1 l

s c a
p i
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Kashan Iqbal
INDEX
Work Sheet No Topic

1 Representation of Data

2 Permutations and combinations

3 Probability

4 Discrete Random Variables

5 The Normal Distribution

i
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ii
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iii
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iv
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Representation of Data

A variable is qualitative if it is not possible for it to take a numerical value.

A variable is quantitative if it can take a numerical value
A quantitative variable which ca n take any value in a given range is continuous.
A quantitative variable which has clear steps between its possible values is discrete.

A bar chart which represents continuous data is a histogram if

 the bars have no spaces between them (though there may be bars of height zero,
which look like spaces), and
 the area of each bar is proportional to the frequency

To find the median of a data set of n values, arrange the values in order of increasing
size.
If n is odd, the median is the ½(n + l)th value. If n is even, the median is halfway between
the ½ n th value and the following value

To find the median value for grouped data from a cumulative frequency graph, read off
the value of the variable corresponding to a cumulative frequency equal to half the total
frequency.

The mean of a data set is equal to the sum of the values in the data set divided by the
number of values.

The mean, x , of a data set of n values is given by

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x1 + x2 + x3 + ..... Σx
x= =
n n

The mean, x, of a data set in which the variable takes the value xl with frequency fl, x2
with frequency f2 and so on is given by

x1f1 + x2f2 + ...... Σxf

x = f + f + f + ….. = Σf
1 2 3

Σ(x - a) ∑( ) ∑( )
x= +a SD = √ ( )
n

The mode of a data set is the value which occurs with the highest frequency. A data set
can have more than one mode if two or more values have the same maximum frequency.
A data set has no mode if all the values have the same frequency.

The modal class for a grouped frequency distribution is the class with the highest
frequency density.

The range of a set of data values is defined by the equation

range = largest value – smallest value.

Interquartile range = upper quartile - lower quartile = Q3 – Q1.

The variance of a set of data values xl, x2, ….., xn whose mean is
x1 + x2 + …+xn ∑xi
x = n = n

is given by either of the two alternative formulae

1 1
variance = ∑ (xi – x)2 or variance = ∑ xi2 – x2
n n
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.

The variance of data given in a frequency table in which the variable takes the value xl
with frequency f1, the value x2 with frequency f2 and so on is given by the two formulae

∑ (xi – x)2 fi ∑xi2 fi 2

variance = ∑ fi or variance = ∑ fi - x

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Representation of Data Work Sheet # 01

Q.1 The box-and-whisker plots in the diagram illustrate the scores in an aptitude test taken by
people applying for a job. The scores are expressed on a scale of 0-50, and the results for men
and women are shown separately.

(i) For the men taking the aptitude test, state the value of
(a) the median score, [1]
(b) the range of the scores, [1]
(c) the interquartile range of the scores. [1]
(ii) Compare briefly the scores obtained by men and women, stating one similarity and one
difference, [2]
(iii) Give a reason why the scores obtained by the women would not be well modeled by a
normal distribution. [1]

Q.3/Pract Exam1
Ans.1 (i) (a) 29 (b) 42 (c) 21 (ii) medians are quite similar, men’s scores are more spread out.

(iii) The distribution is not symmetrical

Q.2 A chicken farmer fed 25 new-born chicks with a new variety of corn. The stem-and-leaf
diagram below shows the weight gains of the chicks after three weeks.
36 9
37 6
38 4 5 6
39 3 3 7 9 9
40 2 3 7 8
41 0 2 6 6
42 3 5 7
43 2 4
44 5
45 1
Key: 39/3 means 393 grams

(i) Find the median weight gain, and find also the interquartile range. [3]

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The data may be summarised by ∑(x - 400) = 192 and ∑(x - 400)2 = 11 894 , where x grams is
the weight gain of a chick.

(ii) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the weight gains of the 25 chicks,
giving each answer to the nearest gram. [4]

(iii) Chicks fed on the standard variety of corn had weight gains after three weeks with mean
392 grams and standard deviation 12 grams. State briefly how the new variety of corn
compares to the standard variety. [2]
Q.6/Pract Exam2
Ans.2 (i) 407 grams, 31 grams (ii) 408 grams, 20 grams

(iii) with the new variety, weight gains are increased on average, but are more variable.

Q.3

Q.7/N/02

Ans.3 (i) median = 78 , LQ = 72 or 73 UQ = 88 (ii) people heavier in P than in Q weights more

spread out in Q.

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Q.4

Q.1/J/03
Ans.4 (i) False zero (ii/b) 79

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Q.5

Q.4/J/05
Ans.5 (i) Shows all the data (ii) LQ = 5.4 median = 6.5 UQ = 8.3

Q.6

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Ans.6 (i) Median = 24 , Lower Quartile = 16 (ii) 5 Q.1/J/08

Q.7

Q.3/N/06
Ans.7

Q.8 The lengths of time in minutes to swim a certain distance by the members of a class of twelve
9-year-olds and by the members of a class of eight 16-year-olds are shown below.

9-year-olds: 13.0 16.1 16.0 14.4 15.9 15.1 14.2 13.7 16.7 16.4 15.0 13.2
16-year-old: 14.8 13.0 11.4 11.7 16.5 13.7 12.8 12.9

(i) Draw a back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagram to represent the information above. [4]

(ii) A new pupil joined the 16-year-old class and swam the distance. The mean time for the class
of nine pupils was now 13.6 minutes. Find the new pupil's time to swim the distance. [3]
Q.4/J/07
Ans.8 (i)

(ii) New pupil’s time = 15.6 min

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Q.9

Ans.9 (i) Draw (ii) median = 125 , LQ = 115 , UQ = 145 (iii) Draw Q.6/N/08

Q.10

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Ans.10 (i) 67 (ii) (iii) books are fatter/ wider, or Q.4/N/09
Standard deviation / IQ range
of the number of books per shelf is less

Q.11

Ans.11 (i) Draw (ii) median = 19 , LQ = 10 , UQ = 24 , IQ = 14 Q.2/J/10/61

(iii) median because mode could be any number which is duplicated more than twice

Q.12

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Ans.12 (i) median = 0.825 , IQ = 0.019 (ii) q = 0.824 , r = 0.852 (iii) Draw (iv) Y has longer
insects on average , Y has larger range Q.6/J/10/63

Q.13

Ans.13 (i) Draw (ii) Physics marks are more spread out than History marks Q.4/N/11/61

Q.14

Ans.14 (ii) 0.13 (iii) 0.927 , 0.0882 Q.5/ J/12/61

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Q.15

Ans.15 (i) 0.186 , 0.019 Q.4/ J/12/62

Q.16

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Ans.16 (i) Median = 22 700 , LQ = 21 700 , UQ = 24 000 Q.3/ J/13/61

Q.17

Ans.17 (ii) Median = 160, LQ = 140 , UQ = 210 , IQ = 70 (iii) 10, 450, 570 Q.5/ J/13/62

Q.18

Ans.18 (i) (ii) $957 and $986 thousands Q.4/ N/13/61

(iii)

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Q.19

Ans.19 (i) (ii) Q.1/J/14/63

Representation of Data Work Sheet # 01 13

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Histogram

Q.1

Q.4/N/01
Ans.1 (ii) 0.172

Q.2

Q.7/J/03
Ans.2 (i) mean = 18.4 S.D = 13.3

Q.3

Ans.3 make on graph paper Q.2/N/03

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Kashan Iqbal
Q.4

Q.2/N/04
Ans.4 (i) a = 40 (iii) (60/68) (0.882)

Q.5
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Ans.5 (i) 30 – 35 years (ii) 24 (iii) 110 (iv) 0.273 Q.5/J/06

Q.6 The values. in billions of dollars, of 100 companies registered in a certain country
are summarised in the table below.

Value of company, 1≤x<2 2≤x<3 3≤x<5 5 ≤ x < 10 10 ≤ x < 20

$x billion
Number of companies 29 23 15 21 12

(i) Illustrate the data by means of a histogram, drawn accurately on graph paper. [4]

[ (ii) Calculate an estimate of the mean value of these companies. and explain briefly why
your answer is only an estimate of the true mean value. [4]

(iii) The median value of x for these companies is known to be 2.92. State what feature of the data
accounts for the mean being considerably greater than the median. [1]

(iv) Explain briefly why the mean might not be considered as a very good measure
of the ‘average’ value of the companies. [1]
Q.7/Pract Exam1
Ans.6 (i) Frequencies densities are 29, 23, 7.5, 4.2, 1.2 (ii) $4.985 billion; use of
class centers is an approximation (iii) Dist: is positively skewed
(iv) Approximation two-thirds of the companies are worth less than the mean.

