 Limitations:
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Smart cold storage systems offer a range of benefits, but they also come with some limitations.
Here's a breakdown of some key limitations to consider:

Technical limitations:

• Cooling Capacity: A major drawback of thermopeltier plates, commonly used in smart cold
storage, is their limited cooling capacity. They struggle to maintain cool temperatures in large
storage units. For industrial-sized facilities, traditional compressor-based systems are still more
efficient.
• Energy Efficiency: While thermoplates can be efficient for small-scale units, they become less so
for larger ones. The constant power draw to maintain lower temperatures can negate the initial
efficiency gains.
• Sensor Accuracy and Reliability: The entire system relies on accurate temperature sensors.
Malfunctioning sensors can lead to spoilage or product compromise if they provide incorrect
readings.
• Connectivity Dependence: Smart systems often depend on a stable internet connection for

remote monitoring and control. Disruptions can lead to a lack of oversight and potential issues.

Cost and Implementation limitations:

• Initial Investment: Smart cold storage systems, with their integrated technology and controls, can
have a higher initial cost compared to traditional cold storage units.
• Maintenance and Expertise: These systems may require specialized technicians for maintenance
and troubleshooting, potentially adding to operational costs.
• Integration Challenges: Integrating a smart system into an existing cold storage infrastructure
might require modifications or retrofits, adding complexity and cost.

Other limitations:

• Security Concerns: Smart systems with remote access introduce potential security vulnerabilities
if not properly secured. Data breaches could disrupt operations or compromise temperature
control.
• Limited Product Suitability: Not all products fare well in thermopeltier-cooled units. Products
requiring very low temperatures or those generating high heat might not be suitable for these
systems.

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Summary:
In this chapter discussion carried out about features, advantages and limitations of implemented
system.

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

8.1 Conclusion:

The storage system for push vendors and farmers, based on thermoelectric plates and a flexible power
supply system, represents a significant advancement in fresh produce preservation technology. By
integrating adjustable temperature control, solar power, and innovative cooling technology, the system
offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for extending the shelf life and preserving the freshness of
fruits and vegetables.

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Throughout the project, we have addressed key challenges faced by push vendors and farmers, including
limited access to reliable refrigeration, high operational costs, and environmental concerns. The
implementation of this storage system not only empowers vendors and farmers to reduce food waste,
maximize economic returns, and improve food security but also contributes to broader sustainability. In
conclusion, the storage system represents a transformative solution that not only benefits push vendors
and farmers but also contributes to a more sustainable and resilient food system for communities
worldwide

8.2 Future scope:

1. Enhanced Energy Efficiency: Investigate advanced thermoelectric materials and techniques to

improve the energy efficiency of the storage system, reducing power consumption and operational
costs.

2. Smart Predictive Controls: Implement smart predictive controls using artificial intelligence and
machine learning algorithms to optimize temperature settings based on predictive models,
environmental factors, and historical data, ensuring precise and proactive freshness preservation.

3. Integration of Block chain Technology: Explore the integration of blockchain technology to

create transparent and traceable supply chains, enabling consumers to verify the freshness and
authenticity of produce stored in the system, while also enhancing food safety and quality assurance.

4. Hybrid Power Systems: Develop hybrid power systems combining solar energy with other
renewable energy sources such as wind or biomass, providing a more reliable and sustainable power
supply for the storage system, particularly in regions with inconsistent sunlight availability.

5. Modular Design for Scalability: Design the storage system with a modular architecture to
facilitate scalability and customization, allowing users to easily expand or reconfigure storage
capacity and functionality as their needs evolve.

6. Enhanced User Interface: Enhance the user interface with interactive features, intuitive
controls, and customizable settings, making it easier for push vendors and farmers to operate the
storage system.

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Summary:

The eighth chapter gives the conclusive part of the system effectively and monitor produce
conditions in real-time.

