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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
weather on foreign service; but the experience of the present war
showed the necessity of an inconspicuous dress for field service, and
as a result the army is now provided with a field uniform designed
after the British Army service uniform and made of dark khaki-
colored woolen cloth.
The officers’ field service uniform consists of a coat similar to that
worn by British officers except that it has a standing collar; breeches
of the same material and color as the coat; a cap after the British
design, and tan leather boots, or tan leather shoes with khaki-
colored wrap puttees or tan leather strap puttees.
With this uniform the British “Sam Browne” tan leather belt and
shoulder strap is worn.
The corps or arm of the service to which an officer belongs is
shown by patches of colored cloth on the collar at each side of the
neck opening. The rank of officers is indicated by insignia upon
these collar patches, as follows:—

Major General Three stars arranged to form

an equilateral triangle with
two vertical bars in front of
it and a device made up of
the King’s monogram,
wings, a spear head and
bolts of lightning, all in gold
embroidery.
Brigadier General The same as for major general,
except there is but one
vertical bar.
Colonel Three gold stars arranged in
the form of an equilateral
triangle pointing down with
 a semicircular gold bar
beneath it.
Lieutenant Colonel The same as for colonel except
there are but two stars.
Major The same as for lieutenant
colonel except there is but
one star.
Commandant Three gold stars arranged in
the form of an equilateral
triangle pointing down.
Captain The same as for commandant
except that the lower star is
silver.
First Lieutenant Two gold stars.
Second Lieutenant One gold star.
Adjutant One silver star.
 Photo. Harris & Ewing, Washington, D. C.
Belgian Army. Officers’ service uniform

The grade of Commandant has no corresponding one in the

United States Army; the rank is between those of Major and Captain.
The grade of Adjutant corresponds to that of a Warrant Officer in
the United States Navy and Marine Corps.
 The service uniform of the enlisted men in the Belgian Army is
similar in design and color to that of the British soldier.
The rank of noncommissioned officers is indicated by stripes
upon the cuffs as follows:—

Regimental Sergeant Major Three narrow stripes

around the cuff
parallel to the lower
edge.
Sergeant Major Two stripes around the
cuff with two
diagonal stripes
above them.
First Sergeant Two stripes around the
cuff.
Quartermaster Sergeant One stripe around the
cuff with one
diagonal stripe
above it.
Sergeant One stripe around the
cuff.
Corporal One stripe around the
cuff, narrower than
that worn by a
sergeant.

Specialty marks are worn upon the sleeves above the elbow to
mark men assigned to special duties.

Engineers A plumed helmet.

 Aviator The King’s monogram with an
eagle’s wing at each side.
Hospital Corps A caduceus surrounded by a
wreath.
Cycle Corps A bicycle wheel.
Grenadiers A bursting bomb.
Bandsmen A lyre.

The men wear tan leather belts and cartridge pouches.

Uniforms of the Russian Army

The officers and enlisted men of the Russian Army formerly had a
great variety in uniforms for the different corps and branches of the
service; the infantry of the regular Line wore uniforms of green cloth
with red facings; the hussars wore green jackets trimmed across the
front with white stripes and loops, red breeches and black high
boots; the guards wore green uniforms with yellow facings; the Don
Cossacks wore uniforms of dark gray, the coat being long and the
breeches very loose and the headdress being a black shako; and the
Kuban cossacks wore a uniform of similar design of reddish brown
cloth.
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5 an effort was made to
standardize the field service uniforms with the result that the
present service uniform is of cloth of a gray-brown shade. The
Cossacks have to some extent preserved their distinctive dress.
The service uniforms for officers consists of a single-breasted
sack coat with a standing collar, a pocket with flap on each breast
and closed by a row of gilt buttons down the front; breeches of the
same color with stripes down the outer leg seams of varying widths
according to rank and of different colors according to the corps or
arm of the service; a bell-crowned cap with sloping visor, and black
boots.