Q.7

Q.5/J/08
Ans.7 (i) Draw (ii) mean = 2.1 hours
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Q.8

Ans.8 (i) 0.75 cm (ii) 26.6 gram Q.4/N/10/61

Q.9

Ans.9 (i) 45 – 50 g (ii) S IQ = 5 , LIQ = 20 (iii) 50 Q.4/N/11/62

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Q.10

Ans.10 (i) 20 , 44 , 34 , 30 , 30 , 36 (ii) 7.55 (iii) 0.429 Q.5/N/10/63

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Kashan Iqbal
Q.11

Ans.11 (i) median 15 – 20 , UQ 25 – 40 (iii) 22.0 min Q.3/N/12/62

Q.12

Ans.12 (i) 11.4 , 9.79 (ii) Draw Q.4/N/12/63

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Q.13

Ans.13 (ii) 213 , 46.6 (iii) have used the mid point of each interval and not the raw data.Q.4/ N/13/62
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Q.14

Ans.14 Q.1/N/13/63
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Q.15

Ans.15 (ii) 40.2 (iv) LQ in 6 – 20 , UQ in 61 – 80 , IQR = 41 Q.7/ J/14/61

Q.16

Ans.16 (i) 6 (ii) Draw (iii) 11.7 , 0.547 Q.6/ J/14/62

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Mean and Standard Deviation

Q.1

Q.4/J/02
Ans.1 (i) mean 108 , S.D = 13.4

Q.2

Q.1/N/03
Ans.2 mean = 34/40 (0.850) Variance = 0.978

Q.3

Q.1/J/04
Ans.3 (i) mean = 139 S.D = 83.1 (ii) team B smaller S.D

Q.4

Q.4/N/04
Ans.4 (i) mean = 41.4 S.D = 13.2 (ii) Age = 48 , S.D = 13.4
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Q.5

Q.2/J/05
Ans.5 (i) f = 9 (ii) S.D = 16.1

Q.6

Q.4/N/05
Ans.6 (i) 44.1 (ii) S.D = 14

Q.7

Q.1/J/06
Ans.7 median $ 47000 data have an outlier, are skew etc.
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Q.8

Q.6/J/06
Ans.8 (i) 16 (ii) 8 (iv) mean = 1.94 , var = 1.43
(iii)
Matches 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 16 8 4 2 2

Q.9

Q.1/N/07
Ans.9 (i) a = 12 (ii) 8.88

Q.10

Q.1/N/08
Ans.10 mean = 38.4 mm , sd = 4.57 mm
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Q.11

Ans.11 (i) mean =18.9 , sd = 12.3 (ii) median (iii) mode inappropriate b/c it is 10 and this is the lowest
Value. Mean inappropriate b/c it is affected by the outlier (of 48) Q.1/J/10/62

Q.12

Ans.12 (i) 127 (ii) 4910 Q.2/J/10/63

Q.13

Ans.13 mean = 18.2 , s.d = 4.19 Q.1/N/10/61

Q.14

Ans.14 (i) 712 (ii) 7.94 Q.2/N/10/62

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Q.15

Ans.15 (i) 63.5 (ii) 945 (iii) 20623 (20600) Q.4/N/10/63

Q.16

Ans.16 (i) 40.9 , 8.30 (ii) 8.41 Q.3/J/11/62

Q.17

Ans.17 (i) 4.02 (ii) 2.19 Q.1/J/11/63

Q.18

Ans.18 (i) 9.11 (ii) 35412 Q.2/N/11/61

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Q.19

Ans.19 59.4 , 7.68 Q.1/N/11/62

Q.20

Ans.20 4.3 , 5514 Q.1/J/12/62

Q.21

Ans.21 (i) 15 (ii) 153.6 Q.2/ J/12/63

Q.22

Ans.22 804 , 27011.76 (27000) Q.2/N/12/61

Q.23

Ans.23 (i) 2.1 (ii) 78.2 Q.1/J/13/61

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Q.24

Ans.24 16.8, 63811 Q.2/ J/13/62

Q.25

Ans.25 26 , 257 Q.3/ N/13/61

Q.26

Ans.26 (i) 163 (ii) 988480, 351700, 3120 Q.4/ N/13/63

Q.27

Ans.27 (i) 173 (ii) 808549.36 , 4.16 Q.4/ J/14/63

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Cumulative Frequency

Q.1

Q.2/J/02
Ans.1 median = 64.5, Q1 = 41.5, Q3 = 80, IQR = 38.5

Q.2

Q.2/J/04
Ans.2 (ii) accept 60-70 for straight lines 40 – 70 for curve.

Q.3

Q.5/N/07
Ans.3 (i) some trains were up to 2 minutes early (ii) Median = 2.1 to 2.4 min , IQ = 3.2 to 3.6 min
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Q.4

Q.6/J/09
Ans.4 (i) a = 494 , b = 46 (ii) Draw (iii) 13.5 to 14.6 min (iv) mean = 18.2 min , sd = 14.2 min
(v) 155 to 170 people

Q.5 Each car owner in a sample of 100 car owners was asked the age of his or her present car.
The results are shown in the table below.

Age of car, t years 0 ≤ t < 2 2 ≤ t < 4 4 ≤ t < 6 6 ≤ t < 10 10 ≤ t <15 t ≥ 15

Number of cars 25 32 20 12 7 4

(i) Making a suitable assumption about the ages of the oldest cars. draw a cumulative
frequency graph on graph paper to illustrate the data. [4]

(ii) Hence find estimates for

(a) the proportion of cars in the sample that are more than 5 year old, [2]
(b) the age which is exceeded by the oldest 15% of cars. [2]

(iii) Would the assumption made in part (i) have any effect on an estimate of
Kashan Iqbal PAGE 38

(a) the median age of the cars,

(b) the mean age of the cars?
Give reasons for your answers. [3]

Q.7/Pract Exam2
Ans.5 (ii) (a) 33% (b) 8.7 years (iii) (a) No; the position of the final point doesn’t effect the part of the

graph where the median is found (b) Yes; the centre of the final class interval is affected.

Q.6

Ans.6 country B has heavier babies on average , country B has greater of weights. Q.3/J/10/62
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Q.7

Ans.7 (i) Draw median = 270 (ii) 160 (iii) 500 (iv) 268 Q.6/J/11/61

Q.8

Ans.8 (i) Draw (ii) 180 (iii) 59 Q.5/J/11/62

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Q.9

Ans.9 (i) (ii) 91 (iii) 37.6 Q.3/J/11/63

Q.10

Ans.10 (ii) 67.2 (iii) 67.2 , 11.3 Q.6/ J/13/63

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Q.11

Ans.11 (i) Draw (ii) most (3/4) are earning less than 28K , not many earning high salaries,etc
(iii) (a) IQ range = 11 , 42500 euroes (b) – 1.5 Q.5/N/11/63
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Descriptive Statistics

Q.1

Q.1/N/05
Q.2

Q.1/N/06
Ans.2

Q.3
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Ans.3 (i) prices Q.1/J/12/63
(ii)
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Permutations and Combinations

When you arrange n distinct letters in a line, the number of different 'words' you can make
is

n x (n - 1) x (n - 2) x... x 2 x 1.
The number of permutations of n distinct objects is n!, where

n! = n x (n -1) x (n - 2) x... x 2 x 1.
The number nPr of different permutations of r objects which can be made from n distinct
objects is given by
n n!
Pr = (n-r)!

The number of distinct permutations of n objects, of which p are identical to each other,
and then q of the remainder are identical, and r of the remainder are identical, and so on
is

n!
, where p + q + r +....= n.
p! x q! x r! x...
A combination is a selection in which the order of the objects selected is unimportant
The number of different combinations of r objects selected from n distinct object is
n n!
Cr = (n - r)! x r!

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Kashan Iqbal
Permutation and Combination Work Sheet # 02

Q.1 A ‘word’ is made by writing the seven letters used to spell ‘EXAMPLE’ in some order.
Find how many different ‘words’ are possible in each of the following cases.

(i) The first letter and the last letter are each ‘E’. 120 [1]

(ii) The two letters ‘E’ are next to each other. 720 [1]

(iii) The two letters ‘E’ are not next to each other. 1800 [2]
Q.1/Specimen

Q.2 Three married couples, Mr & Mrs Lee, Mr & Mrs Martin, and Mr & Mrs Shah, stand in a
line for a photograph to be taken. Find the number of different ways in which these six
people can be arranged.

(i) if there are no restrictions on the order in which they stand, 720 [1]

(ii) if each man stands next to his wife, 48 [2]

(iii) if no man stands next to another man. 144 [3]

Q.4/Pract Exam1
Q.3 In a class of 20 pupils, seven are left-handed and 13 are right-handed. Five pupils are
selected at random from the class, the order in which they are chosen is not important.

(i) Find the number of possible selections in which two of the five are left-handed
and three are right-handed, 6006 [3]

(ii) Find the probability that the sample of five will include exactly two who are left-
handed. 0.387 [2]
Q.2/Pract Exam2

Q.4 (a) A competition involves listing in order the best 6 features of a certain car. There are 10
features to choose from (e-g. power steering, air steering, air conditioning etc). Peter
makes a list of 6 features. How many different lists could Peter make? 151200 [2]

(b) The word MOBILE consists of the three consonants M, B, L and the three vowels O, I, E.
How many different arrangements of all the letters of the word MOBILE are possible if
the vowels must be next to each other? 144 [3]
Q.2/N/01

2
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Q.5 The digits of the number 1223678 can be rearranged to give many different 7-digit
numbers. Find how many different 7-digit numbers can be made if

(i) there are no restrictions on the order of the digits, 2520 [2]

(ii) the digits 1, 3, 7 (in any order) are next to each other, 360 [3]

(iii) these 7-digit numbers are even. 1440 [3]

Q.5/J/02

Q.6 In a certain hotel, the lock on the door to each room can be opened by inserting a key
card. The key card can be inserted only one way round. The card has a pattern of holes
punched in it. The card has 4 columns, and each column can have either 1 hole, 2 holes,
3 holes or 4 holes punched in it. Each column has 8 different positions for the holes. The
diagram illustrates one particular key card with 3 holes punched in the first column, 3 in
the second, 1 in the third and 2 in the fourth.

(i) Show that the number of different ways in which a column could have exactly
2 holes is 28. [1]

(ii) Find how many different patterns of holes can be punched in a column.162[4]

(iii) How many different possible key cards are there? 688747536 [2]
Q.4/N/02

Q.7 A committee of 5 people is to be chosen from 6 men and 4 women. In how many ways
can this be done

(i) if there must be 3 men and 2 women on the committee, 120 [2]

(ii) if there must be more men than women on the committee, 186 [3]

(iii) if there must be 3 men and 2 women, and one particular woman refuses to
be on the committee with one particular man? 90 [3]
Q.5/J/03

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Q.8 (a) A collection of 18 books contains one Harry Potter book. Linda is going to choose 6 of
these books to take on holiday.

