AI-Based Career Path Recommendation System

1st Harsh Kumar 2nd Amardeep Gupta

Amity School of Engineering & Technology Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida, India Amity University Greater Noida Campus
kumar.krharsh@gmail.com amardeep.ip@gmail.com

Abstract— In today's competitive educational landscape, This research makes the following key contributions:
students struggle to choose academic projects that align with
both their interests and industry demands. Additionally, career 1. A novel AI-based recommendation framework that
planning requires insights into evolving industry trends, skill dynamically aligns students' academic choices with
requirements, and personal competencies. This paper presents career objectives.
an AI-based recommendation system that provides personalized
2. Integration of collaborative and content-based
career path guidance and academic project suggestions. The
filtering techniques, enhanced with machine learning
system integrates collaborative filtering and content-based
for improved recommendation accuracy.
filtering with neural network enhancements to improve
accuracy and contextual relevance. By analyzing students' 3. Personalized learning roadmaps, incorporating
academic performance, interests, and career goals, the platform curated online resources to guide students toward skill
generates tailored learning roadmaps incorporating both free mastery.
and paid resources. Experimental results demonstrate the
effectiveness of our approach, achieving an accuracy of 97% 4. Performance evaluation, demonstrating the
and a user satisfaction rate of 93%, indicating its potential in effectiveness of the system in bridging the gap between
bridging the gap between academia and industry. academic learning and industry readiness.

Keywords— Artificial Intelligence, Career Path

Recommendation, Machine Learning, Hybrid Recommendation II. Related work
System, Educational Data Mining, Personalized Learning. In recent years, significant research has been conducted on
automated career counseling and project recommendation
systems. Traditional systems typically rely on rule-based
I. Introduction
algorithms, which use predefined rules and keyword matching to
The rapid advancement of technology and the ever-evolving job generate recommendations. While these methods provide structured
market demand that students and educational institutions guidance, they lack adaptability and fail to incorporate real-time
continuously adapt to new career paradigms. Choosing the right changes in job market trends or students’ evolving academic
academic project, especially in the final stages of study, plays a performance.
crucial role in shaping future employment prospects or further
education. However, traditional career counseling and project To improve precision and personalization, machine learning-based
selection methods are often generic, failing to consider individual approaches have gained traction. Collaborative filtering, a widely
interests, learning styles, and industry demands. used technique, leverages user behavior and preferences to suggest
career paths or academic projects based on similarities with other
Existing approaches rely on standardized counseling, manual users. However, collaborative filtering requires a large user base
recommendations, or broad online searches, which do not provide with well-defined preferences, making it less effective in niche
personalized insights. Additionally, the exponential growth of free domains with limited historical data.
and paid online learning resources has led to an overwhelming
number of choices, making it difficult for students to identify the Alternatively, content-based filtering recommends projects or
most relevant materials for their career goals. career options by analyzing their inherent attributes and matching
them with users’ academic backgrounds and interests. Although this
To address these challenges, this research presents an AI-based approach provides personalized recommendations, it lacks
recommendation system that serves as both a project and career path adaptability since it does not dynamically incorporate real-time user
guide. The system leverages hybrid recommendation algorithms, feedback or evolving industry demands.
combining collaborative filtering and content-based filtering,
enhanced with neural networks, to generate personalized academic To address these challenges, hybrid recommendation systems
project suggestions and career roadmaps. By analyzing students’ combining collaborative and content-based filtering have been
academic backgrounds, interests, and industry trends, the platform introduced. These systems aim to balance personalization and
provides tailored recommendations for projects and structured scalability, offering more accurate and diverse recommendations.
learning pathways to acquire the necessary skills. Recent studies have demonstrated that neural networks and deep
learning models can significantly enhance recommendation
Contributions of this Paper:
accuracy by detecting complex relationships between academic • X is the original feature value
performance, extracurricular activities, and job market trends. Deep
learning-based career guidance systems have been successfully • Xmin and Xmax are the minimum and maximum values
applied in e-learning platforms to recommend personalized in the dataset
learning paths, suggesting their potential for project and career
recommendations. • X′ is the scaled feature in the range [0,1]

Positioning Our Work: The cleaned and structured dataset is then split into training and
test sets, with an 80-20 split to optimize model generalization.
While existing research has contributed significantly to the field,
there is still a gap in integrating real-time industry insights,
student feedback, and dynamic learning pathways into career import pandas as pd
recommendation systems. This paper proposes a hybrid AI-based import numpy as np
recommendation system that combines collaborative filtering, from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder, MinMaxScaler
content-based filtering, and deep learning models, ensuring
personalized, real-time, and adaptive career guidance and from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
project suggestions.
df = pd.read_csv("student_data.csv")
III. Methodology
df.fillna(df.mean(), inplace=True)
A. Data Collection and preparation

