STRENGTH OF MATERIALS-II

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

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 UNIT : I

STRAIN ENERGY
1.Define: Strain Energy
When an elastic body is under the action of external forces the body deforms and work
is done by these forces. If a strained, perfectly elastic body is allowed to recover slowly to its
unstrained state. It is capable of giving back all the work done by these external forces. This work
done in straining such a body may be regarded as energy stored in a body and is called strain energy
or resilience.

2. Define: Proof Resilience.

The maximum energy stored in the body within the elastic limit is called Proof Resilience.

3. Write the formula to calculate the strain energy due to axial loads ( tension).

U =∫ P ² dx limit 0 to L
2AE
Where,
P = Applied tensile load.
L = Length of the member
A = Area of the member
E = Young’s modulus.

4. Write the formula to calculate the strain energy due to bending.

U =∫ M ² dx limit 0 to L
2EI
Where,
M = Bending moment due to applied loads.
E = Young’s modulus
I = Moment of inertia

5. Write the formula to calculate the strain energy due to torsion

U =∫ T ² dx limit 0 to L
2GJ
Where, T = Applied Torsion
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
J = Polar moment of inertia

6.Write the formula to calculate the strain energy due to pure shear

U =K ∫ V ² dx limit 0 to L
2GA
Where, V= Shear load
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
A = Area of cross section.
K = Constant depends upon shape of cross section.
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7. Write down the formula to calculate the strain energy due to pure shear, if shear stress is given.

U = τ²V
2G
Where, τ = Shear Stress
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
V = Volume of the material.

8. Write down the formula to calculate the strain energy , if the moment value is given

U = M²L
2EI
Where, M = Bending moment
L = Length of the beam
E = Young’s modulus
I = Moment of inertia

9. Write down the formula to calculate the strain energy , if the torsion moment value is given.

U = T ²L
2GJ
Where, T = Applied Torsion
L = Length of the beam
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
J = Polar moment of inertia

10. Write down the formula to calculate the strain energy, if the applied tension load is given.

U = P²L
2AE
Where,
P = Applied tensile load.
L = Length of the member
A = Area of the member
E = Young’s modulus.

11. Write the Castigliano’s first theorem.

In any beam or truss subjected to any load system, the deflection at any point is given
by the partial differential coefficient of the total strain energy stored with respect to force acting at a
point.
δ=ӘU
ӘP
Where,
δ = Deflection
U= Strain Energy stored
P = Load
12. What are uses of Castigliano’s first theorem?
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 1. To determine the deflection of complicated structure.
2. To determine the deflection of curved beams springs.
13. Define: Maxwell Reciprocal Theorem.
In any beam or truss the deflection at any point ‘A’ due to a load ‘W’ at any other point
‘C’ is the same as the deflection at ‘C’ due to the same load ‘W’ applied at ‘A’.
W W

δA δC

δA = δC

14. Define: Unit load method.

The external load is removed and the unit load is applied at the point, where the
deflection or rotation is to found.

15. Give the procedure for unit load method.

1. Find the forces P1, P2, ……. in all the members due to external loads.
2. Remove the external loads and apply the unit vertical point load at the joint if the
vertical deflection is required and find the stress.
3. Apply the equation for vertical and horizontal deflection.

16. Compare the unit load method and Castigliano’s first theorem
In the unit load method, one has to analyze the frame twice to find the load and
deflection. While in the latter method, only one analysis is needed.

17. Find the strain energy per unit volume, the shear stress for a material is given as 50 N/mm ².
Take G= 80000 N/mm ².

U= τ ² per unit volume

2G
= 50 ² / (2 x 80000)
= 0.015625 N/mm ². per unit volume.

18. Find the strain energy per unit volume, the tensile stress for a material is given as 150 N/mm ².
Take E = 2 x10 N/mm ².

U= f² per unit volume

2E
= (150) ² / (2 x (2x10 ² )
= 0.05625 N/mm ². per unit volume.

19.Define : Modulus of resilience.

The proof resilience of a body per unit volume. (ie) The maximum energy stored in the
body within the elastic limit per unit volume.

20. Define : Trussed Beam.

A beam strengthened by providing ties and struts is known as Trussed Beams.
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21. Deflection of beams

Type of beam Deflection

 = wl3 / 3EI
l
 = wl3 / 48EI

l/2 l/2
 = wa2b2 / 3EIl

a b

UDL Throughout  = 5wl4 / 384EI

22. Define Flexural Rigidity of Beams.

The product of young’s modulus (E) and moment of inertia (I) is called Flexural
Rigidity (EI) of Beams. The unit is N mm 2.

23. What is a fixed beam?

A beam whose both ends are fixed is known as a fixed beam. Fixed beam is also called as
built-in or encaster beam. Incase of fixed beam both its ends are rigidly fixed and the slope and
deflection at the fixed ends are zero.