(i) In how many ways can she choose 6 books? 18564 [1]

(ii) How many of these choices will include the Harry Potter book? 6188 [2]

(b) In how many ways can 5 boys and 3 girls stand in a straight line

(i) if there are no restrictions, 40320 [1]

(ii) if the boys stand next to each other? 2880 [4]

Q.6/N/03

Q.9 (a) The menu for a meal in a restaurant is as follows.

Starter Course
Melon
or
Soup
or
Smoked Salmon
Main Course
Chicken
or
Steak
or
Lamb Cutlets
or
Vegetable Curry
or
Fish
Dessert Course
Cheesecake
or
Ice Cream
or
Apple Pie

All the main courses are served with salad and either
new potatoes or french fries.

(i) How many different three-course meals are there? 90 [2]

(ii) How many different choices are there if customers may choose only two of
the three courses? 69 [3]

4
Kashan Iqbal PAGE 48

(b) In how many ways can a group of 14 people eating at the restaurant be divided between
three tables seating 5, 5 and 4? 252252 [3]
Q.5/J/04

Q.10 The word ARGENTINA includes the four consonants R, G, N, T and the three vowels A,
E, I.

(i) Find the number of different arrangements using all nine letters. 90720 [2]

(ii) How many of these arrangements have a consonant at the beginning, then a
vowel, then another consonant, and so on alternately? 720 [3]
Q.1/N/04

Q.11 A staff car park at a school has 13 parking spaces in a row. There are 9 cars to be
parked.

(i) How many different arrangements are there for parking the 9 cars and leaving
4 empty spaces? 259459200 [2]

(ii) How many different arrangements are there if the 4 empty spaces are next to
each other? 3628800 [3]

(iii) If the parking is random, find the probability that there will not be 4 empty
spaces next to each other. 0.986 [2]
Q.3/N/05

Q.12

The diagram shows the seating plan for passengers in a minibus, which has 17 seats
arranged in 4 rows. The back row has 5 seats and the other 3 rows have 2 seats on
each side. 11 passengers get on the minibus.

(i) How many possible seating arrangements are there for the 11 passengers?[2]

(ii) How many possible seating arrangements are there if 5 particular people sit
in the back row? [3]

Of the 11 passengers, 5 are unmarried and the other 6 consist of 3 married couples.

(iii) In how many ways can 5 of the 11 passengers on the bus be chosen if there
must be 2 married couples and 1 other person, who may or may not be
married? [3]
Q.4/J/06
11
Ans.12 (i) 4.94 x 10 (ii) 79 800 000 (iii) 21

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Q.13 (a) A football team consists of 3 players who play in a defence position, 3 players who play
in a midfield position and 5 players who play in a forward position. Three players are
chosen to collect a gold medal for the team. Find in how many ways this can be done

(i) if the captain, who is a midfield player, must be included, together with one
defence and one forward player, [2]

(ii) if exactly one forward player must be included, together with any two others.
[2]

(b) Find how many different arrangements there are of the nine letters in the words GOLD
MEDAL

(i) if there are no restrictions on the order of the letters, [2]

(ii) if the two letters D come first and the two letters L come last. [2]
Q.7/J/05
Ans.13 (a) (i) 15 (ii) 75 (b) (i) 90720 (ii) 120

Q.14

Q.7/J/05
Ans.14 (i) 9! (363 000) (ii) 6! * 7P3 (151 200)

(iii)

Q.15 (i) Find the number of ways in which all twelve letters of the word REFRIGERATOR
can be arranged

(a) if there are no restrictions, [2]

(b) if the Rs must all be together. [2]

(ii) How many different selections of four letters from the twelve letters of the word
REFRIGERATOR contains no Rs and two Es? [3]
Q.5/J/07

6
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12! 9!
Ans.15 (i) (a)
4!2! = 9 979 200 (9 980 000) (b) 2!
= 181 440 (181 000)
(ii) 6C2 or 4C0 * 2C2 * 6C2 or 6C4 or 6P2/2! = 15

Q.16 Find the number of ways of choosing a team of 11 people from 15 if two particular
people out of the 15 must be in the team. [3]
Q.1/J/01
Ans.16 715

Q.17

Q.3/N/07
Ans.17 (i) 120 (ii) 48

Q.18

Q.3/J/08
Ans.18 (i) 2,180,000 (ii) 90

Q.19

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Kashan Iqbal
Ans.19 (i) 831600 (ii) 900 (iii) 126 Q.4/N/08

Q.20

Q.4/J/09
Ans.20 (i) (ii) 86400 (iii) 288

Q.21

Ans.21 (a) (i) 60 (ii) 216 (b) (i) 1316 (ii) 517 Q.5/N/09

Q.22

Ans.22 (i) 512 (ii) 151 200 (iii) 3960 Q.6/J/10/61

8
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Q.23

Ans.23 (i) 363 000 (ii) 282240 (iii) 504 (iv) 168 (v) 476 Q.7/J/10/62

Q.24

Ans.24 (i) 50 (ii) 18 Q.4/J/10/63

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Q.25

Q.6/N/10/21
Ans.25 (i) 360 (ii) 12 (iii) 360 (iv) 720 (v) 1170

Q.26

Ans.26 (i) 9828 (ii) 0.0812 (iii) 4494 (iv) 2/3 Q.7/N/10/62

10
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Q.27

14
Ans.27 (i) P12 = 4.36 x 1010 (ii) 17280 (iii) 0.0687 Q.6/N/10/63

Q.28

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Kashan Iqbal
Ans.28 (i) 148176 (ii) 6930 (iii) 6930 Q.4/J/11/61

Q.29

Ans.29 (i) 90720 (ii) 0.917 (iii) 20 Q.4/J/11/62

Q.30

Ans.30 (i) 84 (ii) 2903040 (290 0000) (iii) 511 Q.2/J/11/63

Q.31

12
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Ans.31 (a) (i) 19 958 400 (ii) 362 880 (b) (i) 93024 (ii) 31104 Q.6/N/11/61

Q.32

Ans.32 (i) 4096 (ii) 792 Q.2/N/11/62

Q.33

Ans.33 (a) 1 941 912 (b) 5040 Q.3/N/11/62

Q.34

Ans.34 (i) 34 836 480 (ii) 504 (iii) 2520 Q.4/N/11/63

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Q.35

Ans.35 (a) (i) 645 120 (ii) 50 803 200 (b) (i) 21 (ii) 6 (iii) 51 Q.7/ J/12/61

Q.36

Ans.36 (i) 462 (ii) 406 (iii) 210 Q.5/ J/12/62

14
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Q.37

Ans.37 (i) 1680 (ii) 15 (iii) 20 (iv) 56 Q.3/ J/12/63

Q.38

Ans.38 (a) 10920 (10900) (b) (i) 19,958,400 (ii) 16,632, 000 (16,600,000) (iii) 201600 Q.5/N/12/62

Q.39

Ans.39 (a) 165 (b) (i) 1800 (ii) 120 (c) 128/2187 , 0.0585 Q.6/N/12/63

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Q.40

Ans.40 (i) 829, 440 (ii) 2438553600 (iii) 560 Q.6/ J/13/61

Q.41

Ans.41 (i) 282 (ii) 207360 (207 000) (iii) 121, 927, 680 (122, 000, 000) Q.6/ J/13/62

Q.42

16
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Ans.42 (i) 168350 or 168 000 (ii) 480 (iii) 1440 Q.7/ J/13/63

Q.43

Ans.43 (i) 13580 (ii) 288 (iii) 240 Q.6/ N/13/61

Q.44

Ans.44 (i) 1663200 (ii) 30240 (iii) 1622880 (iv) 10 Q.6/ N/13/62

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Q.45

Ans.45 (i) 1680 (ii) 120 (iii) 120 (iv) 12 Q.6/ N/13/63

Q.46

Ans.46 (i) 360 (ii) 48 (iii) 3 (iv) 8 Q.6/ J/14/61

Q.47

Ans.47 231 Q.2/ J/14/62

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Q.48

Ans.48 (i) 720 (ii) 60 (iii) 57 Q.5/ J/14/62

Q.49

Ans.49 (i) 0.653 (ii) 0.561 (iii) 0.321 Q.7/ J/14/62

Q.50

Ans.50 (i) (a) 720 (b) 1260 (ii) (a) 60 (b) 22 Q.7/ J/14/63

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Probability

When probabilities are assigned to the outcomes in a sample space

 each probability must lie between 0 and 1 inclusive, and

 the sum of all the probabilities assigned must be equal to 1.

The probability, p(A), of an event A is the sum of the probabilities of the outcomes which

make up A.

If A is an event, then A' is the complement of A, and P(A) + P(A') = 1.

If A1, A2,……, An are n mutually exclusive events, then P( A1 or A2 or ... or An) = P(AI) +
P(A2) + ... + P(An).

If A and B are two events and P(A) > 0, then the conditional probability of B given A is

P(B | A) = P(A and B)

P(A)

Rewriting this equation gives P(A and B )= P(A) x P(B | A),

which is known as the multiplication law of probability.

Independent events are events which have no effect on one another. For two independents
events A and B,

P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B).

This result is called the multiplication law for independent events.