CHAPTER 9
REFERENCE Reserch Papers
1. Nayak, P. C., Singh, S. K., & Sahu, S. K. (2018). Design and Performance Analysis of a
SolarPowered Thermoelectric Refrigerator for Remote Area Applications. IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy, 9(2), 801-809.
[Link](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8106934)

2. Amanulla, R. S., Anand, M. R., & Rao, S. S. (2017). Thermoelectric Refrigeration: A

Comprehensive Review of Existing Cooling Technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
80, 1109-1129.
[Link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032116311587)

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3. Iqbal, M. A., Sarkar, M. A. R., & Mallick, T. K. (2020). Design and Analysis of a Solar-Powered
Thermoelectric Cooler for Refrigeration Applications in Developing Countries. Renewable Energy, 152,
1211-1220.
[Link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S096014812031035X)

4. Amirkhani, F. M., Aghaie, M. K., & Kakaee, A. H. (2016). Development and Performance
Analysis of a Thermoelectric Refrigeration System for Food Storage Applications. Journal of Food
Engineering, 186, 1-9.
[Link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0260877416301715)

5. Li, M., & Wu, H. (2021). Design and Analysis of Solar Thermoelectric Refrigeration System.
Energy Procedia, 158, 1223-1228.
[Link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610221041163)

6. Yu, Q., Zhang, S., & Wu, J. (2019). Research on Thermoelectric Refrigeration Technology Based
on Solar Energy. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 386(3), 032019.
[Link](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/386/3/032019)

7. Khare, S., & Rajvanshi, A. K. (2018). Thermoelectric Solar Refrigeration: An Overview. Energy
Conversion and Management, 174, 144-157.
[Link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196890418314932)

8. Ibrahim, A., Hasan, K., & Sabirin, A. (2020). Design and Performance Analysis of Solar-
Powered Thermoelectric Cooling System. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,
410(1), 012037.
[Link](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/410/1/012037)

9. Ran, H., & Kim, J. (2018). Performance Analysis of Solar Thermoelectric Cooling System for
Refrigeration Applications. Energy Procedia, 153, 153-158. [Link]()

10. Adewusi, S. O., Odigwe, I. A., & Babatunde, O. O. (2021). Design and Analysis of Solar
Thermoelectric Refrigerator for Domestic Application. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Robotics Research, 10(3), 289-296.

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[Link](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olabode-Babatunde-
2/publication/351514938_Design_and_Analysis_of_Solar_Thermoelectric_Refrigerator_for_Domestic_
Application/links/60bd7601299bf1ba3eecc757/Design-and-Analysis-of-Solar-
ThermoelectricRefrigerator-for-Domestic-Application.pdf)

APPENDIX Appendix- A Project Competition

Participation

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Appendix- B Source Code

Arduino Relay Code

Arduino relay switch code for turning on a load with a relay & a button turn
on a fan using a relay and a button
*/ int pinButton = 8; int
Relay = 2; int stateRelay =
LOW; int stateButton; int

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previous = LOW; long time =
0; long debounce = 500; void
setup() { pinMode(pinButton,
INPUT); pinMode(Relay,
OUTPUT);
} void loop() { stateButton =
digitalRead(pinButton);
if(stateButton == HIGH && previous == LOW && millis() – time > debounce) {
if(stateRelay == HIGH){ stateRelay = LOW;
} else { stateRelay
= HIGH;
} time =
millis();
}
digitalWrite(Relay, stateRelay); previous
== stateButton;
}

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Code for turning off a load with a relay & a button.

int pinButton = 8; int Relay = 2; int
stateRelay = LOW; int stateButton; int
previous = LOW; long time = 0; long
debounce = 500; int stayON = 5000;
//stay on for 5000 ms void setup()
{ pinMode(pinButton, INPUT);
pinMode(Relay, OUTPUT);
// initialize digital pin RELAY_PIN as an output.

} void loop() { stateButton = digitalRead(pinButton); if(stateButton == HIGH

&& previous == LOW && millis() – time > debounce) { if(stateRelay == HIGH)
{ digitalWrite(Relay, LOW);
} else {
digitalWrite(Relay, HIGH);
delay(stayON); digitalWrite(Relay,
LOW);
}
time = millis();
} previous ==
stateButton;

Arduino Relay Wiring Code

#define RELAY_PIN 7 void
setup()
{ pinMode(RELAY_PIN,
OUTPUT);

}
// the loop function runs over and over again forever void
loop() { digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, HIGH); // turn the
RELAY on delay(1000); // wait for a second

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digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW); // turn the RELAY off
delay(1000); // wait for a second }

Appendix- C Data Sheet

• https://docs.arduino.cc/resources/datasheets/A000066-datasheet.pdf
• https://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/1743876/ESPRESSIF/ESPWROOM32UE.html

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