24. What are the advantages of fixed beams?

(i) For the same loading, the maximum deflection of a fixed beam is less than that of a
simply supported beam.
(ii) For the same loading, the fixed beam is subjected to lesser maximum bending
moment.
(iii) The slope at both ends of a fixed beam is zero.
(iv) The beam is more stable and stronger.

25. What are the disadvantages of a fixed beam?

(i) Large stresses are set up by temperature changes.
(ii) Special care has to be taken in aligning supports accurately at the same lavel.
(iii) Large stresses are set if a little sinking of one support takes place.
(iv) Frequent fluctuations in loadingrender the degree of fixity at the ends very uncertain.

26. Write the formula for deflection of a fixed beam with point load at centre.

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  = - wl3
192 EI
This defection is ¼ times the deflection of a simply supported beam.

27. Write the formula for deflection of a fixed beam with uniformly distributed load..

 = - wl4
384 EI
This defection is 5 times the deflection of a simply supported beam.

28. Write the formula for deflection of a fixed beam with eccentric point load..

 = - wa3b3
3 EI l3

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 UNIT : II

THEORIES OF FAILURE

1. What are the types of failures?

1. Brittle failure:
Failure of a material represents direct separation of particles from each other,
accompanied by considerable deformation.

2. Ductile failure:
Slipping of particles accompanied, by considerable plastic deformations.

2.List out different theories of failure

1. Maximum Principal Stress Theory. ( Rakine’s theory)
2. Maximum Principal Strain Theory. ( St. Venant’s theory)
3. Maximum Shear Stress Theory. ( Tresca’s theory or Guest’s theory )
4. Maximum Shear Strain Theory. (Von –Mises- Hencky theory or Distortion energy theory)
5. Maximum Strain Energy Theory. (Beltrami Theory or Haigh’s theory)

3. Define: Maximum Principal Stress Theory. (Rakine’s theory)

According to this theory, the failure of the material is assumed to take place when the
value of the maximum Principal Stress (σ 1) reaches a value to that of the elastic limit stress( f y) of
the material. σ 1 = f y.

4. Define: Maximum Principal Strain Theory. ( St. Venant’s theory)

According to this theory, the failure of the material is assumed to take place when the
value of the maximum Principal Stain (e 1) reaches a value to that of the elastic limit strain( f y / E) of
the material.
e1 = fy/ E

In 3D, e 1 = 1/E[ σ 1 – (1/m)( σ 2 + σ 3) ] = f y / E → [ σ 1 – (1/m)( σ 2 + σ 3) ] = f y

In 2D, σ 3 = 0 → e 1 = 1/E[ σ 1 – (1/m)( σ 2 ) ] = f y / E → [ σ 1 – (1/m)( σ 2 ) ] = f y

5. Define : Maximum Shear Stress Theory. ( Tresca’s theory)

According to this theory, the failure of the material is assumed to take place when the
maximum shear stress equal determined from the simple tensile test.

In 3D, ( σ 1 - σ 3) / 2 = f y /2 → ( σ 1 - σ 3) = f y

In 2D, ( σ 1 - σ 2) / 2 = f y /2 → σ 1 = f y

6. Define : Maximum Shear Strain Theory (Von –Mises- Hencky theory or Distortion energy
theory)
According to this theory, the failure of the material is assumed to take place when the
maximum shear strain exceeds the shear strain determined from the simple tensile test.

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In 3D, shear strain energy due to distortion U = (1/ 12G)[ ( σ 1 - σ 2)2 + ( σ 2 - σ 3) 2 + ( σ 3 - σ 1) 2 ]

Shear strain energy due to simple tension, U = f y 2 / 6G

( 1/ 12G)[ ( σ 1 - σ 2)2 + ( σ 2 - σ 3) 2 + ( σ 3 - σ 1) 2 ] = f y 2 / 6G

[ ( σ 1 - σ 2)2 + ( σ 2 - σ 3) 2 + ( σ 3 - σ 1) 2 ] = 2 f y 2
In 2D, [ ( σ 1 - σ 2)2 + ( σ 2 - 0) 2 + ( 0 - σ 1) 2 ] = 2 f y 2

7. Define: Maximum Strain Energy Theory (Beltrami Theory)

According to this theory, the failure of the material is assumed to take place when the
maximum strain energy exceeds the strain energy determined from the simple tensile test.

