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Introduction of A Stress

The document defines stress as the internal resistance force per unit area in a material subjected to external forces, expressed in Pascals (Pa). It discusses different types of stress, including tensile, compressive, shearing, and bearing stress, along with their formulas and units. Sample problems illustrate the calculation of stress in various materials and conditions.

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10 views3 pages

Introduction of A Stress

The document defines stress as the internal resistance force per unit area in a material subjected to external forces, expressed in Pascals (Pa). It discusses different types of stress, including tensile, compressive, shearing, and bearing stress, along with their formulas and units. Sample problems illustrate the calculation of stress in various materials and conditions.

Uploaded by

danieladahuya23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Stresses

Introduction/definition of a Stress

When a material is subjected to an external force, a resisting force is set up within the
component. The internal resistance force per unit area acting on a material or intensity of the forces
distributed over a given section is called the stress at a point.

• It uses original cross section area of the specimen and also known as engineering stress or
conventional stress.
𝑃
Therefore, 𝜎 =
𝐴

• P is expressed in Newton (N) and A, original area, in square meters (m 2), the stress expresses in
N/ m2. This unit is called Pascal (Pa).

• As Pascal is a small quantity, in practice, multiples of this unit are used.


1 kPa = 103 Pa = 103 N/ m2 (kPa = Kilo Pascal)
6 6 2 2
1 MPa = 10 Pa = 10 N/ m = 1 N/mm (MPa = Mega Pascal)
9 9 2
1 GPa = 10 Pa = 10 N/ m (GPa = Giga Pascal)

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

NORMAL STRESSES

• Tensile stress (𝜎 t )
If 𝜎 > 0 the stress is tensile. i.e. The fibres of the component tend to elongate
due to the external force. A member subjected to an external force tensile P
and tensile stress distribution due to the force is shown in the given figure.

• Compressive stress(𝜎𝑐 )
If 𝜎𝑐 < 0 the stress is compressive. i.e. The fibres of the component tend to shorten due
to the external force. A member subjected to an external compressive force P and
compressive stress distribution due to the force is shown in the given figure.
Sample Problems:

1.) An aluminum tube is rigidly fastened between a bronze rod and steel rod as shown in the figure
below. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Determine the stress in each material.
Ans: 𝜎𝑏 = 28.6 𝑀𝑃𝐴 𝜎𝑎 = 5 𝑀𝑃𝐴 𝜎𝑠 = 12.5 𝑀𝑃𝐴

Aluminum Steel
Bronze
A = 1000 mm2 A = 800 mm2
A = 700 mm2

15kN 15kN 10 kN
20kN

500 mm 600 mm 700 mm

2.) A hollow steel tube with an outside diameter of 200 mm is subjected to an axial tensile force
of 400 KN. Determine the thickness of the tube if the stress is limited to 130 MPa.
Ans: t = 5 mm

SHEARING STRESS
- Is produced when there is sliding between separate bodies or whatever the applied loads cause
one section of the body to tend to slide past its adjacent section.
- Symbolically expresses as:
𝑃𝑠
𝜏 = 𝐴𝑠
Where:
𝜏 = shearing stress
𝑃𝑠 = shearing force
𝐴𝑠 = sheared are

Note: Ps, shearing force and As, sheared area are parallel
to each other.

BEARING STRESS
- Is the contact pressure between separate bodies.
- Symbolically expressed as:
𝑃𝑏
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐴𝑏
Where:
𝜎𝑏 = bearing stress
𝑃𝑏 = bearing force
𝐴𝑏 = bearing or contact area

Note: 𝑃𝑏 , bearing force and 𝐴𝑏 , bearing are perpendicular to each other.


Sample Problems:

1.) The lap joint shown in Figure 1.7 is fastened by the four – 15 mm ф rivets. I f the applied load
P is equally distributed among the four rivets.
a.) Calculate load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 80 MPa.
Ans: P = 56.55 KN
b.) Calculate the load P that can be applied if the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 140
MPa. Ans: P = 169 KN
c.) Calculate load P that can be applied if the tensile stress in the rivets is limited to 100 MPa.
Ans: P = 680 KN, P = 186.67 KN, P = 170 KN
d.) What is the maximum safe load P?
Ans : P = 56.55 KN

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