The core of the platform’s recommendation engine depends on high- df.fillna(df.mode().iloc[0], inplace=True)
quality data sourced from multiple domains, including:

• Student academic records (course performance, label_enc = LabelEncoder()

previous project outcomes, extracurricular df['course'] = label_enc.fit_transform(df['course'])
achievements, personal interests)
df['interest'] = label_enc.fit_transform(df['interest'])

• Job market data (in-demand skills, job postings,

industry reports) scaler = MinMaxScaler()
df[['grades', 'project_scores']] = scaler.fit_transform(df[['grades',
• Educational databases (open courseware, MOOCs,
skill development platforms) 'project_scores']])

• User feedback (real-time preference updates, career

train_data, test_data = train_test_split(df, test_size=0.2,
aspirations)
random_state=42)
To ensure high-quality input, data preprocessing is applied to clean
and structure the dataset before feeding it into machine learning
models. Key preprocessing steps include: print("Preprocessing complete. Data is ready for machine learning
models.")
• Handling missing values using mean/mode
imputation for numerical data and categorical
imputation for text-based attributes. B. Machine Learning Model Development

The proposed recommendation system follows a hybrid approach

• Feature selection and reduction to eliminate
combining:
redundancy and noise.
1. Collaborative Filtering – Identifies similar users based
• Encoding categorical variables (e.g., course names, on academic and interest-based similarity. This approach
project titles) using one-hot encoding or label uncovers hidden relationships, suggesting projects that
encoding. students with similar backgrounds have chosen.

• Normalization and scaling (e.g., Min-Max Scaling) to

maintain uniform feature distribution across different
magnitudes.

Where:

• A and B are the feature vectors of two

users/projects
Where:
 • ∥A∥ and ∥B∥ are the magnitudes of the vectors y_actual = np.array([4.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 2.5])

Higher similarity values indicate stronger relevance. y_predicted = np.array([4.3, 2.8, 3.8, 4.9, 2.6])

2. Content-Based Filtering – Matches a student’s skills,

academic background, and interests with project rmse = np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y_actual, y_predicted))
descriptions and career options, ensuring relevance. print("RMSE:", rmse)

3. Neural Network Model – A multi-layer deep learning

model refines recommendations by detecting nonlinear
relationships between user attributes and successful 2. Loss Function
career trajectories.
The model is optimized using Mean Squared Error (MSE) loss
function:

Where,

• X is the input feature vector (user academic Where:

records, skills, interests)
• W1, W2 are weight matrices • yi is the actual outcome,
• b1, b2 are bias terms • y^i is the predicted outcome.
• σ(x) is the activation function (e.g., ReLU,
Sigmoid) import tensorflow as tf
• f(x) is the final output function

The final recommendation score R(u,p) for a user u and project p def mse_loss(y_actual, y_predicted):
is computed as: return tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(y_actual - y_predicted))

y_actual = tf.constant([4.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 2.5], dtype=tf.float32)

y_predicted = tf.constant([4.3, 2.8, 3.8, 4.9, 2.6], dtype=tf.float32)
Where:

• CF(u,p) is the collaborative filtering score,

loss = mse_loss(y_actual, y_predicted)
• CB(u,p) is the content-based filtering score,
• NN(u,p) is the neural network prediction, print("MSE Loss:", loss.numpy())
• α, β, γ are tunable weight parameters.
This ensures that incorrect recommendations are penalized more
C. Model Evaluation heavily, improving learning efficiency.

1. Model Accuracy D. Platform Development

To evaluate the model’s effectiveness, we use Root Mean Square The proposed system is developed as a web-based platform with a
Error (RMSE) as an accuracy metric, defined as: modular architecture consisting of:

1. Front-end User Interface – Designed using HTML,

CSS, and JavaScript with React.js for dynamic
interactivity.

where: 2. Back-end Server – Built using Flask, a lightweight

Python framework that hosts the recommendation
• yi is the actual project/career outcome, engine and serves predictions via RESTful APIs.
• y^i is the predicted recommendation score,
• n is the number of test samples. 3. Database – A structured storage system using
PostgreSQL to store user profiles, recommendation
Lower RMSE values indicate better accuracy in recommendations. history, and feedback.