In 3D, strain energy due to deformation U = (1/ 2E)[ σ 12 + σ 22 + σ 32 -(1/m)( σ 1σ 2 + σ 2σ 2 + σ 2σ 2 )]

strain energy due to simple tension, U = f y 2 / 2E

(1/ 2E)[σ 12 + σ 22 + σ 32 -(2/m)( σ 1σ 2 + σ 2σ 2 + σ 2σ 2 )] = f y 2 / 2E

[σ 12 + σ 22 + σ 32 -(2/m)( σ 1σ 2 + σ 2σ 2 + σ 2σ 2 )] = f y 2
In 2D, [ σ 12 + σ 22 - (2/m)( σ 1σ 2 )] = f y 2

8. What are the theories used for ductile failures?

1. Maximum Principal Strain Theory. ( St. Venant’s theory)
2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory. ( Tresca’s theory)
3. Maximum Shear Strain Theory. ( Von –Mises- Hencky theory or Distortion energy theory)

9. Write the limitations of Maximum Principal Stress Theory. (Rakine’s theory)

1. This theory disregards the effect of other principal stresses and effect of shearing
stresses on other planes through the element.
2. Material in tension test piece slips along 45 0 to the axis of the test piece, where
normal stress is neither maximum nor minimum, but the shear stress is maximum.
3.Failure is not a brittle, but it is a cleavage failure.

10. Write the limitations of Maximum Shear Stress Theory. ( Tresca’s theory).
This theory does not give the accurate results for the state of stress of pure shear in
which the maximum amount of shear is developed (in torsion test).

11.Write the limitations of Maximum Shear Strain Theory.(Von –Mises- Hencky theory or
Distortion energy theory).
It cannot be applied for the materials under hydrostatic pressure.

12. Write the limitations of Maximum Strain Energy Theory. ( Beltrami Theory).
This theory does not apply to brittle materials for which elastic limit in tension and in
compression are quite different.

13. Write the failure theories and its relationship between tension and shear.
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 1. Maximum Principal Stress Theory. ( Rakine’s theory) ζ y = f y

2.Maximum Principal Strain Theory. ( St. Venant’s theory) ζ y = 0.8 f y

3. Maximum Shear Stress Theory. ( Tresca’s theory) ζ y =0.5 f y

4.Maximum Shear Strain Theory ( Von– Mises - Hencky theory or Distortion energy theory)
ζ y= 0.577 f y
5. Maximum Strain Energy Theory. ( Beltrami Theory) ζ y= 0.817f y .

14. Write the volumetric strain per unit volume.

f y 2 / 2E

20. Define : Octahedral Stresses

A plane, which is equally inclined to the three axes of reference, is called octahedral
plane. The normal and shearing stress acting on this plane are called octahedral stresses.

τ oct = 1/ 3 √ ( σ 1 - σ 2)2 + ( σ 2 - σ 3) 2 + ( σ 3 - σ 1) 2

21. Define: Plasticity ellipse.

The graphical surface of a Maximum Shear Strain Theory (Von –Mises- Hencky theory
or Distortion energy theory) is a straight circular cylinder. The equation in 2D is

σ 12 - σ 1σ 2 + σ 22 = f y 2 which is called the Plasticity ellipse

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 UNIT: III

BENDING OF CURVED BARS

1. What are the assumptions made in the analysis of curved bars?

1.Plane sections remain plane during bending.
2.The material obeys Hooke’s law.
3.Radial strain is negligible.
4.The fibres are free to expand or contract without any constraining effect from the
adjacent fibres.

2. Write the formula for stress using Winkler-Bach theory?

 = M 1 + R2 y
2
RxA h R+ y

where  = Bendind stress (i.e., b )

M = Bending moment with which the bar is subjected
R = Radius of curvature of curved bar or it is the distance of axis of curvature from
centroidal axis.
A = Area of cross-section
h2 = is a constant for a cross-section
= 1  y2dA
A 1+ y
R

3. Define unsymmetrical bending.

If the plane of loading or that of bending, does not lie in (or parallel to) a plane that
contains the principal centroidal axisof the cross-section, the bending is called unsymmetrical
bending.

4. What are the reasons for unsymmetrical bending?

1.The section is symmetrical but the load line is inclined to both the principal axes.
2.The section itself is unsymmetrical and the load line is along the centroidal axis.

5. How will you calculate the stress due to unsymmetrical bending?

Mu.u Mv . v
+
 = Ivv Iuu
where u = x cos  + y sin 
v = y cos  - x sin 

6. How will you calculate the distance of neutral axis from centroidal axis.
y0 = - R x h2
R + h2
-ve sign shows that neutral axis is below the centroidal axis.

7. How will you calculate the angle of inclination of neutral axis with respect to principal axis?
 = tan-1 IUU tan
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 IVV
8. Write the formula for deflection of a beam causing unsymmetrical bending.

