1. Let f: X->Y be any function.

If (Y, p) is an indiscrete space, prove that f: (X, t) -> Y(Y,p) is continuous

To prove that f: (X, t) -> (Y, p) is continuous, where (Y, p) is an indiscrete space, we need to show that for
any open set U in (Y, p), the preimage f^(-1)(U) is open in (X, t).

In an indiscrete space (Y, p), the only open sets are the empty set and the whole space Y. Therefore,
there are only two cases to consider for open sets U in (Y, p):

U is the empty set:

In this case, the preimage f^(-1)(U) must also be the empty set, which is open in any topology.
Therefore, the condition holds.

U is Y:

In this case, the preimage f^(-1)(U) is the set of all points x in X such that f(x) is in U, which is equivalent
to f^(-1)(Y) = X. Since X is the whole space, it is open in any topology. Therefore, the condition holds.

Since we have covered all possible cases for open sets U, and in each case the preimage f^(-1)(U) is open
in (X, t), we can conclude that f: (X, t) -> (Y, p) is continuous for any t.

2. A function f:X-> Yis continuous if the inverse of each member of a base B for Y is an open subset of
X. Prove.

To prove the statement, we need to show that if the inverse of each member of a base B for Y is an open
subset of X, then the function f:X-> Y is continuous.

First, let's define what it means for a function to be continuous. A function f:X-> Y is continuous if for
every open subset V of Y, the inverse image f^(-1)(V) is an open subset of X.

Now, let's assume that the inverse of each member of base B for Y is an open subset of X. We want to
show that for every open subset V of Y, the inverse image f^(-1)(V) is an open subset of X.

Consider an arbitrary open subset V of Y. Since V is open, it can be written as a union of members of
base B. That is, V = ⋃ᵢ Bᵢ, where Bᵢ ∈ B.

Now, let's consider the inverse image f^(-1)(V). Since V = ⋃ᵢ Bᵢ, we have:

f^(-1)(V) = f^(-1)(⋃ᵢ Bᵢ)

Using the fact that the inverse of each member of base B for Y is an open subset of X, we can conclude
that the inverse image of each member of base B is an open subset of X. Therefore, we can write the
above equation as:

f^(-1)(V) = ⋃ᵢ f^(-1)(Bᵢ)
Each f^(-1)(Bᵢ) is an open subset of X, as we assumed, and a union of open subsets is also an open
subset. Therefore, f^(-1)(V) is an open subset of X, which means that the function f:X-> Y is continuous.

Thus, we have proved that if the inverse of each member of a base B for Y is an open subset of X, then
the function f:X-> Y is continuous.

3. Show that every metric space X is a Hausdorff space

To show that every metric space X is a Hausdorff space, we need to show that for any two distinct points
x, y in X, there exist disjoint open sets U and V such that x is in U and y is in V.

Let x, y be two distinct points in X. Since X is a metric space, let d(x, y) = r > 0, where d is the metric on X.

Consider the open ball centered at x of radius r/2, denoted B(x, r/2). This ball is an open set containing x.

Similarly, consider the open ball centered at y of radius r/2, denoted B(y, r/2). This ball is an open set
containing y.

Now, let's show that B(x, r/2) and B(y, r/2) are disjoint. Suppose there exists a point z that is in both B(x,
r/2) and B(y, r/2).

By the definition of an open ball, this means that d(x, z) < r/2 and d(y, z) < r/2.

By the triangle inequality, we have:

d(x, y) ≤ d(x, z) + d(z, y)

< r/2 + r/2 = r

This contradicts the assumption that d(x, y) = r, which means that our assumption that there exists a
point z in both B(x, r/2) and B(y, r/2) is false. Thus, B(x, r/2) and B(y, r/2) are disjoint.

Since B(x, r/2) is an open set containing x and B(y, r/2) is an open set containing y, we have found two
disjoint open sets U = B(x, r/2) and V = B(y, r/2) such that x is in U and y is in V.

Therefore, we have shown that for any two distinct points x, y in X, there exist disjoint open sets U and V
such that x is in U and y is in V. This is the definition of a Hausdorff space.

Hence, every metric space X is a Hausdorff space.