Russian Army. Officers’ shoulder straps

indicating rank
The straps are of black cloth covered
with gold or silver lace, depending upon
the rank and corps of the officer. Those
 for General Officers are of gold lace with
silver stars
1. General 2. Lieutenant General 3. Major General
4. Colonel 5. Lieutenant Colonel 6. Senior Captain
7. Junior Captain 8. First Lieutenant 9. Second Lieutenant

The rank is indicated by the trimming and ornamentation of flat

shoulder straps, those for the various grades of rank being shown in
the accompanying illustration. It will be noted that there are no
grades of Brigadier General or Major in the Russian Army, but that
there are two grades of the rank of Captain, called First and Second
or Senior and Junior Captain. The duties of the Senior Captain
correspond in a measure to those of Major in the United States
services. Line officers of the rank of Colonel and below wear the
number of their regiment in the center of the shoulder strap.
The Russian officer’s service cap is similar to that worn by
officers of the United States Army except that the top of the crown is
relatively greater in diameter. The band is of the distinctive color of
the corps or arm of the service. A medallion made up of the national
colors is worn at the center of the band in front and the visor and
chin strap are of brown leather. In some of the regiments gray
sheepskin shakos are worn by both officers and men instead of the
cap.
The arm of the service or corps is indicated by patches of colored
cloth on the front of the collar on each side of the neck opening.
The sword belt is of tan leather with a cross strap from the right
shoulder to the left side at the waist although in some corps the
sword is suspended from the diagonal cross strap only, the waist-belt
not being worn by officers.
The uniform of the enlisted men is of similar cut to that of the
officers except that the coats are looser and in some corps are
closed by a row of buttons down the right side.
 The rank of the noncommissioned officers is indicated by stripes
and other insignia upon narrow flat shoulder straps worn from the
base of the collar to the top of the sleeve shoulder seam.
The Russian Army has an officer of Warrant rank, intermediate
between the commissioned officers and enlisted noncommissioned
officers. These Warrant officers wear one broad stripe across the
shoulder strap near the collar end.
The noncommissioned officers wear narrow stripes on their
shoulder straps in the same position; a sergeant major having three
such stripes, a sergeant two and a corporal one.
There have been various corps and specialty insignia but as these
are now in a process of being changed they cannot be given
accurately.
The Russian noncommissioned officers wear swords suspended
from tan leather belts and the privates wear a tan leather belt with
cartridge boxes of the same material. All of the enlisted men carry
their extra clothing in a blanket roll over the right shoulder and
diagonally across the body to the left side at the belt.

Uniforms of the Russian Navy

The uniforms of the officers and enlisted men differ in many
respects from those which are common to the navies of the other
principal powers.
The officers’ uniforms are as a rule made of a dark green cloth
for dress and winter wear and of white cotton or linen for hot
weather.
The prescribed uniforms are full dress, dress, undress and service
(working) dress.
The full dress uniform consists of a cocked hat, tunic with
standing collar, epaulets, and trousers with gold lace braid on the
outer leg seams.
 The dress uniform consists of a cap, double-breasted frock coat,
with epaulets, and plain trousers.

Russian Navy. Officers’ sleeve

decorations indicating rank
1. Admiral 2. Vice Admiral 3. Rear Admiral
4. Captain 5. Commander 6. Lieutenant Commander
7. Lieutenant 8. Sub Lieutenant 9. Warrant Officer
 The undress uniform is the same as the dress uniform without
epaulets.
The service or working uniform consists of a cap, a short single
breasted tunic of dark blue cloth and plain trousers.
In hot weather a similar uniform of white cotton or linen material
is worn.
An overcoat of black cloth and a heavier one of gray cloth with a
fur collar are worn by officers.
In May, 1917, the shoulder straps and the insignia of rank
formerly worn upon them were abolished and stripes on the sleeves
above the cuff to indicate rank with distinctive colors to indicate the
Staff corps, were adopted for all uniform coats and the overcoat.
These stripes for the different grades of rank are as shown by
the accompanying illustrations.
Officers of the Line and of the Engineer Corps wear gold stripes,
and officers of the Medical Corps, Naval Constructor Corps, Judge
Advocate’s Corps, and Paymasters wear silver stripes, with the
stripes edged with cloth of a distinctive color for each corps.
These distinctive colors are:

Medical officers White.