If A1, A2,..., An are n independent events, then P(A1 and A2 and …..and An) = P(A1) x P(A2)
x….. x P(An)

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Probability Work Sheet # 03

Q.1 A bus serving a number of villages is due to arrive in a particular village at 10 o’ clock.
Past experience tells the people waiting in the village for the bus that the probability of
the service being cancelled on any day is 0.05, and that, when it runs, the probability of
the bus being late is 0.1. Draw a tree diagram to show this information. [3]

Using your tree diagram, find

(i) the probability that the bus has not arrived in the village at 10 o’ clock, [3]

(ii) the conditional probability that the service has been cancelled, given that the bus
has not arrived in the village at 10 o’ clock. [2]
Q.5/Specimen
Ans.1 i. 0.145 ii. 0.345

Q.2 An amateur weather forecaster has a theory about the chances of flooding affecting the
region where he lives. He believes that if there are floods in one year the probability of
floods again the next year is 0.7, and if there are no floods one year the probability of no
floods the next year is 0.6. Last year, there were no floods in his region.

(i) Draw a tree diagram showing probabilities for floods no floods for this year and
next year, according to the weather forecaster’s theory. [2]

(ii) Hence find the probability that there is flooding in exactly one of these two years.
[2]
Q.1/Pract Exam1
Ans.2 ii. 0.36

Q.3 Ali can travel to work either by bus or in his car. The probability that Ali is late for work
when he goes by bus is 0.15, and the probability that he is late when he uses his car is 0.1.
Ali uses his car for 70% of his journeys to work.

(i) Find the probability that Ali will be late for work on a randomly chosen day, [3]

(ii) Find the conditional probability that Ali travels by bus, given that he is late for
work. [3]
Q.4/Pract Exam2
Ans.3 i. 0.115 ii. 0.391

Q.4 A lecturer wishes to give a message to a student. The probabilities that she uses e-mail,
letter or personal contact are 0.4, 0.1 and 0.5 respectively. She uses only one method.
The probabilities of the student receiving the message if the lecturer uses e-mail, letter or
personal contact are 0.6, 0.8 and 1 respectively.

(i) Find the probability that the student receives the message. [3]

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Kashan Iqbal
(ii) Given that the student receives the message, find the conditional probability that
he received it via-e-mail. [3]
Q.3/N/01
Ans.4 i. 0.82 ii. 0.293

Q.5 Events A and B are such that P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.8 and P(A and B) = 0.4, State, giving a
reason in each case, whether events A and B are

(i) independent, [2]

(ii) mutually exclusive. [2]

Q.1/J/02
Ans.5 i. not independent P(A) . P(B) ≠ P(A and B) ii. not mutually exclusive P(A and B) ≠ 0

Q.6 Ivan throws three fair dice.

(i) List all the possible scores on the three dice which give a total score of 5, and
1
hence show that the probability of Ivan obtaining a total score of 5 is , [3]
36

(ii) Find the probability of Ivan obtaining a total score of 7. [3]

Q.2/N/02
Ans.6 i. Options (122), (212), (221), (113), (131), (311) ii. Prob = 15/216 = (5/72)

Q.7 Rachel and Anna play each other at badminton. Each game results in either a win for
Rachel or a win for Anna. The probability of Rachel winning the first game is 0.6. If
Rachel wins a particular game, the probability of her winning the next game is 0.7, but if
she loses, the probability of her winning the next game is 0.4. By using a tree diagram,
or otherwise,

(i) find the conditional probability that Rachel wins the first game, given that she
loses the second, [5]

(ii) find the probability that Rachel wins 2 games and loses 1 game out of the first
three games they play. [4]

Q.5/N/02
Ans.7 i. 0.429 ii. 0.31

Q.8 The people living in 3 houses are classified as children (C), parents (P) or grandparents
(G). The numbers living in each house are shown in the table below.

House number 1 House number 2 House number 3

4C, 1P, 2G 2C, 2P, 3G 1C, 1G

(i) All the people in all 3 houses meet for a party. One person at the party is chosen
at random. Calculate the probability of choosing a grandparent. [2]

3
Kashan Iqbal PAGE 66

(ii) A house is chosen at random. Then a person in that house is chosen at random.
Using a tree diagram, or otherwise, calculate the probability that the person
chosen is a grandparent. [3]

(iii) Given that the person chosen by the method in part (ii) is a grandparent,
calculate the probability that there is also a parent living in the house. [4]
Q.6/J/03
Ans.8 i. 6/16 = 3/8 ii. 0.405 iii. 10/17

Q.9 In a certain country 54% of the population is male. It is known that 5% of the males are
colour-blind and 2% of the females are colour-blind. A person is chosen at random and
found to be colour-blind. By drawing a tree diagram, or otherwise, find the probability
that this person is male. [6]
Q.5/N/03
Ans.9 P(M/C) = 0.746 (135/181)

Q.10 When Don plays tennis, 65% of his first serves go into the correct area of the court. If the
first serve goes into the correct area, his chance of winning the point is 90%. If his first
serve does not go into the correct area, Don is allowed a second serve, and of these,
80% go into the correct area. If the second serve goes into the correct area, his chance
of winning the point is 60%. If neither serve goes into the correct area, Don loses the
point.

(i) Draw a tree diagram to represent this information. [4]

(ii) Using your tree diagram, find the probability that Don loses the point. [3]

(iii) Find the conditional probability that Don’s first serve went into the correct area,
given that he loses the point. [2]
Q.6/J/04
Ans.10 ii. 0.247 iii. 0.263 (5/19)

Q.11 When Andrea needs a taxi, she rings one of three taxi companies, A, B or C. 50% of her
calls are to taxi company A, 30% to B and 20% to C. A taxi from company A arrives late
4% of the time, a taxi from company B arrives late 6% of the time and a taxi from
company C arrives late 17% of the time.

(i) Find the probability that, when Andrea rings for a taxi, it arrives late. [3]

(ii) Given that Andrea’s taxi arrives late, find the conditional probability that she rang
company B. [3]
Q.3/N/04
Ans.11 i. 0.072 (9/25) ii. 0.25

Q.12 Data about employment for males and females in a small rural area are shown in the
table.
Unemployed Employed
Male 206 412
Female 358 305

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Kashan Iqbal
A person from this area is chosen at random. Let M be the event that the person is male
and let E be the event that the person is employed.

(i) Find P(M). [2]

(ii) Find P(M and E). [1]

(iii) Are M and E independent events? Justify your answer. [3]

(iv) Given that the person chosen is unemployed, find the probability that the person
is female. [2]
Q.5/J/05
Ans.12 i. 618/1281 (0.482) ii. 412/1281 (0.322) iii. P(E) = 717/1281 not independent
iv. 358/564 (0.635) or (0.279/0.440)

Q.13 Boxes of sweets contain toffees and chocolates. Box A contains 6 toffees and 4
chocolates, box B contains 5 toffees and 3 chocolates, and box C contains 3 toffees and
7 chocolates. One of the boxes is chosen at random and two sweets are taken out, one
after the other, and eaten.

(i) Find the probability that they are both toffees. [3]

(ii) Given that they are both toffees, find the probability that they both came from box
A. [3]
Q.2/N/05
Ans.13 i. 53/210 (0.252) ii. 70/159 (0.440)

Q.14 The probability that Henk goes swimming on any day is 0.2. On a day when he goes
swimming, the probability that Henk has burgers for supper is 0.75. On a day when he
does not go swimming the probability that he has burgers for supper is x.
This information is shown on the following tree diagram.

5
Kashan Iqbal PAGE 68

The probability that Henk has burgers for supper on any day is 0.5.

(i) Find x. [4]

(ii) Given that Henk has burgers for supper, find the probability that he went
swimming that day. [2]
Q.2/J/06
Ans.14 i. x = 0.438 ii. 0.3

Q.15

Q.4/N/06

Ans.15 i. list 14, 15, 16, 25, 26, 36, and reversed P(scores differ by 3 or more) = 12/36
(1/3) (0.333) ii. 20/36 iii. P(A ∩ B) ≠ 0 implies not mutually exclusive.

Q.16 Jamie is equally likely to attend or not to attend a training session before a football match. If
he attends, he is certain to be chosen for the team which plays in the match. If he does not
attend, there is a probability of 0.6 that he is chosen for the team.

(i) Find the probability that Jamie is chosen for the team [3]

(ii) Find the conditional probability that Jamie attended the training session. given that
he as chosen for the team. [3]
Q.2/J/07
Ans.16 i. 0.8 ii. 0.625 (5/8)

Q.17 Tom travels to work either by bus or by train or by bicycle. The probability that he travels
by bus is 0.3, by train is 0.5 and by bicycle is 0.2. The probability that he arrives on times
is 0.6 if he travels by bus 0.9 if he travels by train and 0.8 if he travels by bicycles.