4. If f: X'nY and g= Y'nZ are continuous functions , show that their composition g•f=X'nZ is also
continuous

To show that the composition g • f is continuous, we need to prove that for any open set U in Z, the
preimage (g • f)^-1(U) = f^-1(g^-1(U)) is an open set in X.

Since f and g are continuous, we know that f^-1(V) is open in X for any open set V in Y, and g^-1(W) is
open in Y for any open set W in Z.
Let U be an open set in Z. Since g is continuous, g^-1(U) is open in Y. Then, since f is continuous, f^-1(g^-
1(U)) is open in X.

Therefore, the composition g • f is continuous.

5. Let (X,t) and (Y,t*) be topological spaces and Q be sub-basis for t*. Show that the function f=X'nY is
continuous if and only if f^-1(s)€t for some s€Q

To prove the statement, we will use the following result:

Result: Let (X, t) and (Y, t*) be topological spaces and Q be a sub-basis for t*. The function f: X -> Y is
continuous if and only if f^{-1}(s) in t for every s in Q.

Proof:

First, assume that f is continuous. We want to show that f^{-1}(s) is in t for some s in Q.

Since Q is a sub-basis for t*, we can express any open set U in Y as a union of finite intersections of
elements of Q. That is,

U = \cup_{i=1}^n (q_i)^{-1}(V_i),

where q_i in Q and V_i in t* for each i = 1,2, ..., n.

Consider the preimage f^{-1}(U) in X. By the continuity of f, we know that f^{-1}(U) is an open set in X for
every open set U in Y.

We can rewrite f^{-1}(U) as:

f^{-1}(U) = f^{-1}(\cup_{i=1}^n (q_i)^{-1}(V_i))

= \cup_{i=1}^n f^{-1}((q_i)^{-1}(V_i))

= \cup_{i=1}^n (f^{-1}(q_i)^{-1}(V_i)).

Notice that each f^{-1}(q_i)^{-1}(V_i) is in t since f^{-1}(q_i)^{-1}(V_i) is the preimage of an open set
under the continuous function f.

Therefore, f^{-1}(U) is the union of finitely many sets in t, thus f^{-1}(U) is in t for every open set U in Y.

Since f^{-1}(U) is in t for every open set U in Y, it follows that f^{-1}(s) is in t for some s in Q, as desired.

Next, assume that f^{-1}(s) is in t for some s in Q. We want to show that f is continuous.

Let U be an open set in Y. We can express U as a union of finite intersections of elements of the sub-
basis Q. That is,

U = \cup_{i=1}^n (q_i)^{-1}(V_i),
where q_i in Q and V_i in t* for each i = 1,2, ..., n.

Consider the preimage f^{-1}(U) in X. We have:

f^{-1}(U) = f^{-1}(\cup_{i=1}^n (q_i)^{-1}(V_i))

= \cup_{i=1}^n f^{-1}((q_i)^{-1}(V_i))

= \cup_{i=1}^n (f^{-1}(q_i)^{-1}(V_i)).

Notice that each f^{-1}(q_i)^{-1}(V_i) is in t since f^{-1}(q_i)^{-1}(V_i) is in t by assumption.

Therefore, f^{-1}(U) is the union of finitely many sets in t, thus f^{-1}(U) is in t for every open set U in Y.

Hence, f^{-1}(s) is in t for some s in Q implies that f is continuous.

Therefore, we have shown that the function f: X -> Y is continuous if and only if f^{-1}(s) is in t for some s
in Q.

6. Given that the set X={1,-1,121,-121, 131, -131....} . Determine derived set of X, closure of X is open
or closed? Determine whether X is dense in Z

The derived set of X is defined as the set of all accumulation points of X. In this case, the derived set of X
is empty.

To check if the closure of X is open or closed, we need to determine whether the complement of the
closure is open or closed. The closure of X is the set of all elements that are either in X or are
accumulation points of X. Since the derived set of X is empty, the closure of X is equal to X itself. The
complement of X is the set of all elements not in X, which can be written as {-2, -3, -4, ...}. This set is
open, as every point in the set has a neighborhood that does not intersect X. Therefore, the closure of X
is closed.

To determine if X is dense in Z, we need to check if every element in Z is either an element of X or a limit