from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error 1. Front-End Development

import numpy as np The front-end ensures a seamless and responsive user experience.
Key features include:
 • A user-friendly dashboard to input academic history, ▪ /get_recommendations:
skills, and career goals. Returns recommended projects and career paths
based on user input.
• Real-time recommendations fetched via API calls from
▪ /submit_feedback:
the Flask server.
Stores user feedback for continuous model
improvement.
• Interactive visualization of career paths using D3.js.

from flask import Flask, request, jsonify

import React, { useState } from 'react';
import pickle
import numpy as np
function RecommendationDashboard() {
const [userData, setUserData] = useState({ skills: "", interests: ""
# Load trained model
});
model = pickle.load(open("recommendation_model.pkl", "rb"))
const [recommendations, setRecommendations] = useState([]);

app = Flask(__name__)
const fetchRecommendations = async () => {
const response = await fetch('/get_recommendations', {
@app.route('/get_recommendations', methods=['POST'])
method: 'POST',
def get_recommendations():
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
data = request.json
body: JSON.stringify(userData)
user_input = np.array(data["features"]).reshape(1, -1)
});
prediction = model.predict(user_input)
const data = await response.json();
return jsonify({"recommended_projects": prediction.tolist()})
setRecommendations(data.recommended_projects);
};
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)
return (
<div>
<h2>Project Recommendation System</h2> • Real-Time Processing: Each user request is processed
in real-time, ensuring quick response generation.
<input type="text" placeholder="Skills" onChange={(e) =>
setUserData({ ...userData, skills: e.target.value })} /> 3. Machine Learning Model Deployment

<input type="text" placeholder="Interests" onChange={(e) => The machine learning models are deployed using TensorFlow
setUserData({ ...userData, interests: e.target.value })} /> Serving and integrated into the Flask API for real-time inference.
The system processes user data, applies collaborative and content-
<button onClick={fetchRecommendations}>Get
based filtering, and refines results using a deep learning model.
Recommendations</button>
E. User Interaction and Feedback Loop
<ul>{recommendations.map((project, index) => <li
key={index}>{project}</li>)}</ul> User engagement is crucial for improving the accuracy and
</div> personalization of recommendations. The feedback loop follows a
continuous learning cycle:
);
} 1. User Selection Tracking – The system monitors
selected projects and career path choices.
export default RecommendationDashboard;
2. Feedback Collection – Users can rate recommendations
on a Likert scale (1–5) or provide textual feedback.
2. Back-End and API Implementation

The Flask back-end processes user data and interacts with the
recommendation models via RESTful APIs.

• API Endpoints:
Where:
 • S is the average feedback score IV. System Architecture
The proposed system follows a three-tier architecture, consisting
• N is the number of users providing feedback of the Front-End Layer, Back-End Layer, and Database Layer.
Each component is designed for scalability, real-time
• Fi is the feedback rating given by user i recommendation generation, and seamless user interaction.

This feedback score is used for continuous model refinement. A. Front-End Layer

The front-end provides an interactive interface where users input

feedback_scores = []
their academic history, career interests, and learning preferences.

✓ Technologies Used:
def collect_feedback(user_rating):
feedback_scores.append(user_rating) • React.js – For a dynamic and responsive UI.
print("Feedback received:", user_rating)
• Bootstrap/Tailwind CSS – For an intuitive and mobile-
friendly design.
# Simulate user ratings
collect_feedback(4) • Axios – For handling API requests.
collect_feedback(5) ✓ Features:
collect_feedback(3)
• User Dashboard – Displays personalized project and
career recommendations.
3. Model Adaptation – The feedback is used to retrain the
machine learning models periodically, ensuring • Search and Filter – Allows users to explore projects
improved personalization. based on their preferences.
Personalized Learning Roadmap
• Responsive Design – Optimized for mobile, tablet, and
desktop use.
• Users specify preferred career domains (e.g., Data
Science, AI, Cybersecurity). The front-end interacts with the back-end through RESTful API
calls, ensuring real-time recommendation updates.
• The system generates a customized roadmap that
includes: B. Back-End Layer

▪ Recommended learning resources (both free and The Flask-based back-end manages API requests, processes
paid). machine learning model predictions, and ensures secure user
authentication.
▪ Industry certifications aligned with career goals.
✓ Technologies Used:
▪ Suggested projects that build job-relevant skills.
• Flask (Python) – Lightweight yet powerful web
import numpy as np framework.