Naval Constructors Red.
Judges Advocate Crimson.
Paymasters wear silver stripes without the “curl” and without
edgings of colored cloth.
Officers wear a sword on all occasions of dress and ceremony,
but on occasions of ordinary duty they wear a short dirk in place of
the sword.
The warrant officers of the Russian Navy wear uniforms similar to
those worn by commissioned officers, the distinguishing mark being
a narrow gold stripe around the sleeves above the cuff.
 Enlisted men wear black cloth trousers, a jersey with blue and
white horizontal stripes and a blue jumper.
The caps are similar to those worn by enlisted men of the British
Navy.
The name of the ship is given on the cap ribbon as in other
navies, this ribbon being tied at the back so that it hangs down in
streamers.
White duck uniforms of the same pattern as the blue ones are
worn in hot weather.
The ratings of petty officers are indicated by badges worn on the
sleeves above the elbow; these badges are at present being revised
and hence cannot be accurately given.
All enlisted men are provided with short overcoats of gray cloth.

Uniforms of the Japanese Army

Previous to the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-5 the officers and
enlisted men of the Japanese Army wore uniforms of dark blue or
red cloth with facings of distinctive colors for the various arms, but
this proved so conspicuous on the battlefields of that war that a
service uniform of khaki-colored cloth for winter and khaki cotton
drill for summer was adopted. The officers, however, retained for
their dress uniforms the old dress uniforms of dark blue and red
cloth with heavy decorations of gold lace.
The dress uniform of the officers consists of a dark blue double
breasted frock coat with standing collar; trousers of dark blue cloth
with stripes of the corps color down the outer leg seams for all arms
except the cavalry in which the officers wear red breeches; black
boots; and a kepi style cap decorated with gold lace and having a
red and white standing plume at the front, this cap being of red
cloth for the cavalry and of blue cloth for the other arms.
 The collar of the dress coat is covered with gold lace; the buttons
are gilt with a design of chrysanthemums and cherry blossoms;
shoulder knots of plaited gold cord and a sash belt of gold and red
stripes with heavy tassels at the left side are worn with it, and the
rank is indicated by sleeve decorations consisting of a knot made up
of narrow stripes of gold braid of the same design as that worn by
officers of the United States Army. This sleeve knot is made of one
stripe for Second Lieutenant and one additional stripe for each step
up in grade through the ranks of First Lieutenant, Captain, Major,
Lieutenant Colonel, Colonel, Major General, Lieutenant General and
Field Marshal, the latter having a knot of nine stripes.
The distinctive colors for the different arms of the service are red
for infantry, green for cavalry, yellow for artillery, crimson for
pioneers, gray for the quartermaster corps, and black for the
gendarmerie (national police).
The service uniforms for both officers and enlisted men consist of
a single-breasted sack coat of khaki-colored woolen cloth for winter
and cotton drill for summer; trousers or breeches of the same
materials, and a bell-crowned cap with sloping visor of tan leather
and a band of the distinctive color of the arm of the service.
The service coat has a standing collar with a patch of the
distinctive color for the arm of the service on each side of the neck
opening, a pocket with buttoned flap on each side of the breast and
a plain pocket on each side below the waist.
Officers wear breeches and boots when mounted and tan leather
leggings or khaki-colored wrap puttees for dismounted service. The
shoes worn by both officers and enlisted men with the service
uniform are of tan leather.
The rank of the officers is indicated by shoulder straps worn
transversely across the shoulders next to the shoulder seams of the
sleeves, after the style of the shoulder strap worn by officers of the
United States Army with their blue dress coats. These are the only
two great armies in which this form of shoulder strap is worn by
officers to indicate rank.
These shoulder straps are covered with cloth of the distinctive
color of the arm of the service with stripes of gold braid running
lengthwise of them on the same scheme as that used on the
shoulder straps worn by Japanese naval officers as illustrated,
namely, for General officers one wide stripe, for field officers two
narrow stripes and for company officers one narrow stripe. On the
gold stripes silver stars are worn for the different grades of rank in
each class. The number of stripes and stars for each grade is as
follows:

General Officers.
General Three stars on one wide gold
stripe.
Lieutenant Two stars on one wide gold
General stripe.
Major General
One star on one wide gold
stripe.

Field Officers.
Colonel Three stars on two narrow gold
stripes.
Lieutenant Colonel Two stars on two narrow gold
stripes.
Major One star on two narrow gold
stripes.

Company Officers.
 Captain Three stars on one narrow gold
stripe.
First Lieutenant Two stars on one narrow gold
stripe.
Second Lieutenant One star on one narrow gold
stripe.

The rank of noncommissioned officers is shown by narrow stripes

around the cuffs, and for all enlisted men the arm of the service is
indicated by the color patches on each side of the collar and the
regimental number is worn upon these collar patches, Arabic figures
being used for the regular service, Roman numerals for the militia
and Arabic figures on one side of the collar and Roman on the other
for the reserves.
The overcoat for officers is a double-breasted ulster similar to
that worn by American officers, and that for enlisted men is single-
breasted and short. The overcoats are of khaki-colored cloth.
The service belts for both officers and men are of tan leather.

Uniforms of the Japanese Navy

When Japan began to build and man her modern navy she
derived much early training and experience from the British Navy,
which was then as now, the largest of the world’s navies.
As a result the uniforms of both the officers and men of the
Japanese Navy are similar in most respects to those of the British
Navy. The principal difference is that the Japanese naval officers’
undress or service uniform coat is a single-breasted blouse with
standing collar similar to that worn by officers of the United States
Navy, the collar and edges being trimmed with black braid.
 In the insignia of the Japanese Navy the cherry blossom usually
takes the place where the crown appears in the British naval
insignia, as may be seen by reference to the illustrations.
The uniforms for both officers and enlisted men are of dark blue
cloth for full dress and dress uniforms, the undress or service
uniform being of dark blue cloth for winter wear and of white cotton
duck or linen for wear in hot weather.
The rank of officers is indicated by stripes around the sleeves
above the cuff on the blue uniforms and by shoulder straps on the
white service uniform.
The sleeve stripes are of gold lace braid for full dress and dress
coats and of black braid for the blue service coat.
The number, width and arrangement of the sleeve stripes for the
different ranks are as shown in the accompanying illustration.
The corps or branch of the service to which an officer belongs is
shown by the circular curl above the upper stripe for officers of the
Line, and by stripes of colored cloth between the rank stripes for the
officers of the Staff Corps, the distinctive colors for the various corps
being as follows:—

Engineer Corps Purple.

(The officers of the
Engineer Corps also
wear the curl above the
upper rank stripe,
officers of the other
Staff Corps do not wear
the curl.)
Medical Corps Red.
Engineer Constructors Brown.
Ordnance Constructors Maroon.
Paymaster Corps White.
 Light
Hydrographic Corps
blue.
Chief Carpenter (warrant Green.
officers)
Bandmasters (warrant officers) Gray.
These distinctive colors for officers of the different Staff Corps
are also worn around the bands of the caps.
 Japanese Navy. Officers’ sleeve decorations indicating rank
1. Admiral 2. Vice Admiral 3. Rear Admiral
4. Captain 5. Commander 6. Lt. Commander
7. Lieutenant 8. Sub Lt., 1st Class 9. Sub Lt., 2nd Class
10. Midshipman 11. Warrant Officer, Line 12. Warrant Officer, Engineers