(i) Draw a tree diagram to show this information. [2]

(ii) Find the probability that Tom does not arrive at work on times. [3]

(iii) Find the conditional probability that tom traveled by bus, given that he does
not arrive at work on time. [2]
Q.3/J/01
Ans.17 ii. 0.21 ii. 0.571

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Kashan Iqbal
Q.18

Q.7/N/07
Ans18 i. 7/60 (0.117) ii. 47/60 (0.783) iii. 40/47 (0.851)

Q.19

Q.2/J/08
Ans.19 (i) 0.2 (ii) 0.42 (iii) 0.667

Q.20

Q.6/N/08

7
Kashan Iqbal PAGE 70

Ans.20 (i) Draw (ii) 0.224 (iii) 0.392 (iv) 0.633

Q.21

Q.5/J/09
Ans.21 (i) ii) Draw (iii) (0.725) (iv) (0.273)

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Kashan Iqbal
Q.22

Ans.22 (i) Show (ii) 0.781 (iii) 0.372 Q.7/J/10/61

Q.23

Ans.23 (i) 0.854 (ii) 0.215 Q.2/J/10/62

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Q.24

Ans.24 (i) 1/24 (0.0417) (ii) 16/144 (iii) since P(R and Q) = 0 yes, R and Q are exclusive

(iv) No, not independent Q.5/J/10/62

Q.25

Ans.25 0.176 Q.1/J/10/63

Q.26

Ans.26 (i) 0.159 (ii) 0.51 (iii) 7.2 Q.3/J/10/63

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Kashan Iqbal
Q.27

Ans.27 (i) 8/105 (0.0762) (ii) 2/35 (0.0571) Q.5/N/10/61

Q.28

Ans.28 8/11 (0.727) Q.3/N/10/62

Q.29

Ans.29 (i) Draw (ii) 0.842 Q.3/N/10/63

11
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Q.30

Ans.30 0.921 Q.2/J/11/61

Q.31

Ans.31 (i) (a) 1/36 (ii) 5/36 (ii) None are independent Q.4/J/11/63

Q.32

Ans.32 (i) n = 10 (ii) 11 (iii) 0.115 Q.6/J/11/63

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Q.33

Ans.33 (i) 0.336 (ii) 0.106 (iii) not independent Q.7/N/11/61

Q.34

Ans.34 (i) 0.953 (ii) 0.701 Q.6/N/11/62

Q.35

Ans.35 (i) 5/6 (ii) not independent Q.2/N/11/63

13
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Q.36

Ans.36 (i) Show (ii) 0.785 Q.2/ J/12/61

Q.37

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Kashan Iqbal
Ans.37 (i) wrapped(7 5 12) Un wra(10 8 19) (ii) 12/30 (iii) 5/9 (iv) 10/17 (v) 0.368 Q.6/ J/12/62

Q.38

Ans.38 (i) De (2 1 5) No de (4 3 5) (ii) 1/20 (iii) ½ (iv) ¼ (v) Not independent (vi) 0.904 5/ J/12/63

15
Kashan Iqbal PAGE 78

Q.39

Ans.39 (ii) 15400 (iii) 4/33 (0.121) Q.4/N/12/61

Q.40

Ans.40 (i) 0.1 (ii) 1/30 or 0.0333 Q.1/N/12/62

Q.41

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Kashan Iqbal
Ans.41 (i) 0.435 (ii) 0.396 (iii) they are exclusive (iv) 0.431 Q.3/N/12/63

Q.42

Ans.42 (ii) 8/10 , 2/10, 6/(x + 6), 5/(x + 6), (x + 1)/(x + 6) (iv) 1/3 , x = 12 Q.7/ J/13/61

Q.43

Ans.43 Independent Q.1/J/13/63

Q.44

17
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Ans.44 4/11 or 0.364 Q.2/ J/13/63

Q.45

Ans.45 (a) 0.632 (b) x = 8 5/ J/13/63

Q.46

Ans.46 88/145 or 0.607 Q.2/ N/13/61

Q.47

Ans.47 (i) 0.07 (ii) 0.128 Q.2/ N/13/62

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Kashan Iqbal
Q.48

Ans.48 (i) 53/288 or 0.184 (ii) 1/7 Q.5/ J/14/61

Q.49

Ans.49 (i) 0.72 (ii) 0.417 Q.3/ J/14/62

Q.50

Ans.50 (i) 0.49 (ii) 0.784 (iii) 0.708 Q.6/ J/14/63

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Discrete random variables

Binomial distribution

 A single trial has exactly two possible outcomes (success and failure) and these are mutually
exclusive.
 A fixed number, n, of trials takes place.
 The outcome of each trial is independent of the outcome of all the other trials.
 The probability of success at each trial is constant.

The random variable X, which represents the number of successes in the n trials of this experiment, has
a probability distribution given by

P(X = x) = nCx p x q n – x for x = 0, 1, 2, ….,n,

where p is the probability of success and q = 1- p is the probability of failure.

When the random variable X satisfies these conditions, X~ B(n,p).

The expectation of a random variable X is defined by E(X) = μ = ∑ xi pi.

The variance of a random variable X is defined by

σ2 = Var(X) = ∑(xi - μ) Pi = ∑ xi2 pi - μ2.

2

The standard deviation of a random variable is σ, the square root of Var(X).

For a random variable with a binomial distribution, X~ B(n, p),

~

E(X) = np,
Var(X) = np(1- p) = npq, where q = 1- p.

Discrete random variables Work Sheet # 04 (A) 1

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Kashan Iqbal
Discrete random variables Work Sheet # 04 (A)

Q.1 A blue unbiased cubical die has one face marked 1, two faces marked 2 and three faces marked
3. A red unbiased cubical die has two faces marked 1, two faces marked 2 and two faces
marked 3. The two dice are rolled together and X is the total score on the two dice.

(i) Show that P(X = 4) = 1/3, and draw up a table showing the probability
distribution of X. [6]

(ii) Hence find the value of E(X). [2]

Q.4/Specimen
Aans.1 (i)
X 2 3 4 5 6
P(X = x)
1
(ii) 43

Q.2 Two ordinary fair dice are thrown, and the random variable X denotes the larger of the two
scores obtained (or the common score of the two scores are equal). The following table shows
the probability distribution of X.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X = x) 1/36 3/36 5/36 7/36 9/36 11/36

(i) Show clearly why the entry P(X = 3) = 5/36 in the table is correct. [2]

(ii) Show that E(X) = 161/36, and find Var(X). [4]

Q.2/Pract Exam1
2555
Ans,2 (ii) 1296 = 1.97

Q.3 The random variable X takes the values 0, 1, 2, 3 only, and its probability distribution is
shown in the following table.

X 0 1 2 3
P(X = x) a b 0.2 0.05

(i) Show that a + b = 0.75, [1]

(ii) Given that E(X) = 1, find the value of b and deduce the value of a, [3]

(iii) Does X have a binomial distribution? Give reasons for your answer. [2]
Q.3/Pract Exam2
Ans.3 (ii) 0.45 , 0.3 (iii) No, n = 3 and np = 1 give p = 1/3 but P(X = 3) ≠ 1/27

2 Discrete random variables Work Sheet # 04 (A)

Kashan Iqbal PAGE 84

Q.4 A bag contains 7 orange balls and 3 blue balls. 4 balls are selected at random from the
bag, without replacement. Let X denote the number of blue balls selected.

(i) Show that P(X = 0) = 1/6 and P(X = 1) = ½, [4]

(ii) Construct a table to show the probability distribution of X. [3]

(iii) Find the mean and variance of X. [4]

Q.7/N/01
Ans.4 (ii)
X 0 1 2 3
P(X = x) 0.167 0.5 0.3 0.0333

(iii) E(x) = 1.2 , Var(x) = 0.56

Q.5 A fair cubical die with faces numbered 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 is thrown and the score noted.
The area A of a square if side equal to the score is calculated, so, for example, when the
score on the die is 3, the value of A is 9.

(i) Draw up a table to show the probability distribution of A, [3]

(ii) Find E(A) and Var(A). [4]

Q.3/J/02
Ans.5 (i)
A 1 4 9 16
P(X = a) 1/2 1/6 1/6 1/6

(ii) E(A) = 5.33 , Var(A) = 30.9

Q.6 The discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution.

X 1 3 5 7
P(X = x)
_ 0.3 a b 0.25

(i) Write down an equation satisfied by a and b. [1]

(ii) Given that E(X) = 4, find a and b. [3]

Q.1/N/02
Ans.6 (i) a + b = 0.45 (ii) a = 0.15 , b = 0.3

Q.7 A box contains 10 pens of which 3 are new. A random sample of two pens is taken.

(i) Show that the probability of getting exactly one new pen in the sample is 7/15. [2]

(ii) Construct a probability distribution table for the number of new pens in the sample.
[3]

(iii) Calculate the expected number of new pens in the sample. [1]

Discrete random variables Work Sheet # 04 (A) 3

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Kashan Iqbal
Q.2/J/03
Ans.7 (ii)
x 0 1 2
P(X = x) 7/15 7/15 1/15
(iii) 3/5

Q.8 A discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution.

X 1 2 3 4
P(X = x) 3c 4c 5c 6c

(i) Find the value of the constant c. [2]

(ii) Find E(X) and Var(X). [4]

(iii) Find P(X > E(X)). [2]

Q.8/N/03
Ans.8 (i) c = 1/ 18 (0.0556) (ii) E(X) = 2.78 , Var(X) = 1.17 (iii) 0.611 (11/18)

Q.9 Two fair dice are thrown. Let the random variable X be the smaller of the two scores if
the scores are different, or the score on one of the dice if the scores are the same.

(i) Copy and complete the following table to show the probability distribution of X. [3]

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X = x)

(ii) Find E(X). [2]

Q.3/J/04
Ans.9 (i)
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X = x) 11/36 9/36 7/36 5/36 3/36 1/36
(ii) 91/36

Q.10 A box contains five balls numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Three balls are drawn randomly at the
same time from the box.

(i) By listing all possible outcomes (123, 124, etc.), find the probability that the sum of
the three numbers drawn is an odd number. [2]

The random variable L denotes the largest of the three numbers drawn.

(ii) Find the probability that L is 4. [1]

(iii) Draw up a table to show the probability distribution of L. [3]

(iv) Calculate the expectation and variance of L. [3]

Q.6/N/04
Ans.10 (i) 0.4 (ii) 0.3 (iii)

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l 3 4 5
P(L = l) 0.1 0.3 0.6
(iv) 0.45

Q.11 A fair dice has four faces. One face is coloured pink, one is coloured orange, one is
coloured green and one is coloured black. Five such dice are thrown and the number that fall
on a green face are counted. The random variable X is the number of dice that fall on a green
face.