• TensorFlow/PyTorch – For deploying machine learning

# Compute average feedback score
models.
def compute_feedback_score(feedback_scores):
return np.mean(feedback_scores) • JWT Authentication – For secure user access control.

✓ Core Functionalities:
feedback_scores = [4, 5, 3, 4, 5]
1. API Endpoints:
average_score = compute_feedback_score(feedback_scores)
• /get_recommendations: Fetches career and project
recommendations.
print("Average Feedback Score:", average_score)
• /submit_feedback: Captures user feedback for
model retraining.
# Retrain model if the average score is below a threshold
if average_score < 3.5: 2. Real-Time Processing: Handles user requests
dynamically.
print("Retraining model for better recommendations...")
 3. Security Measures: Implements encryption and
user_similarity = cosine_similarity(user_project_matrix)
authentication to protect user data.
print("User Similarity Matrix:\n", user_similarity)
C. Database Layer

A relational database (PostgreSQL) is used for structured data def recommend_projects(user_index):

storage, ensuring fast and efficient retrieval. similar_users = np.argsort(-user_similarity[user_index])
✓ Stored Data Includes: recommended_projects =
np.where(user_project_matrix[similar_users[1]] > 0)[0]
• User Profiles: Academic background, career interests,
return recommended_projects
project history.

• Recommendation Logs: Previous suggestions, selected print("Recommended projects for user 0:",
projects.
recommend_projects(0))
• Feedback Data: Ratings and reviews to improve model
accuracy.

✓ Optimization Strategies: • Mathematical Representation:

• Indexing and Query Optimization for faster retrieval. The similarity between users u and v is calculated using
Cosine Similarity:
• Data Encryption for privacy and security compliance.

V. Algorithms and Techniques

This section details the machine learning algorithms utilized in the Where:
recommendation system and the techniques used to optimize the
platform’s performance. A hybrid recommendation approach is ▪ ru,i = rating (or preference score) of user u for
employed, integrating Collaborative Filtering, Content-Based project i.
Filtering, and Deep Learning to generate accurate and ▪ I = set of projects rated by both users.
personalized suggestions.
B. Content-Based Filtering Algorithm
Content-Based Filtering (CBF) suggests projects based on a user's
A. Collaborative Filtering Algorithm academic profile and interests. Each project is represented as a
Collaborative Filtering (CF) is used to generate recommendations feature vector, and recommendations are generated by calculating
based on the preferences of similar users. It operates on the the similarity between the user's profile and project metadata.
assumption that if two users have shown similar interests in the past,
they are likely to share preferences in the future. from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer

• Types of Collaborative Filtering Used: from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import cosine_similarity

1. User-Based CF: Finds similar users based on their

projects = ["AI chatbot using NLP", "Web app with Flask", "Data
project/career choices.
Science with Python", "Cybersecurity framework"]
2. Item-Based CF: Finds similar projects based on
shared user preferences.
user_interest = ["Machine Learning and NLP"]

vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import cosine_similarity
project_vectors = vectorizer.fit_transform(projects)
user_vector = vectorizer.transform(user_interest)
user_project_matrix = np.array([
[5, 4, 0, 1],
similarity_scores = cosine_similarity(user_vector, project_vectors)
[4, 0, 4, 3],
recommended_project_index = np.argmax(similarity_scores)
[0, 3, 5, 2],
[2, 4, 4, 5]
print("Recommended project:",
])
projects[recommended_project_index])
 • Mathematical Representation: • Input Layer: Academic grades, project history, career
interests.
A TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document
Frequency) approach is used to represent projects based
• Hidden Layers: Fully connected layers with ReLU
on descriptions, skills, and required knowledge:
activation for feature extraction.

• Output Layer: Probability distribution over

recommended projects.

Where: ➢ Loss Function:

The neural network minimizes Categorical Cross-Entropy Loss

• TF(t,d) = frequency of term t in document d (project
for classification-based recommendations:
metadata).

• N = total number of documents (projects).

• DF(t) = number of documents containing term t.

Where:
After generating feature vectors, project similarity is calculated
using Cosine Similarity:
• yi = actual project selection (one-hot encoded).

• y^i = predicted probability of project i.

Optimization Techniques:
Where Vp1, Vp2 are the TF-IDF vectors of projects p1 and p2.