 = KWl3 sin2 + cos2

E I2vv I2uu
Where K = a constant depending upon the end conditions of the beam and the position of
the load along the beam
l = length of the beam
 = angle of inclination of load W with respect to VV principal axis

9. How will you calculate the resultant stress in a curved bar subjected to direct stress and
bending stress.
r = o + b
where o = Direct stress = P/A
b = Bending stress

10. How eill you calculate the resultant stress in a chain link.
r = o + b
where o = Direct stress = P x sin 
2A
b = Bending stress

11. What is shear centre or angle of twist?

The shear centre for any transverse section of the beam is the point of intersection of
the bending axis and the plane of the transverse section.

12. Who postulated the theory of curved beam?

Winkler-Bach postulated the theory of curved beam.

13. What is the shape of distribution of bending stress in a curved beam?

The distribution of bending stress is hyperbolic in a curved beam.

14. Where does the neutral axis lie in a curved beam?

The neutral axis does not coincide with the geometric axis.

15. What is the nature of stress in the inside section of a crane hook?
Tensile stress

16. Where does the maximum stress in a ring under tension occur?
The maximum stress in a ring under tension occurs along the line of action of load.

17. What is the most suitable section for a crane?

Trapezoidal section.

18. What is pure bending of a beam?

When the loads pass through the bending axis of a beam, then there shall be pure
bending of the beam.

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19. How will you determine the product of inertia.
The product of inertia is determined with respect to a set of axes which are perpendicular to
each other.
The product of inertia is obtained by multiplying each elementary area dA by its co-
ordinates x and y and integrated over the area A.
IXY =  xy dA

20. Define principal moment of inertia.

The perpendicular axis about which the product of inertia is zero are called
“principal axes” and the moments of inertia with respect to these axes are called as principal
moments of inertia.
The maximum moment of inertia is known as Major principal moment of inertia and
the minimum moment of inertia is known as Minor principal moment of inertia.

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13
 UNIT: IV

THICK CYLINDERS

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 UNIT: V

Rotating Disc

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 UNIT: SHEARING STRESSES IN BEAMS

What types of stresses are caused in a beam subjected to a constant shear force ?
Vertical and horizontal shear stress

State the main assumptions while deriving the general formula for shear stresses
The material is homogeneous, isotropic and elastic
The modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are same. The
shear stress is constant along the beam width
The presence of shear stress does not affect the distribution of bending stress.

Define: Shear stress distribution

The variation of shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear stress distribution

What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress for the
rectangular section?
Qmax is 1.5 times the Qave.

What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress in the case of solid
circular section?
Qmax is 4/3 times the Qavg.

What is the maximum value of shear stress for triangular section?

Qmax=Fh2/12I
h- Height
F-load
Draw the shear stress distribution of I-symmetrical section

What is the shear stress distribution value of Flange portion of the I-section?
q= f/2I * (D2/4 - y); D-depth; y- Distance from neutral axis

Draw the shear stress distribution in the case of ‘T’section

What is the value of maximum of minimum shear stress in a rectangular cross section?
Qmax=3/2 * F/ (bd)
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 UNIT: THIN CYLINDERS

When will you call a cylinder as thin cylinder?

A cylinder is called as a thin cylinder when the ratio of wall thickness to the
diameter of cylinder is less 1/20.

In a thin cylinder will the radial stress vary over the thickness of wall?
No, in thin cylinders radial stress developed in its wall is assumed to be constant
since the wall thickness is very small as compared to the diameter of cylinder.
Distinguish between cylindrical shell and spherical shell.
Cylindrical shell Spherical shell
1. Circumferential stress is twice the longitudinal stress.
2. It withstands low pressure than spherical shell for the same diameter. 1. Only hoop stress
presents.
2. It withstands more pressure than cylindrical shell for the same diameter.

What is the effect of riveting a thin cylindrical shell?

Riveting reduces the area offering the resistance. Due to this, the circumferential
and longitudinal stresses are more. It reduces the pressure carrying capacity of the shell. In thin
spherical shell, volumetric strain is -------- times the circumferential strain.
Three.

What do you understand by the term wire winding of thin cylinder?

In order to increase the tensile strength of a thin cylinder to withstand high
internal pressure without excessive increase in wall thickness, they are sometimes pre
stressed by winding with a steel wire under tension.

What are the types of stresses setup in the thin cylinders?

1. Circumferential stresses (or) hoop stresses
2. Longitudinal stresses

Define – hoop stress?

The stress is acting in the circumference of the cylinder wall (or) the stresses induced
perpendicular to the axis of cylinder.

Define- longitudinal stress?

The stress is acting along the length of the cylinder is called longitudinal stress.

A thin cylinder of diameter d is subjected to internal pressure p . Write down the

expression for hoop stress and longitudinal stress.
Hoop stress
σh=pd/2t Longitudinal
stress σl=pd/4t
p- Pressure (gauge)
d- Diameter
t- Thickness

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