(i) Show that the probability of 4 dice landing on a green face is 0.0146, correct to 4
decimal places. [2]

(ii) Draw up a table for the probability distribution of X, giving your answers correct to
4 decimal places. [5]
Q.3/J/05
Ans.11 (ii)
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X = x) 0.2373 0.3955 0.2637 0.0879 0.0146 0.0010

Q.12 A box contains 300 discs of different colours. There are 100 pink discs, 100 blue discs
and 100 orange discs. The discs of each colour are numbered from 0 to 99. Five discs are
selected at random, one at a time, with replacement. Find

(i) the probability that no orange discs are selected, [1]

(ii) the probability that exactly 2 discs with numbers ending in a 6 are selected,
[3]

(iii) the probability that exactly 2 orange discs with numbers ending in a 6 are
selected, [2]

(iv) the mean and variance of the number of pink discs selected. [2]
Q.5/N/05
Ans.12 (i) 0.132 (32/243) (ii) 0.0729 (iii) 0.0100 (iv) mean = 5/3, variance = 10/9

Q.13

Q.2/N/06
Ans.13 (i) 0.15 (ii) E(x) = 1.56 , Var(x) = 1.41

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Q.14 In a competition, people pay $1 to throw a ball at a target. If they hit the target on the first
throw they receive $5. If they hit it on the second or third throw they receive $3, and if
they hit it on the fourth or fifth throw they receive $1. People stop throwing after the first hit, or
after 5 throws if no hit is made. Mario has a constant probability of 1/5 of hitting the target on
any throw, independently of the results of other throws.

(i) Mario misses with his first and second throws and hits the target with his third
throw. State how much profit he has made. [1]

(ii) Show that the probability that Mario’s profit is $0 is 0.184, correct to 3 significant
figures. [2]

(iii) Draw up a probability distribution table for Mario’s profit. [3]

(iv) Calculate his expected profit. [2]

Q.6/N/05
Ans.14 (i) $2 (iii)
X 4 2 0 -1
P(X = x) 0.2 0.288 0.184 0.328
(iv) $1.05

Q.15 A vegetable basket contains 12 peppers, of which 3 are red, 4 are green and 5 are yellow.
Three peppers are taken, at random and without replacement, from the basket.

(i) Find the probability that the three peppers are all different colours. [3]
(ii) Show that the probability that exactly 2 of the peppers taken are green is 12/55. [2]

(iii) The number of green peppers taken is denoted by the discrete random variable X.
Draw up a probability distribution table for X. [5]

Q.7/J/07
Ans.15 (i) 3/11 (= 0.273) (ii) 12/55 (iii)

(iii)

Q.16 A discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution.

x 0 4 6
P(X = x) P0 P1 P2

Given that E(x) = 4.1 and Var (X) = 4.99, find the value of Po, P1 and P2 [8]
Q.5/J/01
Ans.16 0.2 , 0.35 , 0.45

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Q.17

Q.2/N/07
Ans.17 (i) 1/6 (ii) E(X) = 1.33 (4/3) , V(X) = 7.56 (68/9)

Q.18

Q.7/N/07
Ans18 i. 7/60 (0.117) ii. 47/60 (0.783) iii. 40/47 (0.851)

iv.

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Q.19

Ans.19 (i) Draw X 0 1 2 3 4 (ii)

P(X=x)1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/16 (iii) E(x) = 15/16 Q.6/J/08

Q.20

Q.7/N/08
Ans.20 (i) Draw (ii) P(7) = 0.156 , P(8) = 0.0390 , P(7 or 8) = 0.195 (iii) E(x) = 26/3 (8.67)

8 Discrete random variables Work Sheet # 04 (A)

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(iv) 5/9 (0.556)

Q.21

Q.2/J/09
Ans.21 (i) Show (ii) E(x) = 15/4 (3.75) , Var(x) = 35/16 (2.19)

Q.22

Ans.22 (i) p = 0.15 , q = 0.27 (ii) 2.59 Q.2/N/09

Q.23

Ans.23 (i) a = 0.2 , b = 0.25 Q.1/J/10/61

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Q.24

Ans.24 (i) sd = 0 , so all rides must cost the same I – e the mean (ii) sd = 1.03 Q.4/J/10/61

Q.25

Ans.25 (i) P(0) = 1/7 , P(1) = 4/7 , P(2) = 2/7 (ii) Show (iii) 5/32 Q.6/J/10/62

Q.26

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Ans.26 (i) Show (ii) P(0) = 24/70 , P(2) = 30/70 , P(4) = 13/70 , P(20) = 3/70 (iii) mean = 13/7 ,
var = 3/7 (iv) 0.4 Q.5/J/10/63

Q.27

Ans.27 (i) 1/3 (ii) Show (iii) 4.02 (iv) 2/27 (0.0741) (v) 1/6 Q.7/N/10/61

Q.28

Ans.28 0.1 Q.1/N/10/62

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Q.29

Ans.29 (i) k = 1/15 (ii) 11/3 Q.2/N/10/63

Q.30

Ans.30 (i) 0.486 (ii) 5.33 (iii) 1 Q.3/J/11/61

Q.31

Ans.31 (i) Show (ii) (iii) 2.56 (iv) 0.08

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(v) Q.7/J/11/62

Q.32

Ans.32 (i) P(1) = 1/14 , P(2) = 3/7 P(3) = 3/7 P(4) = 1/14 (ii) 0.536 Q.3/N/11/61

Q.33

Ans.33 (i) 17/5 , 16/25 (ii) 8/25 (iii) 48/125 Q.3/N/11/63

Q.34

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Kashan Iqbal
Ans.34 (i) p = 0.1 (ii) (a) 0.225 (b) 0.765 Q.3/ J/12/61

Q.35

Ans.35 (i) 0.994 (ii) 0.405 Q.4/ J/12/61

Q.36

Ans.36 (i) (ii) 1.36 Q.2/ J/12/62

Q.37

Ans.37 (i) 1.83 , 0.898 (ii) (iii) 5.33 Q.4/ J/12/63

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Q.38

X 0 1 2 3
P(X = x) 210/720 378/720 126/720 6/720 Q.1/N/12/61

Q.39

Ans.39 (ii) 6/64 , 10/64, 12/64 , 10/64, 6/64, 3/64, 1/64 (iii) Not independent Q.6/N/12/62

Q.40

Ans.40 r = 2/5 , 0.4 p = 1/30 , 0.0333 , q = 1/6 , 0.167 Q.2/N/12/63

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Q.41

Ans.41 (i) 0.0833 (ii) 28/43 or 0.651 (iii) Q.7/ J/13/62

Q.42

Ans.42(i) if throw H then smallest score is 2 (iii) 5/32 , 7/32 , 3/32 (iv) they are exclusive. Q.7/ N/13/61

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Q.43

Ans.43 (ii) (iii) not indep (iv) not exclusive Q.7/ N/13/62

Q.44

Ans.44 (i) 5/18 or 0.278 (ii) 0.5 (iii) 0.375 (iv) Q.7/ N/13/63

Q.45

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Kashan Iqbal
Ans.45 (ii) (iii) 3/7 or 0.429 Q.4/ J/14/61

Q.46

Ans.46 (i) Show (ii) (iii) 19/12 or 1.58 Q.4/ J/14/62

Q.47

Ans.47 (i) Show (ii) Q.3/ J/14/63

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Discrete random variables Work Sheet # 04 (B)

Q.1 Items from a production line are examined for any defects. The probability that any item
will be found to be defective is 0.15, independently of all other items.

(i) A batch of 16 items is inspected. Calculate the probability that the number of
defective items in the batch is

(a) exactly 2, (0.277) [2]

(b) at least 3, (0.439) [3]

(ii) A batch of 80 items is inspected. Use a normal approximation to a binomial

distribution to find the probability that at least 8 items in the batch are
defective. (0.920)
[5]
7/Specimen

Q.2 A survey of traffic on a busy road showed that, on an average, 75% of the cars using the
road carried only the driver, while 25% carried one or more passengers in addition to the
driver.

(i) Twelve cars using the road are chosen at random. Find the probability that the
number of these cars carrying only the driver will be.

(a) exactly 9, (0.258) [2]

(b) more than 9. (0.391) [3]

(ii) Find the probability that more than 100 out of 120 randomly chosen cars
using the road will carry only the driver. (0.0135) [5]
6/PE1

Q.3 The organizers of a TV game show think that the probability of any contestant winning a
prize will be 0.7, and that the success or failure of any contestant will be independent of
the success or failure of other contestants. Six contestants take part on each episode of the
show.

(i) Find the probability that, in one episode of the show, the number of successful
contestants will be at most 2. (0.0705) [4]

(ii) The show runs for 30 episodes altogether. Find the probability that the total
Number of successful contestants will be more than 120. (0.815) [5]
5/PE2

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Q.4 65% of all watches sold by a shop have a digital display and 35% have an analog
display.

(i) Find the probability that, out of the next 12 customers who buy a watch, fewer
than 10 choose one with a digital display. (0.849) [4]

(ii) Use a suitable approximation to find the probability that, out of next 120
customers who buy a watch, fewer than 70 choose one with a digital display.
(0.0519) [5]
6/N01

Q.5(i) A garden shop sells polyanthus plants in boxes, each box containing the same number
of plants. The number of plants per box which produce yellow flowers has a binomial
distribution with mean 11 and variance 4.95.