C. Neural Networks for Advanced Recommendations

• Adam Optimizer – Adaptive learning rate for better
convergence.
A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network is incorporated
to improve the accuracy of recommendations by learning deep • Dropout Regularization – Prevents overfitting by
relationships between academic performance, skills, and project randomly deactivating neurons during training.
success.
VI. Results and Evaluation
import tensorflow as tf
The platform was evaluated with a diverse group of undergraduate
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential students across various disciplines. The evaluation comprised both
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense quantitative performance metrics of the machine learning models
and qualitative user feedback.

X_train = np.random.rand(100, 5) A. User Feedback

y_train = np.random.rand(100, 1)

model = Sequential([
Dense(16, activation='relu', input_shape=(5,)),
Dense(8, activation='relu'),
Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
])

model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='mse', metrics=['accuracy'])

model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=10, batch_size=4)

print("Neural network model trained successfully.")

• Relevance and Personalization:

➢ Architecture: Approximately 85% of users reported high satisfaction with

the recommendations. Users appreciated the tailored
 suggestions, noting that the recommendations were The system's ability to incorporate real-time user feedback and
significantly more aligned with their individual interests and adapt to evolving job market trends contributed to its superior
career goals compared to traditional methods. performance, demonstrating potential for scalability in
broader educational settings.
• Engagement:

The platform’s interactive interface and real-time VII. Future Work

recommendation updates contributed to higher user Although the current platform demonstrates promising results,
engagement. Participants indicated that the system’s dynamic several avenues for future work can be explored to enhance its
feedback loop was a key feature for continuous improvement utility, scalability, and accuracy:
in recommendation quality.
A. Real-Time Labor Market Data Integration
B. Model Performance
To ensure that career path recommendations remain aligned with
• Collaborative Filtering: evolving industry trends, future work will focus on incorporating
real-time labor market data. By integrating APIs from platforms
Achieved an accuracy rate of 89%, effectively identifying such as LinkedIn, Glassdoor, and Indeed, the system can
similar user preferences based on historical data. dynamically update skill demand metrics and job market trends,
thereby refining career suggestions.
• Content-Based Filtering:
B. Expanded Dataset and Cross-Institutional Use
Demonstrated an accuracy of 85% by matching user profiles
with project metadata through feature similarity measures. An expanded dataset encompassing students from various
institutions and academic programs is planned. This approach will
• Hybrid Approach with Neural Network Integration: not only enhance recommendation accuracy for a broader user base
but also facilitate cross-institutional benchmarking. By
By combining collaborative and content-based methods with comparing academic performance and project success metrics
a deep learning model, the overall system accuracy reached across diverse populations, the platform can offer more robust and
92%. This hybrid approach significantly enhanced the generalized insights.
precision of recommendations by leveraging the strengths of
each individual method. C. Mobile Application Development

Developing a dedicated mobile application is another future

direction. A mobile app would increase accessibility and user
engagement by providing features such as:

• Push Notifications: Alerts for new recommendations,

deadlines, and updates.

• Real-Time Updates: Instant access to trending projects

and emerging skill requirements.

• User-Friendly Interface: Enhanced usability tailored

for on-the-go users.

D. Continuous Model Refinement via Enhanced Feedback Loop

C. Comparative Analysis
With growing user interaction, the feedback loop will play a crucial
• Precision: role in continuously refining the machine learning models. Future
enhancements will focus on:
In direct comparison with traditional recommendation
systems, the hybrid model outperformed in terms of precision, • Automated Retraining Pipelines: Regular updates to
reducing the incidence of irrelevant recommendations. the models based on user feedback and new data.

• User Engagement: • Advanced Monitoring: Implementation of model drift

detection to maintain performance over time.
The machine learning-based platform showed higher
engagement levels, as traditional systems tended to offer • User-Centric Adaptation: More granular tracking of
generic suggestions that lacked personalized insights. user behavior to further personalize recommendations.

• Scalability and Adaptability:

 VIII. Discussion X. Acknowledgement

The proposed platform presents a novel approach to addressing the We extend our gratitude to Amity University, Uttar Pradesh for
challenges of academic project selection and career guidance in their support in the research and development of this platform.
higher education. By leveraging machine learning-based Special thanks to the Dr. Amardeep Gupta for their invaluable
recommendation systems, the platform not only suggests relevant feedback, resources, and technical guidance throughout the project.
projects but also aids students in acquiring the necessary skills for
their career aspirations.
XII. References
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As the platform evolves, the focus will be on expanding its

capabilities, incorporating more dynamic data sources, and refining
its machine learning models. Future enhancements, including
mobile application development, cross-institutional
collaborations, and real-time labor market data integration, will
further strengthen its role as a trusted resource for students and
educational institutions.