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mathematical modeling

Mathematical modeling is a process that utilizes mathematics to represent, analyze, and predict real-world phenomena. It includes theoretical models based on physical laws and empirical models based on experimental data, with a structured process involving problem understanding, assumptions, formulation of governing equations, and validation. Examples illustrate the application of mathematical modeling in scenarios such as free falling parachutists and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

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10 views7 pages

mathematical modeling

Mathematical modeling is a process that utilizes mathematics to represent, analyze, and predict real-world phenomena. It includes theoretical models based on physical laws and empirical models based on experimental data, with a structured process involving problem understanding, assumptions, formulation of governing equations, and validation. Examples illustrate the application of mathematical modeling in scenarios such as free falling parachutists and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

Uploaded by

sanjanashiv04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter-1

MATHEMATICAL MODELING
There are many ways in which models can be described.

• Words

• Drawings or sketches

• Physical models

• Computer programs

• Mathematical Models.

What is Mathematical modeling?

Mathematical Modeling is a process that uses mathematics

• To represent

• Analyze

• Make Prediction

• Provide insight into real-world phenomena.

Types of Mathematical Model:

1) Theoretical Models : Theoretical models are models that are based on


first principles
and physical laws. Can be extrapolated to a wide variety of situations.
2) Empirical Models : Empirical models are models based on
experimental data. These models are applicable in the areas with
identical conditions as those in which the relationship was formulated.
Process of Mathematical Modeling

Understanding the problem and identifying the


parameters

Mathematical Modeling Assumptions

Formulation or Governing equations


Analytical OR Numerical
Method Method
Solutions

Validation NO
Yes

Application

 The first step towards mathematical modeling is about understanding the


problem and also identifying the parameters.
(In this step we analyze the problem and see which parameters have a
major influence on the solution to the problem.)
 The next step is to construct the basic framework of the model by making
certain assumptions.
(In this step we state those parameters which are not essential and can be
neglected)
 If the assumptions are sufficiently precise, they may lead directly to the
formulation or governing equation.
“In some cases the formulation itself is the solution.”
 If the formulation is not the solution then we apply analytical
method to solve the equation.
 When analytical methods are unproductive we can use numerical
methods to obtain the solution.
 After obtaining the solution we start testing the validity of the model by
comparing the theoretical and practical results.
 If the model is valid then we move towards the application.
 If not we recheck our assumptions and repeat the steps until we
get a valid model.

Example 1:
Build mathematical model for free falling parachutist of mass m kg
jumps out of a stationary hot air balloon where drag co-efficient is c kg/s

Soln:

Understanding the problem: Find the velocity prior to opening the parachute.

Identifying the parameters: Forces acting on the body and mass.

Mathematical Modeling Assumptions : No horizontal force is acting on the body


and mass of the parachute is negligible

Formulation or Governing equations:

By the Newton’s second law :

F = net force acting on the body

m = mass of the object (kg)

a = its acceleration (m/s2)

Since two forces acting on the body, upward force( and downward force(
Net force acting on the body is: -------1

= Force due to gravity = mg

= Force due to air resistance = -cv (-c = drag coefficient in opposite direction)

Substituting in equation 1 we get

is a model for acceleration.

Is a linear differential equation, solving by analytical method

General solution is

--------2 (Where k is integral constant)

Substitute in equation in 2

And simplify we get velocity of the parachutist is the solution of the model

)
Validation:

Consider parachutist of mass m=68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary hot air


ballon. Find the velocity prior to opening the chute. The drag coefficient is
c=12.5 kg/s

Soln: velocity is v(t ) 


gm
c

1  e ( c / m )t 
By substituting g = 9.8 m/s2 c =12.5 kg/s m = 68.1 kg

We get velocity at any time t

for different values of t velocities are calculated is shown in the table and same is
depicted in the graph.

t(sec) 0 2 4 8 10 12 ……
v(m/s) 0 16.40 27.77 41.10 44.87 47.49 …… 53.39
Conclusion: Table and graph tells us that after long time
velocity remains constant that is 53.39 m/s is the terminal
velocity.

Example 2:
Empirical model:
Table lists the average carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere, measured in parts
per million at Mauna Loa Observatory from 1980 to 2008. Use the data in Table to
find a model for the carbon dioxide level.

Year CO2 level (in Year CO2 level (in


ppm) ppm)
1980 338.7 1996 362.4
1982 341.2 1998 366.5
1984 344.4 2000 369.4
1986 347.2 2002 373.2
1988 351.5 2004 377.5
1990 354.2 2006 381.9
1992 356.3 2008 385.6
1994 358.6
Soln:
Understanding the problem: from the given set of data we have to find the
carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere

Identifying the parameters: Identify the relation between the two variables year
and CO2 by putting scatter plot
Mathematical Modeling Assumptions: Assumptions will not come in the empirical
model.

Formulation or Governing equations: As the data points appear to lie close to a


straight line, so it’s natural to choose a linear model in this case.

Find slope “a” and CO2 intercept “b” using initial and final values we obtain

Is the model for CO2

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