(a) Find the number of plants per box, (20) [4]

(b) Find the probability that a box contains exactly 12 plants which produce
yellow flowers. (0.162) [2]

(ii) Another garden shop sells polyanthus plants in boxes of 100. The shop’s advertisement
states that the probability of any polyanthus plant producing a pink flower is 0.3. Use a
suitable approximation to find the probability that a box contains fewer than 35 plants
which produce pink flowers. (0.837) [4]
7/J02

Q.6 (i) A manufacturer of biscuits produces 3 times as many cream ones as chocolate ones.
Biscuits are chosen randomly and packed into boxes of 10. Find the probability that a
box contains equal numbers of cream biscuits and chocolate biscuits.(0.0584) [2]

(ii) A random sample of 8 boxes is taken. Find the probability that exactly 1 of them contains
equal numbers of cream biscuits and chocolate biscuits. (0.307) [2]

(iii) A large box of randomly chosen biscuits contains 120 biscuits. Using a suitable
approximation, find the probability that it contains fewer than 35 chocolate biscuits. [5]
(0.829) 6/N02

Q.7 Kamal has 30 hens. The probability that any hen lays an egg on any day is 0.7. Hens do
not lay more than one egg per day, and the days on which a hen lays an egg are
independent.

(i) Calculate the probability that, on any particular day, Kamal’s hens lay exactly
24 eggs. (0.0829) [2]

(ii) Use a suitable approximation to calculate the probability that Kamal’s hens
lay fewer than 20 eggs on any particular day.(0.275) [5]
4/J03

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Q.8 A shop sells old video tapes, of which 1 in 5 on average are known to be damaged.

(i) A random sample of 15 tapes is taken. Find the probability that at most 2 are
damaged. [3]

(ii) Find the smallest value of n if there is a probability of at least 0.85 that a
random sample of n tapes contains at least one damaged tape. [3]

(iii) A random sample of 1600 tapes is taken. Use a suitable approximation to

find the probability that there are at least 290 damaged tapes. [5]
Q.7/J/04
Ans.8 (i) 0.398 (ii) n = 9 (iii) 0.972

Q.9 (i) State two conditions which must be satisfied for a situation to be modelled by a binomial
distribution. [2]

In a certain village 28% of all cars are made by Ford.

(ii) 14 cars are chosen randomly in this village. Find the probability that fewer
than 4 of these cars are made by Ford. [4]

(iii) A random sample of 50 cars in the village is taken. Estimate, using a normal
approximation, the probability that more than 18 cars are made by Ford. [4]
Q.7/N/04
Ans.9 (i) constant p, independent trails, fixed number of trails only two outcomes.
(ii) 0.419 (iii) 0.0783

Q.10 A survey of adults in a certain large town found that 76% of people wore a watch on their
left wrist, 15% wore a watch on their right wrist and 9% did not wear a watch.

(i) A random sample of 14 adults was taken. Find the probability that more than 2
adults did not wear a watch. [4]

(ii) A random sample of 200 adults was taken. Using a suitable approximation,
find the probability that more than 155 wore a watch on their left wrist. [5]
Q.7/J/06
Ans.10 (i) 0.126 (ii) 0.281

Q.11 Of a customers visiting the stereo section of a large electronics store, 75% on average
make a purchase.

(i) Calculate the probability that, out of 14 customer, at least 12 customers make a
purchase. [4]

(ii) Find the least possible number of customers, given that the probability of all the
customers making a purchase is less than 5%. [3]
Q.4/J/01
Ans.11 (i) 0.281 (ii) 11

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Q.12

Q.6/N/07
Ans.12 (i) 0.298 (ii) 0.118 (iii) n = 13
Q.13 The probability that New Year's Day is on a Saturday in a randomly chosen year is 1/7 .
(i) 15 years are chosen randomly. Find the probability that at least 3 of these years have
New Year's Day on a Saturday. [4]

(ii) 56 years are chosen randomly. Use a suitable approximation to find the probability that
more than 7 of these years have New Year's Day on a Saturday. [5]
Q.6/J/07
Ans.13 (i) 0.365 (ii) 0.576

Q.14 It is known that, on average, 2 people in 5 in a certain country are overweight. A random
sample of 400 people is chosen. Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that
fewer than 165 people in the sample are overweight. [5]
Q.1/J/05
Ans.14 0.677

Q.15

Q.7/J/08
Ans.15 (i) 0.00563 (ii) 0.526 (iii) 0.956

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Q.16

Q.3/J/08
Ans.16 (i) 0.748 (ii) 0.887

Q.17

Ans.17 0.212 Q.1/N/09

Q.18

Ans.18 (i) 0.255 (ii) 7/11 (0.636) (iii) 0.4 (iv) 0.149 Q.6/N/09

Q.19

Ans.19 (i) 0.311 (ii) 3 , < 5 so not possible (iii) 0.181 Q.5/J/10/61

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Kashan Iqbal
Q.20

Q.6/N/10/62
Ans.20 (i) constant , independent trials , only two outcomes (ii) 0.196 (iii) 0.480

Q.21

Ans.21 (a) (i) 0.806 (ii) 13 (b) 0.393 Q.7/J/11/61

Q.22

Ans.22 0.109 Q.1/J/11/62

Q.23

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Ans.23 (i) Show (ii) 9/64 (iii) 0.742 Q.5/N/11/62

Q.24

Q.6/N/11/63
Ans.24 (i) 0.156 (ii) 0.0855

Q.25

Ans.25 (i) 0.993 (ii) 22 Q.3/ J/12/62

Q.26

Ans.26 (i) 0.264 (ii) 2830 Q.5/N/12/61

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Kashan Iqbal
Q.27

Ans.27 (i) (ii) 0.422 (iii) 21 Q.5/ J/13/61

Q.28

Ans.28 (i) 0.735 (ii) n = 144 , k = 6 Q.4/ J/13/62

Q.29

Ans.29 (i) 0.0763 (ii) 0.892 Q.5/ N/13/62

Q.30

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Ans.30 (i) 0.352 (ii) 14 Q.3/ N/13/63

Q.31

Ans.31 (i) Constant/ given p , independent trials , fixed , only two outcomes (ii) 0.52 Q.3/ J/14/61

Q.32

Ans.32 0.813 Q.1/J/14/62

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Normal Distribution

X-μ
If X ~ N(μ,σ2 ) and Z = σ , then , Z ~ N(0,1) .

If X ~ B(n,p), and if np > 5 and nq > 5, where q = 1 - p, then the distribution of X can
reasonably be approximated by a normal distribution.

Normal Distribution Work Sheet # 05 1

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Normal Distribution # 05

Q.1 The random variable X is normally distributed, with mean and standard deviation each
equal to a. It is given that P(X < 3) = 0.25.

(i) Find the value of a. [4]

(ii) Hence find P(X < 12). [2]

Q.3/Specimen
Ans.1 (i) a = 9.20 (ii) 0.6194

Q.2 A market sells potatoes whose weights are normally distributed with mean 65 grams and
standard deviation 15 grams.

(i) Find the probability that a randomly chosen potato weighs between 40 grams
and 80 grams, [4]

The market sells potatoes weighing more than 80 grams separately packaged. Potatoes
weighing between 80 grams and L grams are labeled as ‘large’ and potatoes weighing
over, L grams are labeled as ‘extra large’.

(ii) Given that a randomly chosen potato is twice as likely to be ‘large’ as ‘extra
large’, calculate the value of L. [4]
Q.5/Pract Exam1
Ans.2 (i) 0.7935 (ii) 89.3

Q.3 The waiting time in a doctor’s surgery is normally distributed with mean 15 minutes and
standard deviation 4.2 minutes.

(i) Find the probability that a patient has to wait less than 10 minutes to see the
doctor, [3]

(ii) 10% of people wait longer than T minutes. Find T. [3]

(iii) In a given week, 200 people attend the surgery. Estimate the number of
these who wait more than 20 minutes. [3]
Q.5/N/01

Ans.3 (i) 0.117 (ii) T = 20.4 (iii) 23

Q.4(i) In a normal distribution with mean µ and standard deviation σ, P(X > 3.6) = 0.5 and
P(X > 2.8) = 0.6554. Write down the value of µ, and calculate the value of σ. [4]

(ii) If four observations are taken at random from this distribution, find the probability that at
least two observations are greater than 2.8. [4]
Q.6/J/02
Ans.4 (i) 3.6 , 2 (ii) 0.879

Q.5 The distance in metres that a ball can be thrown by pupils at a particular school follows a
normal distribution with mean 35.0 m and standard deviation 11.6 m.

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(i) Find the probability that a randomly chosen pupil can throw a ball between 30
and 40 m. [3]

(ii) The school gives a certificate to the 10% of pupils who throw further than a
certain distance. Find the least distance that must be thrown to qualify for a
certificate. [3]
Q.3/N/02
Ans.5 (i) 0.334 (ii) x = 49.8

Q.6 (i) The height of sunflowers follows a normal distribution with mean 112 cm and standard
deviation 17.2 cm. Find the probability that the height of a randomly chosen sunflower is
greater than 120 cm. [3]

(ii) When a new fertiliser is used, the height of sunflowers follows a normal distribution with
mean 115 cm. Given that 80% of the heights are now greater than 103 cm, find the
standard deviation. [3]
Q.3/J/03
Ans.6 (i) 0.321 (ii) 14.3

Q.7 The length of time a person undergoing a routine operation stays in hospital can be
modelled by a normal distribution with mean 7.8 days and standard deviation 2.8 days.

(i) Calculate the proportion of people who spend between 7.8 days and 11.0
days in hospital. [4]

(ii) Calculate the probability that, of 3 people selected at random, exactly 2 spend
longer than 11.0 days in hospital. [2]

(iii) A health worker plotted a box-and-whisker plot of the times that 100 patients,
chosen randomly, stayed in hospital. The result is shown below.

