MARKING SCHEME

1. A (i) What phenomenon does the diagram illustrate? [1 mark]

Refraction of light

(ii) Identify each of the parts labelled I, II, III, IV and V. [5 marks]
I – Normal
II - Incident ray
III - angle of incidence / incident angle
IV - angle of refraction
V - refracted ray

(iii) Explain why an object at the bottom of a pond appears closer to the surface
than it actually is. [3 marks]
Rays from the object at the bottom are bent away from the normal as they come out of the
water. In a straight line, these rays appear to come from a point above the bottom

B. (i) General name for the devices. [1 mark]

Simple machines

(ii) Identification of each of the devices labelled A, B, C and D. [4 marks]

A - Wheel barrow
B - Inclined plane
C – Pulley
D – Gear

(iii) The parts labelled I, II and III of device A when it is considered as a lever. [3
marks]
I – Effort
II - Load
III – Pivot

(iv) What the arrow represents in the device labelled B [1 mark]

Direction of effort / effort distance

(v) The type of work done with each of the devices labelled:
(α) C;
Lifting objects
(β) D;
moving a vehicle or parts of an engine efficiently [2 marks]

C. (i) Names of the parts labelled I, II, III, IV and V [5 marks]

I – Stomach
II - Small intestines
 III - Large intestines
IV – Rectum
V - Oesophagus / gullet

(ii) The part(s) of the digestive system where

(α) digestion of food substances occur
I and II

(β) digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream [3 marks]

II

(iii) The end-products of the digestion that is absorbed into the bloodstream [3
marks]
Amino acids, glucose, fatty acids and glycerol

D.

2. (a) (i) What a is satellite?

A body that moves around / orbits a planet

(ii) Three uses of artificial satellites. [5 marks]

 weather forecasting
 communication
 scientific exploration
 Navigation – using GPS, etc.
 television/ radio broadcast
 military purposes

(b) The composition of each of the following alloys: [3 marks]

(i) brass
copper and zinc
(ii) steel
iron and carbon
(iii) bronze
copper and tin

(c) Three cultural practices used in vegetable production. [3 marks]

 Weeding
 Pruning
 Mulching
 Watering
 Thinning out
 Staking
 (d) Four parts of the respiratory system in humans. [4 marks]
Nostril, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, trachea, pharynx, blood capillaries

3. (a) (i) What is technology?

The use of scientific knowledge to solve problems in everyday life.
Or. The application of scientific knowledge and methods to make life / work easier,
faster and more comfortable
Or. The study, development, and application of devices, machines, and techniques for
manufacturing and productive processes

(ii) State two differences between science and technology. [4 marks]

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
Aims at gaining knowledge about nature Aims at applying scientific knowledge to
solve problems
Focuses more on experimentation and Focuses more on synthesis of design
analysis
Mainly theory based Mainly practical based
Generally cannot be used to solve Are generally used to solve everyday
everyday problems problems

(b) Draw potassium atom and show the distribution of electrons in its shells. [K =
19] [4 marks]

(c) What energy transformations take place in each of the following activities?
(i) Using a flashlight battery to produce light in a bulb.
Chemical energy → Electrical energy → Light energy and heat

(ii) Using a microphone to address a gathering. [4 marks]

Electrical energy→ Sound energy

(d) List three components of soil. [3 marks]

 Mineral matter / rock particles,
 organic matter/humus,
  water,
 air,
 micro-organisms

4. (a) (i) What a is force?

A push or pull on an object

(ii) Two ways in which forces could affect a body [4 marks]

A force can:
 cause a stationery body to move
 cause a moving body to stop
 increase the speed of a moving body (acceleration)
 decrease the speed of a moving body (deceleration)
 change the shape of a body

(b) (i) What a chemical change?

is a change in which a new substance is formed and is irreversible, eg, the neutralization
reaction between HCl and NaOH

(ii) Three differences between chemical change and physical change. [5 marks]
CHEMICAL CHANGE PHYSICAL CHANGE
A new substance is formed No new substance is formed
It is irreversible (not reversible) It is usually reversible
Heat energy is given off or absorbed No heat energy given off or absorbed
Chemical bonds are broken and new ones Chemical bonds are not broken and no
form new ones are formed

(c) Three physical properties of soil. [3 marks]

 Soil Texture,
 Soil Structure,
 Water-holding capacity/ permeability / porosity
 Soil colour
 Bulk density
 Soil temperature
 Soil Consistency / Soil strength

(d) Three diseases of the circulatory system in humans. [3 marks]

 Anaemia
 Haemophilia
 Coronary artery disease
 Arteriosclerosis
 Leukemia
  Stroke
 Hypertension
 heart failure
 heart attack
 Aortic dissection
 Cardiomyopathy, etc

5. (a) (i) State two physical properties of water
 Colourless,
 Odourless
 Tasteless
 freezes at 0° Celsius
 boils at 100° Celsius
 density of 1 g/cm3 (at 4°C)
 Among liquids, is a good conductor of heat
 Universal solvent
 High surface tension

(ii) Using litmus paper, explain why water is neutral. [3 marks]

Blue litmus paper turns red in acidic medium and red litmus paper turns blue in basic
medium. The colour of litmus paper, whether red or blue, remains the same in the
presence of water. This shows that water is neutral, meaning it is neither acidic nor basic.
(Pure water has a pH of 7)

(b) Give one function of each of the following nutrients in plants [2

marks]
(i) nitrogen
 Essential for photosynthesis (carbohydrate production), due to its presence in
chlorophyll
 Promotes rapid growth of plants, as a component of plant protein.

(ii) potassium
 Regulates the opening & closing of stomata
 Enables the plants to withstand extreme temperatures
 It increases the plants’ ability to use water more efficiently
 Facilitates the production of starch from sugars
 Essential for the synthesis of protein

(c) (i) State two human activities that disrupt the carbon cycle.
 Destruction of forests and other vegetative cover
 excessive release of carbon dioxide and other gaseous carbon compounds from
industries, vehicles, etc into the atmosphere.
 bush burning
  global warming

(ii) State two effects of the disruption of the carbon cycle on the environment. [4
marks]
 depletion of the ozone layer
 global warming due to the greenhouse effect
 extinction of certain species of animals

(d) (i) What is density of a body?

The mass per unit volume of the body. OR
mass of body
Density=
volume of body

(ii) A body of mass 50 kg has a density of 2 kg/m3 . Calculate the volume of the
body. [5 marks]
mass
V olume=
density
50 kg
Volume= 3
2kg /m
3
Volume=25 m

6. (a) (i) What is germination of seed?

The process by which a viable seed grows/develops into a seedling.
(ii) State two conditions necessary for the germination of seed.
 Presence of air
 Presence of water
 Viable seed
 Optimum temperature

(b) State four methods used in identifying farm animals

Tagging, tattooing, branding, tonging, ear notching

(c) Explain why it is easier to cut a piece of yam with a sharp knife than with a blunt
knife
The cutting edge of a sharp knife has very small surface area so requires smaller force to
yield the pressure needed to cut the yam - making cutting easy, but the cutting edge of a
blunt knife has a relatively larger surface area so it needs a larger force to yield the
pressure needed to cut the yam.

(d) State three differences between a metal and a non-metal.

Metals Non-metals
Have high melting point Have low melting point
Are lustrous Are not lustrous
Are malleable Are not malleable
Have high density Have low density
Are ductile Are brittle
Are good conductors of heat and electric Are poor conductors of heat and electric
current current