Japanese Navy. Officers’ shoulder straps showing rank,

summer service uniform
 1. Admiral 2. Vice Admiral
3. Rear Admiral 4. Captain
5. Commander 6. Lt. Commander
7. Lieutenant 8. Sub Lt., 1st Class
9. Sub Lt., 2nd Class 10. Chief Warrant Officer
11. Warrant Officer 12. Midshipman

The rank or rating of enlisted men who are petty officers or who
are assigned to special duties is shown by distinctive marks worn on
the left sleeve of the coat or overshirt; the principal ones being:—

Seaman An anchor.
Writers A writing brush.
Hospital Corps A pair of forceps.
Firemen A double pipe spanner.
Carpenter’s Mate An axe.
Stewards A key.
Musicians A lyre.

Uniforms of the Austrian Army

The Army of Austria-Hungary is made up of so many different
races and peoples each of whom have preserved something of their
original national dress or uniform in their modern dress uniforms
that the varieties in color, design and ornamentation are greater than
in any other country.
The field service uniform of all however is nearly the same and is
made of light gray cloth.
The officers’ service uniform consists of a single-breasted sack
coat with a standing collar, closed by a row of buttons down the
front concealed beneath a flap and having shoulder straps, patch
pockets with button flaps, one on each breast and one on each side
below the waist; breeches of the same color as the coat; leather
puttees and shoes; and a cap of gray cloth, cylindrical in shape with
a soft top to the crown and side flaps which are folded up around
the band and secured by two buttons in front, and having a sloping
visor covered with the gray cloth of the cap. This cap, known as a
tschapka, is a distinguishing feature of the Austrian uniform.
As variations of the field uniform the Hungarian regiments do not
wear leggings but have the trousers tight below the knees; the
Alpine troops wear heavy tan colored stockings instead of leggings
and the Bosnia troops wear a Turkish fez instead of the gray cap.
The rank of officers is indicated by insignia worn upon each side
of the collar. A Field Marshal has gold embroidery on the collar at
each side of the neck opening and two wide red stripes down the
outer leg seams of the trousers. General officers wear similar gold
braid on the collar with the grade of rank indicated by silver stars
thereon as follows:—

General Three silver stars.

Lieutenant General Two silver stars.
Major General One silver star.

Field officers have gold or silver braid on the collar according to

whether their buttons are of silver or gold. On gold braid they wear
silver stars and on silver braid gold stars to indicate the grade of
rank, as follows:—

Colonel Three stars.

Lieutenant Colonel Two stars.
Major One star.

Company officers have the collar decorated with cloth on each

side of the neck opening, the color being the distinctive color of their
arm of the service or regiment. The grade of rank is indicated by
stars worn on this colored cloth, the stars being of silver or gold to
match the gold or silver buttons worn according to the regiment:

Captain Three stars.

First Lieutenant Two stars.
Second Lieutenant One star.

The arm of the service is indicated by the color of the facings or

decorations on the uniform. The infantry have no regimental
numbers on their uniforms but a distinctive color for each group of
four regiments, each such group of the regular army having two
Austrian and two Hungarian regiments, the Austrian regiments
wearing silver buttons and the Hungarian regiments gilt buttons.
Chasseur regiments wear green facings or trimming and have the
number of the regiment on the buttons.
Dragoon regiments have distinguishing colors worn on the collars
for each two regiments, one regiment of each color wearing silver
buttons and the other gilt buttons.
Hussar and Uhlan regiments of cavalry have distinctive colors for
each two regiments as in the case of dragoon regiments but these
colors are also worn on the caps and the number of the regiment
also appears on the cap.
Artillery regiments have red facings and the buttons bear a gun
and a shell.
In the Austrian Reserves the infantry have green facings and
trimmings on their uniforms and the number of the regiment on the
buttons and shoulder straps, and the cavalry regiments have the
regimental number on the buttons only.
In the Hungarian Reserves the infantry regiments wear the
regimental number in dark gray cloth on the sides of the cap and the
cavalry regiments wear their number in yellow cloth on the cap.