State with a reason whether or not this agrees with the model used in parts (i) and (ii).[2]
Q.7/N/03
Ans.7 (i) 0.3735 (ii) 0.0419 (iii) Not symmetry so not normal. Does not agree with the hospital’s
figures.

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Q.8 Melons are sold in three sizes: small, medium and large. The weights follow a normal
distribution with mean 450 grams and standard deviation 120 grams. Melons weighing
less than 350 grams are classified as small.

(i) Find the proportion of melons which are classified as small. [3]

(ii) The rest of the melons are divided in equal proportions between medium and
large. Find the weight above which melons are classified as large. [5]
Q.4/J/04
Ans.8 (i) 20.25% (ii) 481

Q.9 The length of Paulo’s lunch break follows a normal distribution with mean µ minutes and
standard deviation 5 minutes. On one day in four, on average, his lunch break lasts for
more than 52 minutes.

(i) Find the value of µ. [3]

(ii) Find the probability that Paulo’s lunch break lasts for between 40 and 46
minutes on every one of the next four days. [4]
Q.5/N/04
Ans.9 (i) µ = 48.6 (ii) 0.00438 or 4.38 x 10-3

Q.10 Tyre pressures on a certain type of car independently follow a normal distribution with
mean 1.9 bars and standard deviation 0.15 bars.

(i) Find the probability that all four tyres on a car of this type have pressures
between 1.82 bars and 1.92 bars. [5]

(ii) Safety regulations state that the pressures must be between 1.9 − b bars and
1.9 + b bars. It is known that 80% of tyres are within these safety limits. Find
the safety limits. [3]
Q.6/J/05
Ans.10 (i) 0.00428 to 0.00430 (ii) limits b/w 1.71 and 2.09

Q.11 The lengths of fish of a certain type have a normal distribution with mean 38 cm. It is
found that 5% of the fish are longer than 50 cm.

(i) Find the standard deviation. [3]

(ii) When fish are chosen for sale, those shorter than 30 cm are rejected. Find
the proportion of fish rejected. [3]

(iii) 9 fish are chosen at random. Find the probability that at least one of them is
longer than 50 cm. [2]
Q.3/J/06
Ans.11 (i) 7.29 (ii) 0.136 (iii) 0.370

Q.12 In a normal distribution. 69% of the distribution is less than 28 and 90% is less than 35.
Find the mean and standard deviation of the distribution. [6]
Q.3/N/03

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Ans.12 mean = 23.6 , S.D = 8.91

Q.13

Q.4/J/02
Ans.13 (i) mean = 108 , S.D = 13.4 (ii) 0.431

Q.14 The weights, X kg, of 10-year-old boys in a certain country may be assumed to be
normally distributed. The proportion of boys weighing less than 25 kg and the proportion
of boys weighing more than 35 kg are each 35%.

(i) Write down the mean of X, [1]

(ii) Calculate the standard deviation of X. [3]

Q.1/Pract exam2
Ans.14 (ii) 0.36

Q.15 In tests on a new type of light bulb it was found that the time they lasted followed a
normal distribution with standard deviation 40.6 hours. 10% lasted longer than 5130
hours.

(i) Find the mean lifetime, giving your answer to the nearest hour. [3]

(ii) Find the probability that a light bulb fails to last for 5000 hours. [3]

(iii) A hospital buys 600 of these light bulbs. Using a suitable approximation,
find the the probability that fewer than 65 light bulbs will last longer than
5130 hours. [4]
Q.7/N/05
Ans.15 (i) µ = 5080 (ii) 0.0273 or 2.73% (iii) 0.730

Q.16 (a) The random variable X is normally distributed. The mean is twice the standard deviation.
It given that P(X > 5.2) = 0.9. Find the standard deviation. [4]

(b) A normal distribution has mean µ and standard deviation σ. If 800 observations are
taken from this distribution, how many would you expect to be between µ – σ and
µ + σ? Q.3/J/07

Ans.16 (a) s = 7.24 (b) 546

Q.17 (i) The number of calories in egg salads served in a restaurant is normally distributed
with mean 200 and standard deviation 5. Find the probability that an egg salad
selected at random will contain more than 209 calories. [3]

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(ii) The number of calories in cheese salads is normally distributed with standard
deviation 5. Given that 1% of cheese salads contain more than 220 calories, find
the mean number of calories in cheese salads. [3]

(iii) When choosing a salad, 60% of people choose a cheese salad. Use a suitable
approximation to find the probability that, out of a group of 130 people, 90 or fewer
will choose a cheese salad. [5]
Q.7/J/01
Ans.17 (i) 0.0359 (ii) 208 (iii) 0.987

Q.18

Q.7/J/01
Ans.18 (i) 0.595 (25/42) (ii) 0.573

Q.19

Q.4/J/08
Ans.19 (i) µ = 8.75 (ii) 0.546

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Q.20

Q.2/N/08
Ans.20 0.652

Q.21

Q.3/N/08
Ans.21 (i) 0.0276 (ii) µ = 7.72

Q.22

Q.1/J/09
Ans.22 (i) 997 (ii) 0.140

Q.23

Q.3/J/09
Ans.23 (i) 0.748 (ii) 0.887

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Q.24

Ans.24 (i) 0.484 (ii) 103 min , 96.9 min Q.3/N/09

Q.25

Ans.25 mean = 23.0 , sd = 6.70 Q.3/J/10/61

Q.26

Ans.26 (i) 0.952 (ii) Q.4/J/10/62

Q.27

Ans.27 (i) mean = 132 , sd = 6.29 (ii) 0.978 (iii) 0.805 Q.7/J/10/63

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Q.28

Ans.28 0.807 Q.2/N/10/61

Q.29

Ans.29 (i) 335 (ii) 0.994 Q.3/N/10/61

Q.30

Ans.30 (i) P(Zotoc) = 0.985 , P(Ganmor) = 0.988 (ii) 4.97 Q.5/N/10/62

Q.31

Ans.31 Normal , mean 60 kg , variance 90 kg2 Q.1/N/10/63

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Q.32

Ans.32 (i) 2.23 (ii) 0.654 (iii) 0.112 (iv) 0.250 Q.7/N/10/63

Q.33

Ans.33 0.665 Q.1/J/11/61

Q.34

Ans.34 (a) 0.545 , 0.693 (ii) 3.09 Q.5/J/11/61

Q.35

Ans.35 (i) 0.590 (ii) np and nq > 5 Q.2/J/11/62

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Q.36

Ans.36 (i) 21.0 (ii) 0.746 Q.6/J/11/62

Q.37

Ans.37 (i) 13.9 (ii) 0.829 (iii) 0.962 Q.5/J/11/63

Q.38

Ans.38 0.794 Q.1/N/11/61

Q.39

Ans.39 (i) 6.38 (ii) 0.864 (iii) 0.00171 Q.5/N/11/61

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Q.40

Ans.40 (i) 0.373 (ii) 30.9% (iii) 11.1 (iv) 1.54 Q.7/N/11/62

Q.41

Ans.41 (i) 22.2 , 7.40 (ii) 0.0967 Q.1/N/11/63

Q.42

Ans.42 0.729 Q.1/J/12/61

Q.43

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Ans.43 (i) 9.9 , 3.16 (ii) 317 Q.6/ J/12/61

Q.44

Ans.44 (i) 0.434 (ii) 30.0 , 2.77 (iii) Q.7/ J/12/62

Q.45

Ans.45 (i) 28.4 , 3.25 (ii) 0.149 (iii) 35.1 Q.6/ J/12/63

Q.46

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Ans.46 (i) 1.93 (ii) 0.895 Q.3/N/12/61

Q.47

Ans.47 (i) 0.531 (ii) 0.136 Q.6/N/12/61

Q.48

Ans.48 (i) 0.104 (ii) 0.309 Q.2/N/12/62

Q.49

Ans.49 (i) 3.97 , 0.993 (ii) 0.981 Q.4/N/12/62

Q.50

Ans.50 3.57 Q.1/N/12/63

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Q.51

Ans.51 (i) 0.0350 (ii) 0.471 (iii) 103 Q.5/N/12/63

Q.52

Ans.52 0.704 Q.2/ J/13/61

Q.53

Ans.53 (i) 0.0228 (ii) 0.0323 Q.4/ J/13/61

Q.54

Ans.54 15.5 Q.1/J/13/62

Q.55

Ans.55 (i) 0.0824 (ii) 6.77 Q.3/ J/13/62

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Q.56

Ans.56 (i) 0.106 (ii) 41.5 Q.3/ J/13/63

Q.57

Ans.57 (i) 31 (ii) 0.974 Q.4/ J/13/63

Q.58

Ans.58 Q.1/N/13/61

Q.59

Ans.59 (i) 9.14 (ii) 0.159 Q.5/ N/13/61

Q.60

Ans.60 0.111 Q.1/N/13/62

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Q.61

Ans.61 (i) 34.2 (ii) 0.920 Q.3/ N/13/62

Q.62

Ans.62 0.252 Q.2/ N/13/63

Q.63

Ans.63 (i) 4.31 (ii) 3.36 , 2.90 5/ N/13/63

Q.64

Ans.64 0.537 Q.1/J/14/61

Q.65

Ans.65 7.91 , 2.34 Q.2/ J/14/61

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Q.66

Ans.66 (i) 0.184 (ii) np and nq > 5 Q.2/ J/14/63

Q.67

Ans.67 (i) 4.24 (ii) 0.167 Q.5/ J/14/63

18 Normal Distribution Work Sheet # 05